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Download PEOPLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT
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PEOPLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Copernicus Came up with the heliocentric theory = sun-centered conception of the universe The planets revolve around the sun and the moon revolves around Earth Daily rotation of Earth on its axis First to create a complete model of the solar system using physics, astronomy, and mathematics Previous belief: Aristotle and Ptolemy – geocentric (Earth-centered) conception of the universe, Earth is fixed, as is Heaven – belief since 150 AD Kepler Came up with a mathematical formula that supported/proved the Copernican theory Stated that the orbits of planets are elliptical, with the sun at the end, not the center = Kepler’s Law Planets orbit the sun in an oval pattern or ellipse Galileo Built the first telescope and made regular observations First to observe Saturn, the craters on the moon, sunspots, and the moons of Jupiter Stated that the heavenly bodies were made of material substance – goes against the beliefs of the Church Previous belief = Ptolemy – heavenly bodies were orbs of light Sir Isaac Newton Three laws of motion that govern the heavenly bodies and objects on Earth Universal law of gravitation Gravity affects objects in the universe as well as on Earth Keeps the planets in their orbits Universe seen as a regulated machine that worked according to natural laws Developed calculus to predict the effects of gravity Vesalius Dissected human bodies and presented an accurate examination of individual organs and general structure of the human body Hired artists to produce accurate drawings Previous belief: Galen, a Greek physician from ancient times, used animals for dissection Boyle Called the father of modern chemistry First chemist to define an element Described matter as a cluster of tiny particles Boyle’s Law = volume of gas varies with the amount of pressure exerted on it Francis Bacon Invented the scientific method Identify a problem and form a hypothesis to be tested Perform experiments and record the results Analyze the results to form a conclusion that either proves or disproves the hypothesis Believed the only true way to gain scientific knowledge was through experimentation = observing, measuring, explaining, and verifying Descartes Wrote about doubt and uncertainty of the 17th century Father of modern rationalism = reason is the chief source of knowledge Emphasis on reason Believed everything should be doubted until it could be proven by reason Doubt about existence – “I think, therefore I am” Principle of the separation of mind and matter
