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The final is one week from yesterday
• Same format as prelims, but longer
• 7-9:30pm, Wednesday night, in Baker Lab
• Bring #2 pencils, erasers, etc.
• Please consider donating your textbook
• Thanks for a great semester!
• Always feel free to email (or visit) me with any
astronomy or planetary science questions
You should review:
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Lecture notes
Textbook (assigned reading)
Homework
Prelims
Practice prelims
Review sessions: Mon, Tues, 2-3:30, SSB 105
Yes, there is a lecture on Friday
• Prof. Squyres talking about life in the Universe
• Last chance to hand in Planet Walk extra credit
assignment
• Also, it’s a scheduled day of class
Primordial Soup
• Julia Child video:
http://www.slashfood.com/2009/11/05/julia-childsprimordial-soup/
Extremophiles
Salt crystal:
Halobacteria in brine
inclusions (red stuff is
bacteria!)
S. African gold mine:
Bacillus infernus lives
inside rocks 3km
underground
Yellowstone:
Cyanidium lives in
water with pH 2-3
Images from http://halo.umbi.umd.edu/~haloed/Ecology.htm, http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/204/bugs-from-hell,
http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/acidic/
Tardigrades!
Image from http://phe.rockefeller.edu/barcode/blog/2009/08/11/dna-for-tardigrades/
Part 1: General concepts about
the Solar System
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Celestial Sphere
Sidereal vs. synodic days
Seasons
Phases of the Moon
Tides
Kepler’s laws
Spectra
Eclipses
Part 2: The inner Solar System
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars
Interiors (including seismology)
Surfaces (impacts, volcanism, tectonics, erosion)
Atmospheres (including compositions)
Climate and climate change (Earth and Mars)
The Greenhouse Effect
Part 3: Small bodies and
the outer Solar System
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (sizes, similarities,
differences, interiors, atmospheres)
• Asteroids, comets, meteorites
• Pluto and the trans-Neptunian region
• Jovian satellites (including the Galilean satellites)
• Ice giants vs. gas giants
• Impacts
• Rings
• Resonance and tidal heating
Part 4: Origins
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Solar system formation
Planet formation
The Sun
Exoplanets
Exobiology
Life in the Universe
The Celestial Sphere
The Celestial Sphere
Sidereal vs. Synodic
Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sidereal_Time_en.PNG
Seasons
Image from http://visual.merriam-webster.com/earth/meteorology/seasons-year.php
Phases of the Moon
Tides II
Image from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Water/ocean_tides.html
Spectroscopy
Energy level diagram
Types of Spectra
Images from http://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/projects/nuclear2/basicsci.html,
http://astrophys-assist.com/educate/solarobs/ses01p11.htm
Blackbody Radiation
Image from http://physics.schooltool.nl/irspectroscopy/method.php
Solar Eclipses
Image from http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050408_solar_eclipse.html
Lunar Eclipses
Image from http://www.space.com/spacewatch/041001_lunar_eclipse.html
Surface Processes
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Erosion
Tectonics
Volcanism
Impacts
Images from http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2005/11/12/aerial-view-of-the-grand-canyon/,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=geologists-link-the-great, http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect18/Sect18_1.html,
and http://users.forthnet.gr/ath/nikolas_c/tectonic_geoology.htm
Earth’s interior, cont.
P wave
S wave
http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/seismology/seismo_interior/seismo_interior.html
http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/seismology/seismo_interior/seismo_interior.html
The Greenhouse Effect
http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect16/Sect16_2.html
Earth’s atmosphere
Gas Name
Chemical Formula
Percent Volume
Nitrogen
N2
78.08%
Oxygen
O2
20.95%
*Water
H2O
0 to 4%
Argon
Ar
0.93%
CO2
0.0360%
Neon
Ne
0.0018%
Helium
He
0.0005%
*Methane
CH4
0.00017%
Hydrogen
H2
0.00005%
N2O
0.00003%
O3
0.000004%
*Carbon Dioxide
*Nitrous Oxide
*Ozone
From http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html
* variable gases
Origin of the Moon
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Sisters?
Fission?
Capture?
Giant impact
Mercury’s day and year
• 3 days every 2 years
• Animations….
– Rotation and orbit:
http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Orbit_Rotation/orbit_rotation_full.htm
– The Sun in the sky:
http://www.messenger-education.org/Interactives/ANIMATIONS/Day_On_Mercury/day_on_mercury_full.htm
Venus
Visible
UV
Radar
Images from http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA10124, http://atmos.nmsu.edu/~nchanove/A105S04/lecture_21.html,
and http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/venus/venusglobe.jpg
Plate tectonics
Image from http://www.umt.edu/geosciences/faculty/hendrix/g100/L17.html
Earth’s magnetic field and plate tectonics
Image modified from http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/alvarez_02
Radar imaging
Dark is smooth
Rough is bright
Images from http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec13.html and http://ganymede.nmsu.edu/tharriso/ast110/class08.html
Terrestrial planet interiors
Image from http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/nasaNAS~20~20~120294~226993:Terrestrial-Planet-Interiors
Gas giants and ice giants
Jupiter
Semimajor axis (AU) 5.2
Temperature
125 K
Radius (REarth)
11
Density (g/cm3)
1.3
Spin Period (hrs)
~ 10
Atm. Comp. (%)
H
86
He
13.6
methane
1.8 x 10 -3
Saturn
9.54
95 K
9.4
0.7
~10
Uranus
19.2
60 K
4.0
1.3
~17
94
83
6
15
8 x 10 -4 2
Neptune
30.1
60 K
3.9
1.6
~ 16
85
13
0.01 to 1?
Giant Planet Interiors
Image from http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/01/q_a_inside_a_gas_giant.php
Giant Planet Atmospheres
Image from http://astronomyonline.org/SolarSystem/SaturnIntroduction.asp
Kuiper Belt vs. Oort Cloud
http://boojum.as.arizona.edu/~jill/NS102_2006/Lectures/Lecture6/kuiper3.jpg
Dwarf planets are small
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/images/five_dwarfs_earth_luna_big_jpg_image.html
The Galilean moons
From http://www.physast.uga.edu/~jss/1010/ch11/ovhd.html
Europa, Ganymede and Callisto
Image from http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~barnes/ast110_06/gphah.html
Io’s tidal heating
Elliptical orbit caused
by orbital resonance
Synchronous rotation
Images from http://www.physast.uga.edu/~jss/1010/ch11/ovhd.html
Solar System formation
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Cloud of interstellar gas/dust
Protostar + disk
Planetary embryos, planetesimals
“Heavy Bombardment”/ “Late Heavy
Bombardment”
• Planets, asteroid belt, Kuiper Belt,
Oort Cloud
Image from http://www.astro.psu.edu/users/niel/astro1/slideshows/class43/slides-43.html
Hunting planets
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Radial velocity (Doppler shifts)
Astrometry
Transits
Direct detection
The Sun
Images from http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/convective_envelope.html