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JDBC – Java Database
Connectivity
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jdbc/getstart
/GettingStartedTOC.fm.html
1
Introduction to JDBC
• JDBC is an API, (Application Programming Interface)
that is a collection of classes and interfaces.
• JDBC is used for accessing (mainly) databases from
Java applications.
• Information is transferred from relations to objects and
vice-versa
- databases optimized for searching/indexing
- objects optimized for engineering/flexibility
2
JDBC Architecture
We
willare
These
use
thisclasses
one…
Java
Java
Application
JDBC
Oracle
Driver
Oracle
DB2
Driver
DB2
Network
Postgres
Driver
Postgres
3
JDBC Architecture (cont.)
Application
JDBC
Driver
• Java code calls JDBC library
• JDBC loads a driver
• Driver talks to a particular database
• An application can work with several databases by using
all corresponding drivers
• Ideal: can change database engines without changing
any application code (not always in practice)
Seven Steps
• Load the driver
• Define the connection URL
• Establish the connection
• Create a Statement object
• Execute a query using the Statement
• Process the result
• Close the connection
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Registering the Driver
• To use a specific driver, we need to instantiate it
and register it within the driver manager:
Driver driver = new oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver();
DriverManager.registerDriver(driver);
• Later we’ll see why the registration is needed
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A Modular Alternative
• We can register the driver indirectly using the statement
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
• Class.forName loads the specified class dynamically.
• When OracleDriver is loaded, it automatically
- creates an instance of itself
- registers this instance with the DriverManager
• Hence, the driver class can be given as an argument of
the application
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An Example
// A driver for imaginary1
Class.forName("ORG.img.imgSQL1.imaginary1Driver");
// A driver for imaginary2
Driver driver = new ORG.img.imgSQL2.imaginary2Driver();
DriverManager.registerDriver(driver);
//A driver for oracle
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
imaginary1 imaginary2
Oracle
Registered Drivers
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Connecting to the Database
• Every database is identified by a URL
• Given a URL, DriverManager looks for the driver
that can talk to the corresponding database
• DriverManager tries all registered drivers, until a
suitable one is found
• How is it done?
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Connecting to the Database
Connection con = DriverManager.
getConnection("jdbc:imaginaryDB1");
acceptsURL("jdbc:imaginaryDB1")?
a
r
imaginary1 imaginary2
r
Oracle
Registered Drivers
Read more about DriverManager Class, Connection Interface
10
The URLs in CS
In CS, a URL has the following structure:
jdbc:oracle:thin:name/password@sol4:1521:stud
Also, your login
Your login
The
machine
on port
The
standard
which
our
of Oracle
Oracle runs
For example:
jdbc:oracle:thin:snoopy/snoopy@sol4:1521:stud
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Interaction with the Database
• We use Statement objects in order to
- Query the database
- Update the database (insert, update, create, drop, …)
• Three different interfaces are used:
Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement
• All are interfaces, hence cannot be instantiated
• They are created by the Connection
Querying with Statement
String queryStr =
"SELECT * FROM Member " +
"WHERE Lower(Name) = 'harry potter'";
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(queryStr);
• The executeQuery method returns a ResultSet object
representing the query result.
•Will be discussed later…
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Changing DB with Statement
String deleteStr =
"DELETE FROM Member " +
"WHERE Lower(Name) = 'harry potter'";
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
int delnum = stmt.executeUpdate(deleteStr);
• executeUpdate is used for data manipulation: insert, delete,
update, create table, etc. (anything other than querying!)
• executeUpdate returns the number of rows modified (or 0 for DDL
commands)
Read more about Statement Class
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About Prepared Statements
• Prepared Statements are used for queries that are
executed many times
• They are parsed (compiled) by the DBMS only once
• Column values can be set after compilation
• Instead of values, use ‘?’ and setXXX methods
• Hence, Prepared Statements can be though of as
statements that contain placeholders to be substituted
later with actual values
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Querying with PreparedStatement
String queryStr =
"SELECT * FROM Items " +
"WHERE Name = ? and Cost < ?";
PreparedStatement pstmt =
con.prepareStatement(queryStr);
pstmt.setString(1, "t-shirt");
pstmt.setInt(2, 1000);
ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery();
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Updating with PreparedStatement
String deleteStr =
“DELETE FROM Items " +
"WHERE Name = ? and Cost > ?";
PreparedStatement pstmt =
con.prepareStatement(deleteStr);
pstmt.setString(1, "t-shirt");
pstmt.setInt(2, 1000);
int delnum = pstmt.executeUpdate();
Read more about PreparedStatement Class
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Statements vs. PreparedStatements: Be
Careful!
• Are these the same? What do they do?
String val = "abc";
PreparedStatement pstmt =
con.prepareStatement("select * from R where A=?");
pstmt.setString(1, val);
ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery();
String val = "abc";
Statement stmt = con.createStatement( );
ResultSet rs =
stmt.executeQuery("select * from R where A=" + val);
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Statements vs. PreparedStatements: Be
Careful!
• Will this work?
PreparedStatement pstmt =
con.prepareStatement("select * from ?");
pstmt.setString(1, myFavoriteTableString);
• No!!! A ‘?’ can only be used to represent a
column value in order to enable precompilation.
• Redundant ‘ ‘
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Timeout
• Use setQueryTimeOut(int seconds) of Statement
to set a timeout for the driver to wait for a
statement to be completed
• If the operation is not completed in the given
time, an SQLException is thrown
• What is it good for?
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ResultSet
• ResultSet objects provide access to the tables generated
as results of executing a Statement queries
• Only one ResultSet per Statement can be open at the
same time!
• The table rows are retrieved in sequence
- A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row
- The next() method moves the cursor to the next row
ResultSet Methods
• boolean next()
- activates the next row
- the first call to next() activates the first row
- returns false if there are no more rows
- Only some of the next calls, actually involve DB
activity
• void close()
- disposes of the ResultSet
- allows you to re-use the Statement that created it
- automatically called by most Statement methods
ResultSet Methods
• Type getType(int columnIndex)
- returns the given field as the given type
- indices start at 1 and not 0!
- should be used in select * or derived columns
• Type getType(String columnName)
- same, but uses name of field
- less efficient
• For example: getString(columnIndex), getInt(columnName),
getTime, getBoolean, ...
• int findColumn(String columnName)
- looks up column index given column name
ResultSet Example
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.
executeQuery("select name,age from Employees");
// Print the result
while(rs.next()) {
System.out.print(rs.getString(1) + ":");
System.out.println(rs.getShort("age"));
}
Read more about ResultSet Interface
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Mapping Java Types to SQL Types
SQL type
Java Type
CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR
String
NUMERIC, DECIMAL
java.math.BigDecimal
BIT
boolean
TINYINT
byte
SMALLINT
short
INTEGER
int
BIGINT
long
REAL
float
FLOAT, DOUBLE
double
BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY
byte[]
DATE
java.sql.Date
TIME
java.sql.Time
TIMESTAMP
java.sql.Timestamp
More Information
A detailed overview of type mapping and type conversion
can be found at
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jdbc/getsta
rt/mapping.html
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Null Values
• In SQL, NULL means the field is empty
• Not the same as 0 or ""
• In JDBC, you must explicitly ask if the last-read
field was null
- ResultSet.wasNull(column)
• For example, getInt(column) will return 0 if the
value is either 0 or NULL!
Null Values
• When inserting null values into placeholders of
Prepared Statements:
- Use the method setNull(index, Types.sqlType) for
primitive types (e.g. INTEGER, REAL);
- For object types (e.g. STRING, DATE) you may also
use:
setType(index, null)
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ResultSet Meta-Data
A ResultSetMetaData is an object that can be used to
get information about the properties of the columns
in a ResultSet object
An example: write the columns of the result set
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
int numcols = rsmd.getColumnCount();
for (int i = 1 ; i <= numcols; i++) {
System.out.print(rsmd.getColumnLabel(i)+" ");
}
Read More About ResultSetMetaData Interface
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Database Time
• Times in SQL are notoriously non-standard
• Java defines three classes to help
• java.sql.Date
- year, month, day
• java.sql.Time
- hours, minutes, seconds
• java.sql.Timestamp
- year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, nanoseconds
- usually use this one
Cleaning Up After Yourself
• Remember to close the Connections, Statements,
Prepared Statements and Result Sets
con.close();
stmt.close();
pstmt.close();
rs.close()
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Dealing With Exceptions
• An SQLException is actually a list of exceptions
catch (SQLException e) {
while (e != null) {
System.out.println(e.getSQLState());
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
System.out.println(e.getErrorCode());
e = e.getNextException();
}
}
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Transaction Management
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Transactions and JDBC
• Transaction: more than one statement that must all
succeed (or all fail) together
- e.g., updating several tables due to customer purchase
• If one fails, the system must reverse all previous actions
• Also can’t leave DB in inconsistent state halfway
through a transaction
• COMMIT = complete transaction
• ROLLBACK = cancel all actions
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Example
• Suppose we want to transfer money from bank account
13 to account 72:
PreparedStatement pstmt =
con.prepareStatement("update BankAccount
set amount = amount + ?
where accountId = ?");
pstmt.setInt(1,-100);
pstmt.setInt(2, 13);
pstmt.executeUpdate();
What happens if
pstmt.setInt(1, 100);
this update fails?
pstmt.setInt(2, 72);
pstmt.executeUpdate();
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Transaction Management
• Transactions are not explicitly opened and closed
• The connection has a state called AutoCommit mode
• if AutoCommit is true, then every statement is
automatically committed
• if AutoCommit is false, then every statement is added to
an ongoing transaction
• Default: true
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AutoCommit
setAutoCommit(boolean val)
• If you set AutoCommit to false, you must explicitly commit or
rollback the transaction using Connection.commit() and
Connection.rollback()
• Note: DDL statements (e.g., creating/deleting tables) in a
transaction may be ignored or may cause a commit to occur
- The behavior is DBMS dependent
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Fixed Example
con.setAutoCommit(false);
try {
PreparedStatement pstmt =
con.prepareStatement("update BankAccount
set amount = amount + ?
where accountId = ?");
pstmt.setInt(1,-100); pstmt.setInt(2, 13);
pstmt.executeUpdate();
pstmt.setInt(1, 100); pstmt.setInt(2, 72);
pstmt.executeUpdate();
con.commit();
catch (SQLException e) { con.rollback(); }
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Isolation Levels
• How do different transactions interact? Do they see what
another has written?
• Possible problems:
- Dirty Reads: one transaction reads data written by another
uncommitted transaction
- Unrepeatable Reads: two different results are seen when
reading the same row twice in the same transaction. Example?
- Phantom Reads: rows are added to (or deleted from) a table
between two readings of this table in a single transaction.
Example?
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Isolation Levels
JDBC defines four isolation modes:
Level
Dirty
Unrepeatable
Phantom
Read
Read
Read
Read Uncommited
Yes
Yes
Yes
Read Commited
No
Yes
Yes
Repeatable Read
No
No
Yes
Serializable
No
No
No
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Isolation Levels
• Set the transaction mode using setTransactionIsolation()
of class Connection
• Consider efficiency and consistency.
• Oracle only implements:
- TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE
• An exception may be thrown if serializability isn’t possible
- TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITED
• This is the default
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Level: READ_COMMITED
• Transaction 1:
• Transaction 2:
insert into A values(1)
select * from A
insert into A values(2)
select * from A
commit
Question: Is it
possible for a
transaction to see 1
in A, but not 2?
1
2
Table: A
Question: Is it
possible for the 2
queries to give
different answers
for level
SERIALIZABLE?
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Large Objects
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LOBs: Large OBjects
• Two types:
- CLOB: Character large object (a lot of characters)
- BLOB: Binary large object (a lot of bytes)
• Actual data is not stored in the table with the
CLOB/BLOB column, only a pointer to the data
• Oracle does not support these objects as in the
specification, so a special treatment is required
• We will see how BLOBs are managed
- Handling CLOBs is similar
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Storing BLOBs
• Suppose that we have a binary source (e.g., a file,
a socket, etc.) that is readable through a Java
InputStream object istream
• Suppose that we want to store the source content
in a table MyBlobs(name varchar, content BLOB)
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Storing BLOBs (cont)
• First, we set AutoCommit to false:
con.setAutoCommit(false);
• Next, we insert a row with an empty BLOB:
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("insert into myblobs values('b1',empty_blob())")
• AutoCommit is set to false so empty blob cannot be read
• Now, retrieve the BLOB:
ResultSet rs =
stmt.executeQuery("select content from myblobs where name = 'b1'");
rs.next(); BLOB bl = (BLOB) (rs.getBlob(1));
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Storing BLOBs (cont)
• We can now get the BLOB's output stream
OutputStream blStream = bl.getBinaryOutputStream();
• Next, we write the content into the stream:
int bytesRead = 0; byte[] data = new byte[4096];
while ((bytesRead = fileStream.read(data)) >= 0)
blStream.write(data,0,bytesRead);
• Finally, we close the resources and commit
blStream.close(); rs.close(); stmt.close(); con.commit();
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Retrieving BLOBs
• BLOB retrieval is simpler that storage
• Suppose that we want to write our BLOB to ostream
• First, we get the BLOB:
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs =
stmt.executeQuery("select content from binaryFiles where name ='b1'");
rs.next(); BLOB bl = (BLOB) (rs.getBlob(1));
• Next, get the input stream of the BLOB:
InputStream blStream = bl.getBinaryStream();
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Retrieving BLOBs (cont)
• Now, we read the BLOB content through the stream:
int bytesRead = 0; byte[] data = new byte[4096];
while ((bytesRead = blStream.read(data)) >= 0)
ostream.write(data, 0, bytesRead);
• Finally, we close the resources and commit
blStream.close(); rs.close(); stmt.close(); con.commit();
• CLOBS are very similar (getAsciiStream, getAsciiOutputStream)
Read more about LOBs : example, Oracle BLOB Class,
Oracle CLOB Class
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