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Now it’s time to learn about…
FAMOUS SCIENTISTS
• Nicholaus Copernicus
• Galilei Galileo
• Johannes Kepler
• Isaac Newton
Nicholaus Copernicus
Helio- sun
Centric- centered
Heliocentric-sun centered
solar system
Postulating- assuming truth
about
Wait what is
Heliocentric?
(1473-1543)
Polish astronomer and mathematician. Copernicus became
interested in astronomy and published an early description
of his "heliocentric" model of the solar system in
Commentariolus (1512). In this model, the sun was actually
not exactly the center of the solar system, but was slightly
offset from the center. The idea that the Sun was the center
of the solar system was not new (similar theories had been
proposed by Aristarchus and Nicholas of Cusa), but
Copernicus also worked out his system in full mathematical
detail. Even though the mathematics in his description was
not any simpler than Ptolemy's (an ancient Greek
astronomer), it required fewer basic assumptions. By
postulating only the rotation of the Earth, revolution about
the sun, and tilt of Earth's rotational axis, Copernicus could
explain the observed motion of the heavens. However,
Copernicus retained circular orbits, which we know today to
be wrong. Unfortunately, out of fear that his ideas might get
him into trouble with the church, Copernicus delayed
publication of them.
not
Postulating?
Nicholaus Copernicus
Helio- sun
Centric- centered
Heliocentric-sun centered
solar system
Postulating- assuming truth
about
(1473-1543)
Polish astronomer and mathematician who, as a student,
studied canon law, mathematics, and medicine at Cracow,
Bologna, Rome, Padua, and Ferrara. Copernicus became
interested in astronomy and published an early description
of his "heliocentric" model of the solar system in
Commentariolus (1512). In this model, the sun was actually
not exactly the center of the solar system, but was slightly
offset from the center. The idea that the Sun was the center
of the solar system was not new (similar theories had been
proposed by Aristarchus and Nicholas of Cusa), but
Copernicus also worked out his system in full mathematical
detail. Even though the mathematics in his description was
not any simpler than Ptolemy's (an ancient Greek
astronomer), it required fewer basic assumptions. By
postulating only the rotation of the Earth, revolution about
the sun, and tilt of Earth's rotational axis, Copernicus could
explain the observed motion of the heavens. However,
Copernicus retained circular orbits, which we know today to
be wrong. Unfortunately, out of fear that his ideas might get
him into trouble with the church, Copernicus delayed
publication of them.
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642)
An Italian physicist and astronomer, was greatly
remembered for some very important contributions
to astronomy and physics. In 1609 he heard that in
Holland a spy glass had been invented, and he was
inspired to create the first telescope (a refracting
telescope), which was as powerful as a modern day
field glass. By December of the same year, he had
built another telescope twenty times stronger than
the first, which he was able to discovery craters on
the moon with, stars in the milky way, and the four
largest satellites of Jupiter. He had also observed the
phases of Venus by this time. After his great
discoveries, he mainly stuck to writing books. In
1613 he published a book about sunspots and in
1624 a book called Dialogue on the Tides. Although
it is not for certain why Galileo became blind near
the end of his life, many believe it was from his
viewings of the sun through a telescope.
Field Glass?
1. craters on the
moon
2.Field
stars
in binoculars
the
glassmilky way
3. four largest satellites
of Jupiter
Satellites?
4. phases of Venus
Satellite- Any object that revolves around another
object in space.
Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630)
Johannes Kepler, the son of a mercenary soldier and an
innkeeper's daughter, was born prematurely just 2 days after
Christmas 1571. Maestlin, Kepler’s mentor, was a proponent of the
heliocentric model of the solar system and planets introduced by
astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Johannes Kepler, too, accepted
this theory immediately.
Giving up his plan of becoming a clergyman, Kepler
developed a complex hypothesis to explain the distance between
the orbits of planets. (He, like so many before him, mistakenly
believed these orbits were circular. Still, his early calculations
matched the observational evidence within 5%. In his later work, he
altered his thinking to believe that planetary orbits are elliptical.)
Johannes Kepler next theorized that the sun emitted a
constant force across the planes of a planet's orbit, which
diminished with distance. He believed this force pushed the planets
around their orbits.
One of his major works was entitled Astronomia Nova
(New Astronomy), which was published in 1609. Using the
observations of his predecessor along with his own, he was able to
calculate the orbit of the planet Mars. Forgetting all previous
notions of circular planetary orbits, he theorized that the planets
move in elliptic orbits with the sun at one focus. This was the first of
Kepler's so-called Laws of Planetary Motion. The second law said
Faster
that theCloser
closer a planet comes to a sun, the
faster it moves.
Proponent?
HYPOTHESIS:
The distance
the in
Proponentone between
who argues
orbits of
of something
planets.
support
Not circular
THEORY:
But
The sun emitted a constant
forceElliptical
across the planes of a
planet's orbit, which
diminished with distance. He
believed this force pushed the
planets around their orbits.
Isaac Newton
Elucidationto make
clear or
plain
(1642-1727)
Certainly one of the greatest scientists who ever lived, Isaac
Newton had a profound impact on astronomy, physics, and
mathematics. Born prematurely and after his father’s death,
Newton had a difficult childhood. His mother remarried when he
was just three, and he was then sent to live with his grandparents.
After his stepfather died, his mother brought him home to
Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire, where she wanted him to become a
farmer. An uncle recognized his scholarly talents, however, and he
eventually made it to Trinity College in Cambridge. Many of his
great ideas came in 1665-66, when he spent time back at
Woolsthorpe while Cambridge was closed because of the plague.
Among his many achievements were the invention of the reflecting
telescope—the basic design behind all large telescopes used
today; the invention of a branch of mathematics known as calculus,
a critical tool throughout science; the elucidation of the three laws
of motion; and the development of the law of universal gravitation.
Elucidation?
reflecting telescope
elucidation of the three
laws of motion
branch of mathematics
known as calculus
development of the law
of universal gravitation
Tools to study the universe
• Telescopes
• Probes
• Satellites
• Spacecraft
Telescopes
Electromagnetic
radiation?
A telescope is an
astronomical tool which
gathers and focuses
electromagnetic radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation
Telescopes
A telescope is an astronomical tool which gathers and focuses
electromagnetic radiation.
There are two types of visual telescopes:
Reflecting telescopes
What are the
two types of
telescopes boys
and girls?
Refracting telescopes
Telescopes
Uses of telescopes:
• To look at stars from backyard.
•To study galaxies far away.
•To see features of the moon.
•Can you name more?
Probes
Probe- a space probe is anUnmanned?
unmanned space
mission in which the spacecraft leaves Earth’s orbit
Unmanned- not piloted by man but
by robotics
rover
Probes
Uses of Probes:
• Closer inspection of other planets.
• Taking samples of soil from other
planets.
• Investigate asteroid and comet
composition.
• Can you think of anymore?
Satellites
• Satellites- Any object that revolves
Revolves?around
another object in space.
Why is the Revolvemoon
a
to orbit a central point
satellite?
Because the moon
revolves around the
Earth silly!
Hubble Space Telescope
Satellites
• Satellites- Any object that revolves around
another object in space.
Why is the moon a
satellite?
Because the moon
revolves around the
Earth silly!
Satellites
Uses of Satellites:
• Study the features of the Earth and Moon.
•Weather, communication, remote sensing, &
navigation.
•Astronomy satellites
•Others?
Spacecraft
A spacecraft is a vehicle that travels through space.
(Spacecraft include robotic or unmanned space probes as well as manned
vehicles. The term is sometimes also used to describe artificial satellites,
which have similar design criteria.)
Spacecraft
Uses of Spacecraft:
• All uses listed above
• Bring man into space to …
– Study effects space has on man or other living
things from Earth
– Fix manmade satellites in space
– Go to the moon
– Maybe go to Mars???
Rockets vs. Shuttles
Rockets- A rocket is a
vehicle, missile or aircraft
which obtains thrust by the
reaction to the ejection of
fast moving exhaust gas
from within a rocket engine.
Multistage
Rocket
Rockets vs. Shuttles
Shuttles land so that theyBut a space
shuttle still
may be reused in the
needs a
rocket to get it
future!
into space!
The Shuttle is the first orbital
spacecraft designed for
partial reusability.