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Human Prehistory to
the Early Civilizations
Period 1 Review
Big Picture: Turning Points
• Emergence of Humankind
• Globalization of Humankind
• Revolution of Farming and Herding
• Emergence of Civilizations
Chronology
1.1: Big Geography and the
Peopling of the Earth
How Do We Know This?
Hunter-Gatherers
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Migratory
Loose political structures
No real social classes
Different gender relations
Polytheistic religion
Limited technology
Hunters: Changes and Continuities?
Modern-Day Bushmen
Paleolithic Age
• “Old Stone” Age
• -c. 10,00-8,000 B.C.E.
• Homo Erectus
Homo Sapiens
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Low population density
Technology
 Language (homo erectus)
 Wood, stone, and bone tools
 Fire
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Religion:
 Goddess worship (fertility)
 fear of death,
 burial of dead…
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Paleolithic Tools
Paleolithic Weapons
Fertility Goddess
Cave Art
Synthesis?
In a Nutshell…
1.2: The Neolithic Revolution and
Early Agricultural Societies
1.2: The Neolithic Revolution and
Early Agricultural Societies
Neolithic Age
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“New Stone” Age
c. 8,000-3,000 B.C.E.
Climate change
Domestication of some animals
Early agriculture
Pottery
Bronze
Cities (e.g. Harrappa, Catal Huyuk)
Yangshao China, Mesopotamian civilizations (4,000 B.C.E.)
Sumerian Cuniform (3,500 B.C.E.)
Egyptian civilization (3,100 B.C.E.)
Why Pottery?
Domesticated Livestock
Pastoralism
Beasts of Burden
Yep, They Had Technology!
The More You Know…
Um, how about nope?
Thematic Review (to this point)
Go over these next five slides on your own!
Theme 1: Interaction Between
Humans and the Environment
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Gathering/Scavenging
Tools—Hunting
Fire
Adaptation to various
climes
• Migration at end of Ice
Age
• Pastoralism
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Agriculture
Permanent settlements
Deforestation
Irrigation
Terracing
New diseases
Theme 2: Development and
Interaction of Cultures
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Our knowledge is artifact-based
Indirect studies of bushmen today
Burials and grave objects
Idols (esp. fertility)
Cave paintings
Diffusion of artifacts
Early architecture: Megaliths (Stonehenge), Temples
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion,
and Conflict
• Late in Neolithic Age
• Centered around advanced agriculture
• Relative egalitarianism evolves into permanent
hierarchy, stratification
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and
Interaction of Economic Systems
Pre-agricultural evidence of trade in
• tools (e.g. stone, flint)
• decorative items (e.g. hells, pigments, feathers)
• cultural artifacts (e.g. carved figurines)
Post-agricultural revolution increase in quantity and quality of
trade and goods
• Weapons
• technologies (plows, sickles, potters’ wheels, looms, sun-dried bricks,
boats, chisels, saddles, bridals, harnesses, irrigation techniques, etc).
• accumulation of wealth (monumental architecture, more decorative
items, evidence of wealth inequality)
Theme 5: Development and
Transformation of Social Structures
• Relative gender equality changes to patriarchy
• Slow transformation
• Early farmers probably women (why did men
eventually stop hunting and take over farming?)
• Land and livestock become wealth, and wealth is
inherited
• Increase in warfare tied to rise of slavery
1.3: The Development and Interactions of Early
Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
1.3: The Development and Interactions of Early
Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamian Civilizations
Tigris-Euphrates River Vallies
 Sumeria, Babylonia, Assyria, Persia
 Copper and bronze masters
 City-States
 Monumental architecture—name it!
 Writing—Cuneiform
 Hammurabi’s Law Code
 Trade
 Flat land and few natural barriers
 Zoroastrianism
Cuneiform
Ziggurat
Sumerian City-State
Hanging Gardens and
Tower of Babel
Hammurabi’s Code
See Any Political or Social
Developments?
Walled City-State
Egyptian/Nile RVC
Egyptian Civilization
Nile River Valley
 Influenced by Mesopotamia
 Pharaoh
 Religion and concept of death
 Monumental architecture—name it!
 Hieroglyphic alphabet
 Interactions with and invasions by the Kush
• Q: What does the architecture in Egypt and Mesopotamia say
about these people?
Egyptian Social Classes
Pyramid and the Sphinx
Egyptian Slavery
Huang He RVC
Chinese Civilization
Huanghe (Yellow) River; Yangtze River
 Isolated
 Advanced technology
 Ideographic writing
 Science (especially Astronomy)
 Art emphasized delicate designs and music
 Ancestor worship
 Shang dynasty (1,500 B.C.E.)
Evolution of Shang Writing
Shang Architecture
Indus RVC
Indian Civilization
Indus River Valley
 c. 2,500 B.C.E
 Harappa, Mohenjo Daro
 Harrapan Script
 Natural disasters and Indo-European invasions
 More to come in Ch. 3
Mohenjo Daro
Terminology Review
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Paleolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Prehistoric
Civilization
The four River Valley Civilizations
Tigris-Euphrates
Sumerians
Monotheism
Nomads
Ideographic
New Transportation
What are these called?
Horses, sailing boats, and such…
What do they mean for trade and
state-expansion?
RVCs: What’s the Deal?
Groundwork for later civilizations
 Cities & monarchical forms (Greeks & Romans learned A
LOT)
 Irrigation
 Mathematics
 Wheel
 Writing (Phoenicians)
 Tamed horses
 Calendars
 Trade and diffusion of ideas
New Religious Beliefs
• Vedic Religion (India)
• Herbrew monotheism
• Zoroastrianism (Persia)
Hebrew Monotheism
Judaism
 Distinctive people
 Codified monotheism
 How the Jewish god is different
 Fountainhead for Christianity and Islam
Other Civilizations
• Norte Chico, Peru (c. 3,200 BCE)
• Olmecs, Mexico (c. 1,200 BCE)
• Oxus, Northern Afghanistan (c. 2,300 BCE)
Cause and Effect Relationships
Climate changesMore plants and nuts to gather  Big animals migrate less
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Hunters and gatherers don’t need to roam as much  Human population increases
So…
Big animal population declines Humans domesticate animals and adopt agriculture
So…
Humans settle into farming communities Some humans prosper in river valleys
So…
New technologies increase production Food surpluses support new divisions of labor
So…
Cities emerge in river valleys Political, social, and economic structures become more complex
Thematic Review at the Point
of Civilizations
Go over these next five slides on your own!
Theme 1: Interaction Between
Humans and the Environment
• First civilizations built on advancements in
agriculture
• Humans begin to shape environment to their needs
• Population increase=increased demand for food
• Increase in soil depletion and deforestation
Theme 2: Development and
Interaction of Cultures
• More elaborate belief systems
• Increased social and gender inequalities
• Emergence of distinctive writing systems
 First historical accounts (e.g. Hebrew scriptures)
 Codification of laws (e.g. Code of Hammurabi)
 Improved economic transactions and taxation
• Monumental art and architecture to reinforce the glory and power of the
rulers and the gods
 ziggurats and pyramids
 tombs, temples, palaces
 Olmec heads, Egyptian statues, etc.
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion,
and Conflict
• Agriculture and scarcity of land lead to
 wealth inequality and rise of an upper class
 tighter social and political organization (led by the new upper
class)
 warfare over land and labor (e.g. slaves)
• Emergence of Kingship ( often supported by religion)
 The Mandate of Heaven (China)
 Divinity of Pharaoh and Olmec rulers
 Development of Hindu caste system (especially in Per. 2)
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and
Interaction of Economic Systems
• Agriculture leads to diverse labor, skilled artisans
• Evidence of long-distance trade
Thus, all are
connected!
 Indus Valley traders in Mesopotamia and Oxus
 Mesopotamian trade in Egypt and Oxus
 Egyptian trade in Nubia (African interior), Red and
Mediterranean Seas
 Oxus trade with China
• Only regional trade in Olmec and Norte Chico civs.
Theme 5: Development and
Transformation of Social Structures
• By 600 C.E. clearly established hierarchies of class
 Upper class holds political, military, and religious offices—not
physical laborers
 Majority are free commoners
 Slavery in most civilizations but with differences
• By 600 C.E. clearly established hierarchies of gender
 Women increasingly confined to home
 Women lose legal and property rights
 All due to combination of more intensified agriculture, glorification
of the warrior, and development of private property
Name the RVC
What’s This?
This?
This?
This?
This?
Synthesis or Just Change Over Time?