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Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 1  Introduction
1
Chapter Goals

To understand the activity of programming

To learn about the architecture of computers


To learn about machine code and high level
programming languages
To become familiar with your computing environment
and your compiler

To compile and run your first Java program

To recognize syntax and logic errors
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Prerequisites


Computer savvy
 File management, text editing, etc
Problem solving skills
 The most important skill in all of CS!

Time management

Math 19

No prior programming background required
Chapter 1  Introduction
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What Is Programming?




Computers are programmed to perform tasks
 This why a computer can do so many things
Different tasks require different programs
Program
 Sequence of basic operations executed in rapid
succession
 Contains instruction sequences for all tasks it can
execute
Sophisticated programs require teams of highly
skilled programmers and other professionals
 Examples?
 Your programs for this class will be “mundane”
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Self Check
1.
What is required to play a music CD on a
computer?
2.
Why is a CD player less flexible than a
computer?
3.
Can a computer program develop the
initiative to execute tasks in a better way
than its programmers envisioned?
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Answers
1.
A program (software) that reads the data
on the CD and sends output to the speakers
and the screen.
2.
A CD player can do one thing–play music CDs.
It cannot execute programs.
3.
No. The program simply executes the
instruction sequences that the programmers
have prepared in advance.
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Anatomy of a Computer


Central processing unit (CPU)
 Chip
 Transistors
Storage
 Primary storage: Random-access memory
(RAM)
 Secondary storage: usually a hard disk
 Removable storage devices: floppy disks,
tapes, CDs, DVDs, etc.
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Anatomy of a Computer




Hardware: CPU, storage, peripherals, etc.
Executes very simple instructions
 Load, store, add, etc.
Executes simple instructions very rapidly
 Speeds are almost unimaginably fast
General purpose and open system
 In contrast to, say, a game console
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Central Processing Unit
Figure 1: Central Processing Unit
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Memory Module / Memory Chips
Figure 2:
A Memory Module with Memory Chips
Chapter 1  Introduction
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A Hard Disk
Figure 3:
A Hard Disk
Chapter 1  Introduction
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A Motherboard
Figure 4:
A Motherboard
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Schematic Diagram of a Computer
Figure 5:
Schematic Diagram of a Computer
Chapter 1  Introduction
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The ENIAC
Figure 6:
The ENIAC
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Self Check
4.
Where is a program stored when it is not
currently running?
5.
Which part of the computer carries out
arithmetic operations, such as addition and
multiplication?
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Answers
4.
In secondary storage, typically a hard disk.
5.
The central processing unit (CPU).
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Machine Code


Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
A typical sequence of machine instructions
1. Load the contents of memory location 40
2. Load the value 100
3. If the first value is greater than the second
value, continue with the instruction that is
stored in memory location 240
Machine instructions encoded as numbers:

Compiler translates high-level language to
machine code
Chapter 1  Introduction
21 40
16 100
163 240
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Self Check
6.
What is the code for the Java virtual
machine instruction "Load the contents of
memory location 100"?
7.
Does a person who only uses a computer for
office work ever need a compiler?
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Answers
6.
21 100
7.
No. A compiler is used by programmers,
to translate high-level programming
instructions into machine code.
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The Java Programming Language

Simple

Safe

Platform-independent
 “write once, run anywhere”
 portable

Rich library (packages)

Great for the Internet (applets)
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The Java Programming Language


Java is good for beginners, but not perfect
 Simplest programs are not that simple
 Java has been revised many times (and
continues to be revised)
 Cannot learn all of Java in one semester (if
ever)
These are not serious problems for
professional programmers
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Applets on a Web Page
Figure 7:
Applets on a Web Page
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Self Check
8.
For the beginning programmer, what are the
two most important benefits of Java?
9.
How long does it take to learn the entire
Java library?
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Answers
8.
Safety and portability (simple?)
9.
No one person can learn the entire library
since it is too large. Learn the part that is
needed for a particular project.
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Become Familiar with your Computer



Log in
Locate the Java compiler
 Be sure you can run the compiler
Understand files and folders
 Programs are kept in files
 File: a collection of items of information that are
kept together
 Files have names, and the rules for legal names
differ from one system to another
 Files are stored in folders or directories; these file
containers can be nested
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Become Familiar with your Computer


Write a simple program (next)
Save your work
 Develop a strategy for keeping backup
copies of your work
• This is essential!
 See text (p. 14) for some good suggestions
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A Shell Window
Figure 8:
A Shell Window
Chapter 1  Introduction
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An Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)
Figure 9:
An Integrated Development Environment
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Nested Folders
Figure 10:
Nested Folders
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Self Check
10.
How are programming projects stored on a
computer?
11.
What do you do to protect yourself from
data loss when you work on programming
projects?
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Answers
10.
Programs are stored in files, and files are
stored in folders or directories
11.
Backup your files and folders
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Compiling A Simple Program



Java is case sensitive
 Print is not the same as print
Spacing is ignored by compiler
 But very useful to the human reader
Class, method, object…
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Class

Classes are fundamental building block in Java
public class HelloTester
{
.
.
.
}

Class HelloTester, file HelloTester.java
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Method

Define a method called main
public class HelloTester
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
.
.
.
}
}

Collection of program instructions

Parameter String[] args is required in main
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Comment

Anything following // is ignored by compiler
public class HelloTester
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Display a greeting in the console window
. . .
}
}

Comments useful to humans

Can also use /* ……
Chapter 1  Introduction
*/
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Body

Print a line of text: Hello, World!
public class HelloTester
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Display a greeting in the console window
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
Console window is object called out
 Object out is in the class System
 So must refer to it as System.out
 Method println: what to do with the object

Chapter 1  Introduction
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File HelloTester.java
1: public class HelloTester
2: {
3:
public static void main(String[] args)
4:
{
5:
// Display a greeting in the console window
6:
7:
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
8:
}
9: }
Output
Hello, World!
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HelloTester in a Console Window
Figure 11:
Running the HelloTester Program in a Console Window
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HelloTester in an IDE
Figure 12: Running the HelloTester Program in an IDE
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A Simple Program
•
•
•
•
public class ClassName
public static void main(String[] args)
// comment
Method call
Figure 13:
Calling a Method
System Class
System.out Object
println Method
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Syntax 1.1: Method Call
object.methodName(parameters)
Example:
System.out.println("Hello, Dave!");
Purpose:
To invoke a method of an object and supply any additional parameters
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Self Check
12.
How would you modify the HelloTester
program to print the words "Hello," and
"World!" on two lines?
13.
Would the program continue to work if you
omitted the line starting with //?
14.
What does the following print?
System.out.print("My lucky number is");
System.out.println(3 + 4 + 5);
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Answers
12.
System.out.println("Hello,");
System.out.println("World");
13.
Yes. The line starting with // is a comment,
intended for human readers. The compiler
ignores comments.
14.
The printout is My lucky number is12.
It would be a good idea to add a space after
the “is”.
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Errors

Syntax errors
System.ouch.println(". . .");
System.out.println("Hello);
 Detected by the compiler

Logic errors
 Hopefully detected through testing
System.out.println("Hell");
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Self Check
15.
Suppose you omit the // characters from
the HelloTester.java program but not the
remainder of the comment. Will you get a
compile-time error or a run-time error?
16.
How can you find logic errors in a program?
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Answers
15.
A compile-time error. The compiler will not
know what to do with the word display.
16.
You need to run the program and observe
its behavior (testing)
Chapter 1  Introduction
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The Compilation Process
Figure 14: From Source Code to Running Program
Chapter 1  Introduction
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The Edit—Compile—Loop Test
Figure 15:
The Edit—Compile—Loop Test
Chapter 1  Introduction
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Self Check
17.
What do you expect to see when you load a
class file into your text editor?
18.
Why can't you test a program for run-time
errors when it has compile-time errors?
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Answers
17.
A sequence of random characters, some
funny-looking. Class files contain virtual
machine instructions that are encoded as
binary numbers.
18.
When a program has compiler errors, no
class file is produced, and there is nothing
to run.
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