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Space Science and Exploration
Richard BONNEVILLE (CNES DSP/E²U)
Paris, November 2, 2005
Space Science
goal : increase our knowledge and understanding ...
 … on the origin of our universe and on its evolution
• its birth and its fate
• the emergence of structures and the formation of galaxies
• the unification of the fundamental interactions and the special role
of gravitation
 … on the objects the universe is made of :
• galaxies, stars, planets
• their formation, their evolution and their death
• in particular our own star, the Sun, the solar system, and our
planet, the Earth
… and on the question of life in the universe
Space Exploration
goal : to extend human presence, actually or
virtually, beyond the limits of our planet
 virtually : (i) exploration of the solar system by automatic
vehicles, and (ii) search for planets orbiting near-by stars
 actually : possible future manned missions to the Moon
and Mars
prerequisite : to develop the enabling or
enhancing technologies to reach that dual goal
Introduction
 space - ground complementarity
• in astronomy, the space observatories allow the observations in
the frequency ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum which are
not accessible from the ground, e.g. high energies (UV, X, gamma)
and IR
• for the study of the objects of the solar system, the space probes
are essential at each stage : fly-by, global observation from the
orbit, in situ investigations, sample return
 space is both
• the object of the study
• the tool of the study
 hence a natural partnership between the space agency and
the scientific community
The French programme
 ESA’s mandatory scientific programme « Cosmic Vision »
is the core and the top priority of the French programme in
space sciences ...
• thanks to the partnership between CNES and the French science
community, France provides  30% of the instruments onboard the
missions of ESA ’s mandatory science programme, i.e. nearly twice
its GNP
 … this participation is complemented by a participation to
other ESA programmes with a scientific content :
• AURORA : solar system exploration programme
• ISS utilisation
ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme
Bepi-Colombo
2013
JWST
August 2007
LisaPathfinder 2009
Venus Express
2014 ?
(NASA-ESA)
2013
Herschel & Planck
Lisa
Gaia
Solar
Orbiter
2011
Nov. 2005
2015
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Activities outside ESA
 the activities « outside ESA » complement or prepare on
original and focused scientific and technological goals
the participation to the ESA programmes, i.e.
 « missions of opportunity » : participation to missions
of external initiative
• USA, Russia, other European countries, China, Japan, India
 nationally led activities, most often including external
contributions
•
•
•
•
mini satellites (PROTEUS family, e.g. COROT)
micro satellites (MYRIADE family, e.g. MICROSCOPE, PICARD)
balloons (e.g. ARCHEOPS)
preparation of the future : R&T, phase 0/A level studies,
formation flying initiative
How it works
 major programme orientations given by the scientific
community
• every 4 to 6 years, workshops of scientific prospective in order to
elaborate the mid/long - term priorities of the French scientific
community (Saint - Malo, October 93; Arcachon, March 98; Paris,
July 04)
 complementarity between activities within ESA and
activities outside ESA
 balance between the main scientific domains (astronomy
vs solar system)
 introduction of new topics : fundamental physics and
astroparticles, exobiology, space weather, NEO threat
How it works
 the scientific instruments
• development under the control of the labs themselves, with the
technical and financial support of CNES, or under the control of
CNES in a close partnership between CNES and the labs
 the scientific subsidiarity :
• very big missions  international frame, e.g. CASSINI-HUYGENS,
JWST, Mars Sample Return
• big missions  European frame, e.g. INTEGRAL, MARS EXPRESS
• mini and micro satellites  national or bi/multi-lateral frame
A major theme (1) : the origin
(and the fate ?) of the universe
 the universe is flat on a
large scale ;
 only 5% of its content is
made of «ordinary» matter
5% : baryonic matter
(cf. nucleosynthesis)
and visible matter < 1%
25% : « dark matter »
(cf. galaxy dynamics)
70% : « dark energy »
(connection with the
«cosmological constant » L)
the CMB anisotropies as seen by WMAP
 what is the nature of dark matter
and dark energy ?
 how did large scale structures emerge ?
 how did first galaxies form ?
Space and fundamental physics
 astrophysics and particle physics tend to join together
through diverse problems linked to
• the unification of the fundamental interactions of nature ...
• … and the special role of gravity with respect to the other
interactions (weak, electromagnetic, strong)
• search of new fields / particles predicted by the theories
• goal : a new physics beyond General Relativity (a geometrical
theory of gravitation) and Standard Model (a quantum field theory
of weak / electromagnetic / strong interactions)
 a multiple but coherent approach
• observational cosmology
• the universe as a laboratory
• the space observatories
towards a « big rip » ?
t
« a brief history of time »
+ force X repulsive :
acceleration of the
expansion
gravitation +
strong, electromagnetic,
weak interactions :
slow expansion,
flat universe
quantum gravitation
« Planck era »
inflation phase
r
and « before » ?
Observational cosmology
 at the border between astronomy and fundamental physics
 the primordial universe ; fine study of the cosmological
background radiation (CMB) : precise measurement of the
cosmological parameters ( = r / rc , L , H)
– balloons : BOOMERANG, ARCHEOPS
– satellites : COBE, WMAP, PLANCK-SURVEYOR
– future missions : polarisation of the CMB, dark matter probe
 a further step : primordial gravitation waves
The universe as a laboratory
 test of observable consequences of
the unification theories
• e.g. violation of the equivalence
principle : MICROSCOPE (2009)

 accurate testing of the gravitation
laws at various scales, in particular
tests of GR in the solar system and
in the near-by space :
• accurate metrology of time and space :
PHARAO / ACES / ISS (2009), GAIA (ESA
2012)
• accurate measurement of the post
Newtonian parameters : GAIA, BEPICOLOMBO (ESA, 2013)
The space observatories
 observe the sky in all the wavelength domains of the
electromagnetic spectrum
• study the sources of intense and/or
rapidly variable gravitational fields
(active galaxy nuclei, black holes,
binary objects coalescence) : XMMNEWTON, INTEGRAL
• study the farthest (i.e. oldest)
objects : high z galaxies : HST,
JWST
 open new observation windows
• gravitational waves detection :
LISA (ESA-NASA)
A major theme (2) : the emergence
and the distribution of life
 how did life appear on Earth ?
• organic or pre-biotic chemistry in the solar system (e.g. Titan,
asteroids and comets) and in the interstellar medium
 did life appear elsewhere in the solar system ? (and is it
still present today ?)
• 1st priority : Mars
 does life exist elsewhere in the universe ? is it an
exceptional, maybe unique, event, or is it widely spread ?
• search of habitable extra solar planets and tracking of
unambiguous bio-signatures in their atmosphere
HUYGENS lands on Titan
January 14th, 2005
Mars Express : one year of operations
North pole
South pole (23/01/2004)
credit : JP Bibring and the OMEGA ream at IAS,
Science, Vol 307, Issue 5715, 1574 , 11 March 2005
Extra solar planets
 today, about 160 extra-solar
planets have been detected
(“hot Jupiter” type)
the first exoplanet transit observed by photometry in
November 99 by H. Deeg and al. at the Canary island
observatory
 how do planetary systems form ?
 what types of exoplanets exist ?
 can a biological activity be
evidenced ?
Search of exoplanets : the next steps
DARWIN (ESA, 2020 ?)
COROT (CNES, 2006)
International context
 emergence of new space countries
• e.g. China : co-operations in the fields of Sun-Earth connection
(Double Star), high energy astrophysics (SVOM), solar physics
(SMESE), space medicine (Shen-Zhu 7), oceanography (Swimsat)
 ESA ministerial council next December, see later
 UE’s involvement in space activities : Galileo, GMES
• but space science & exploration only marginally concerned
 Bush’s initiative (“new American vision”), see later
The ESA context
 the recent ESA prospective report « Cosmic Vision 20152025 »
 the now stabilised elaboration of the 1st slice of the
European exploration programme AURORA
 December 2005 : ESA ministerial council ;
on the agenda :
• the new level of resources 2006-2010 for the mandatory science
programme “Cosmic Vision”
• the green light decision upon ExoMars, the 1st mission of the
AURORA programme and the 1st European mission to land on
Mars
COSMIC VISION : perspectives
 the level of resources of the mandatory science
programme from 2006 on will likely be in the continuity of
the present level (380 M€/year)
 no significant funding for new projects before 2012/2013
 problem : how to prepare the future big missions beyond
2015 ?
The NASA context
 dominated by Bush’s
initiative (« new American
vision ») based upon
« exploration » in the
perspective of manned
missions to the Moon and
Mars (and beyond)
• shuttle retirement planned in
2010
• priority to the CEV
development
• re-orientation of the ISS
utilisation
I WANT YOU
FOR THE U.S. SPACE
EXPLORATION PROGRAM
Consequences for science
 that priority given by NASA to manned exploration will
imply a reduction of the US effort in some areas of space
research :
• cosmology and fundamental physics : the future of the Beyond
Einstein programme (LISA, Dark Energy Mission, Inflation Probe,
Black Hole Finder Probe) is unclear
• even the robotic exploration of Mars has been affected
(cancellation of MTO)
 perhaps an opportunity for the Europeans in a context of
strong scientific concurrence, but globally science will
loose
Co-operation : « a European vision »
 the content of the European exploration programme shall
allow Europe to go on its own way if the eventual cooperation with the US does not fulfil the European
expectations, in order not to reproduce the situation of
European dependence of the ISS programme
 taking into account the differential of resources allocated
to civilian space between Europe and the US, the
European priority should be placed on robotic missions,
and the European exploration programme proposal
AURORA has to be built in that perspective
Our view : the Moon, Mars, and beyond
 the Moon : low scientific priority
 the scientific exploration of Mars has been for long the 1st
priority of the French planetary community (cf. the
seminars of scientific prospective held by CNES in 1993,
1998, 2002 and 2004)
 the Mars priority has been recently re-confirmed by our
science community, hence strong support to ExoMars
 after the success of MARS EXPRESS, strong emphasis on
in situ science on short / mid term
• multi sites local/regional investigations with landers and rovers
(mobility needed)
• network science (climate, seismology)
Our view : the Moon, Mars, and beyond
 on the short term, the priority for AURORA is the
demonstration of the European capability for safe landing
+ autonomous mobility on Mars with European
technologies
• 2011 : ExoMars, the 1st European mission landing on Mars
 ExoMars will carry a comprehensive experiment package
on exobiology, environment characterisation and
geophysics / geochemistry
Our view : the Moon, Mars, and beyond
 the next logical step : Mars sample return mission(s)
• various samples collected from several sites
 the mid term priority of AURORA must be the preparation
of a Mars sample return (MSR) programme
• 2016-2020 : a mission (or a series of MSR missions) ; international
co-operation with important European participation
 Europe shall identify the niches it could occupy in the
framework of an international MSR programme
 other targets :
• the giant planets and their satellites : to be considered in an
international context (see CASSINI - HUYGENS)
• the small bodies, asteroids and comets : rendezvous missions,
NEO threat assessment and mitigation (UE involvement ?)
Preparing the future,
e.g. formation flying
SIMBOL X : hard X-ray
observatory (0.5 - 70 keV)
for the study of compact
objects, AGN, black holes
PEGASE : NIR interferometer
for the search of hot giant
extrasolar planets(“PEGASIDES”),
brown dwarfs, protoplanetary disks