Download Intro to the AS/400 - Florida State College at Jacksonville

Intro to Programming
& Algorithm Design
Decisions
Decisions
Decisions
Assg
This presentation can be viewed on line in a file named:
ch04.IntrotoProg.ppt
Copyright 2003 by Janson Industries
1
Objectives

Explain
 Boolean
expressions
 Comparison
operators
 IF/THEN/ELSE
 AND
and OR logic
 Nested
 Case
logic
IFs
structure
2
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Decision Structure

Up till now all instructions in a
module executed in sequence
 i.e.
Statements executed in order
from top to bottom

Decision structures allow
programmer to define the specific
condition(s) when a statement
should be executed
 Conditions
specified as Boolean
expressions
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3
Boolean Expression

Results in a value of true or false

Most basic consists of
 Constant
Value or Variable
 Comparison Operator
 Constant Value or Variable

Examples
gender
= "F"
hoursWorked > 40
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Boolean Expression

Values in expression can be a
variables or constants
In
both examples, the first value
was a variable and the second
was a constant
 But

it doesn't have to be that way
Most languages support the
following comparison operations
 Equal,
Not Equal
 Greater Than, Less Than
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Boolean Expression

In addition you can combine
equal, greater than, and less
than to form
 Greater
Than or Equal
 Less Than or Equal

Different languages support
comparison operations with
different commands
 .equals
 EQ
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 equal
6
Boolean Expression

Most support the algebraic symbols
>
- greater than
 < - less than
 >= - greater than or equal to
 <= - less than or equal to

Equal and Not Equal are a little
tricky
A
= 10 in many languages, assigns the
value 10 to the variable A
 A == 10 compares variable A to the
constant value 10
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7
Boolean Expression

Not Equal often expressed as
 <>


- not equal
However Java, and the various
versions of C use !=
 Exclamation point means not
Examples
 state != "FL"
 isPrint = !true
 !(salary > 75000)
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Boolean Expression

Negative logic can be confusing

Try not to use

For instance, instead of
 if

Use
 if

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(!(salary > 75000))
(salary <= 75000)
Often, in programming languages,
the Boolean expression is enclosed
in ()
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Boolean Expression


However sometimes the nonnegative logic is not viable
For instance, the alternative to
 state

!= "FL"
Would be 49 conditions, which
would be much more code and
therefore
 Less
efficient
 More likely to have errors
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10
Boolean Expression

Can perform same selection
with different operators
If (price > limit) Then
finalCost = price * luxuryTax
Else
finalCost = price * salesTax
Endif
If (price <= limit) Then
finalCost = price * salesTax
Else
finalCost = price * luxuryTax
Endif
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Boolean Expression

Which one is better?
 The
one that is more efficient
 The
one that causes the fewer number
of statements to be executed

How determine?
 Need
to know business/data
 Are
more than 50% of the prices over
or under the limit?
• If over limit, check price > limit first
• If under limit, check price <= limit first
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Boolean Expression Gotcha


Must compare values of the
same type
Bad expressions:
 totalCost
== "Joe Smith"
 TotalCost
 gender
> 10
 Gender
 10
is a numeric variable
is a string variable
== "A"
 Comparing
a number to a string
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Decision Structure


In pseudocode, use the word If
followed by a Boolean condition in
parenthesis
Statements to be executed if true
follow Then and are indented
If (month == 1) Then
Display “Jan”
End If
If (month == 2) Then
Display “Feb”
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End If
14
Boolean Expression
month
== 1
False
True

Display “Jan”

month
== 2
False
True
In flow charts, put
into diamond
symbol (selection)
Two logic paths
out of diamond
 True
Display “Feb”
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 False
15
Java if Statement

Syntax of an if/else statement

if(boolean expression) { statements to
be executed if true }
if (month == 1) {
System.out.println(“Jan”);
}
if (month == 2) {
System.out.println(“Feb”);
}
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Java if Statement

When comparing a String variable
must use .equals
String gender;
:
:
if (gender.equals(“f”)) {
System.out.println(“Female”);
}
if (gender.equals(“m”)) {
System.out.println(“Male”);
}
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Dual Alternative Decision


Can specify what should happen if
condition is false
In pseudocode, use the word Else
and indent statements to be
executed if false
If (gender == “F”) Then
Display “Female”
Else
Display “Male”
End If
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Dual Alternative Decision

Have false leg come out the left
side of the diamond
False
Display “Male"
gender
==
“F"
True
Display “Female"
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Java if/else Statement

if(boolean expression) { statements to
be executed if true } else { statements
to be executed if false }
String gender;
:
:
if (gender.equals(“f”)) {
System.out.println(“Female”);
}
else{
System.out.println(“Male”);
}
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Nested IFs



Having a decision structure
inside a decision structure
Allows checking for multiple
conditions
For example, insurance
company assigns risk rating
based on the type of car
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Nested IFs
If (isCarType = "Sports") Then
If (isCarColor = "Red") Then
insType = "HighRisk"
Else
insType = "Normal"
End If
Else
insType = "Normal"
End If
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Nested IFs
False
insType="Normal"
True
isCarType
=
"Sports"
False
insType="Normal"
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isCarColor
= "Red"
True
insType="HighRisk"
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Java Nested ifs

Placing an if statement as one of
the statements to be executed in an
if/else clause
if (month == 1) {
System.out.println(“Jan”);}
Nested if
else {if (month == 2) {
System.out.println(“Feb”);}
else { if (month == 3) {
System.out.println(“Mar”);}
else { if (month == 4) {………
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Case Structure




A large number of nested IFs can
be difficult to understand/debug
The Case structure is an
alternative
Use the keyword Select to
identify the variable to be
checked
Then the keyword Case followed
by the value to check for
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Case Structure
Select month
Case 1:
Display “Jan”
Case 2:
Display “Feb”
Case 3:
Display “Mar”
Etc. etc.
End Select
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Case Structure

Can have a default case
 Identifies
what to do if none of the
checked values is true

Appears after all the Case
statements
Select month
Etc. etc.
Case 12:
Display “Dec”
Default:
Display month, “ is not a valid value”
End Select
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Case Structure
lightColor
“Green”
Display
“Maintain speed"
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“Yellow”
Display
“Punch it!"
“Red”
Display
“Stop”
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SFC Case Structure
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SFC Case Structure
Click on circle to right of the Case symbol, then Edit, Insert
Specify the value to search for, then click OK
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SFC Case Structure
Click on True circle and insert statements to perform if true
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SFC Case Structure
Keep inserting cases until finished
Of course, need to define lightColor and assign a value
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32
SFC Case Structure
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Raptor Case Structure

Doesn’t have one, must use nested IFs
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Java Case Structure

Uses the keyword switch
 Very
similar to the pseudo code in
SFC


The value being checked is in
parenthesis
Need break statements in each
case because once the condition
is true, all subsequent statements
are executed
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Switch

If there were no breaks:
 The
label would be set to Dec
 The “Not a valid month” message would
be displayed
switch (month) {
case 1: monthLabel.setText(“Jan”); break;
case 2: monthLabel.setText(“Feb”); break;
case 3: monthLabel.setText(“Mar”); break;
:
:
:
:
:
default: System.out.println(“Not a valid
month!”);
}
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Compound Condition



Use AND or OR to connect many
conditions
Each AND & OR links two conditions
AND means both conditions must be
true
 Replaces

nested if
OR means either one or both
conditions must be true
 Replaces
multiple ifs
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Compound Condition

So instead of nested if:
If (isCarType == "Sports") Then
If (isCarColor == "Red") Then
insType == "HighRisk"
Else
insType == "Normal"
Endif
Else
insType == "Normal"
Endif
If (isCarType == "Sports" AND isCarColor == "Red") Then
insType == "HighRisk"
Else
insType == "Normal"
Endif
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38
Compound Condition

So instead of multiple ifs:
If (state == "WA") Then
salesTaxRate = 0
Endif
If (state == "NJ") Then
salesTaxRate = 0
Endif
If (state == "WA" OR state == "NJ") Then
salesTaxRate = 0
Endif
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Compound Condition

If you specified the following
OR condition
 flavor
== "vanilla" OR flavor ==
"chocolate"


And the ice cream man handed
you a chocolate ice cream cone
Would the ice cream man have
satisfied the condition? YES
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Compound Condition

If you specified the following
AND condition
 flavor
= ="vanilla" AND flavor ==
"chocolate"


And the ice cream man handed
you a chocolate ice cream cone
Would the ice cream man have
satisfied the condition? NO
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Truth Table

Shows
2
conditions: x and y
 Every possible combination of T
and F for x and y
 AND and OR compound condition
Boolean value for each combination
Cond x
Cond y
x AND y
x OR y
True
True
True
True
True
False
False
True
False
True
False
True
False
False
False
False
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Truth Table

Two conditions:
 Cond
x: flavor == “Vanilla”
 Cond
y: coneType == “Sugar”
flavor
coneType
x AND y
x OR y
Vanilla
Sugar
True
True
Vanilla
Waffle
False
True
Chocolate
Sugar
False
True
Chocolate
Waffle
False
False
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Compound Condition Efficiency


Conditions checked from left to
right
Short circuit evaluation stops
checking in an
 AND
as soon as a false condition is
found
 OR
as soon as a true condition is
found
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Compound Condition Efficiency

If the programming language
supports short circuit evaluation
 Specify
the conditions so that the
least amount of checks are
performed
 The
fewer the checks, the faster
the program will execute
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OR Efficiency


Put the condition that is most likely
to be true first in an OR condition
For instance, if 30% of sales come
from NJ and only 5% from WA
If (state == "NJ" OR state == " WA") Then
salesTaxRate = 0
Endif

Means that only 70% of the time is
the 2nd condition checked
would result in 2nd condition
being checked 95% of the time
 Alternative
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AND Efficiency


Put the condition that is most likely
to be false first in an AND condition
For instance, if 50% of customers
are female and 90% are over 21
If (gender == "F" AND age > 21) Then
admissionType = "Free"
Endif

Means that only 50% of the time is
the age checked
 Alternative
would result in gender
being checked 90% of the time
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Compound Condition Mistakes

Most of the time specifying two
values for the same variable and
connecting them with an AND
 carColor
== "blue" AND carColor
== "red"

Means the condition can never
be true
 How
can the car color be both red
and blue?
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Compound Condition

However using < or > and an
AND means you can search for
ranges
 salary
< 30000 AND salary >
20000

Means any salary from 20,001 to
29,999 would make the
expression true
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Compound Condition

In SFC and Raptor use AND and
OR in the diamond shape
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Java uses && for AND, || for OR
(| is upper case \)
Here's the Java example of the compound AND condition
Prove by changing salary to 44000, compile, and run
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Condition Mistakes


Be careful with > and <
If we selected students for the
dean's list with the following:
 gpa

> 3.5
It would be incorrect because
 Students
with gpa = 3.5 not
selected

Selection should be
 gpa
>= 3.5
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Compound Condition Mistakes

Also,
 salary
 No
> 30000 AND salary < 20000
salary value can make this true
 salary
< 30000 OR salary > 20000
 Every

salary value will make this true
Another mistake, not specifying a
full condition
 carColor
= "blue" AND = "red"
 Need
the variable carColor in the
second condition
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53
Compound Condition Mistakes

Unnecessary checks
If (salary >= 100000) Then
incomeTaxRate = .28
Else
If (salary < 100000 AND >= 60000) Then
incomeTaxRate = .25
End If
End If

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No need to check if < 100000
a second time
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Combining AND’s and OR’s


The AND is evaluated first (from
left to right) then the OR
So if there were a car with the
following characteristics
 color
= "red", price = 16000, style =
"sports"

And the condition was:
style = "sports" OR color = "red" AND price < 15000

It would be evaluated as follows:
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Combining AND’s and OR’s
color = "red", price = 16000, style = "sports"
style = “sports” OR color = “red” AND price < 15000
style = “sports” OR True AND price < 15000
style = “sports” OR True AND False
style = “sports” OR False
True OR False
True
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Combining AND’s and OR’s


AND forms a strong bond between conditions
If there were a file full of cars and we printed
only those cars that satisfied the condition:
style = "sports" OR color = "red" AND price < 15000
Would we get a list of:
Sports cars and cheap red cars
Or:
Cheap sports cars and cheap red cars
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57
Combining AND’s and OR’s

AND forms a strong bond between conditions
style = "sports" OR color = "red" AND price < 15000
Means you will get a list of:
Sports cars and cheap red cars
Not:
Cheap sports cars and cheap red cars
style = "sports" OR color = "red" AND price < 15000
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Combing AND’s and OR’s

To get a list of cheap sports cars and
cheap red cars could specify:
style = "sports" AND price < 15000
OR
color = "red" AND price < 15000

Or (if parentheses are supported)
(style = "sports" OR color = "red") AND price < 15000
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Combining ANDs and ORs

Three ice cream variables
flavor,

container, topping
Person says give me
Rocky
Road AND Sugar Cone
OR Sprinkles OR Whip Cream

You hand over a
Dish

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filled with Sprinkles
Did you satisfy the condition?
Yes
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Combining ANDs and ORs

Person says give me
Rocky
Road AND Sugar Cone
OR Sprinkles OR Whip Cream

You hand over a
Rocky

Road in a Dish
Did you satisfy the condition?
No
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Combining ANDs and ORs

Person says give me
Rocky
Road AND Sugar Cone
OR Sprinkles OR Whip Cream

You hand over a
Rocky
Road in a Dish with
Whip Cream

Did you satisfy the condition?
Yes
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New Condition Check
Java example of the compound
AND condition and inputting data
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Run twice and check both true and false legs
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Conditions



With many conditions, what to
do can get very complicated
Often flowchart or pseudocode
hard to read
Alternative is a Decision table
Shows
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conditions
Every possible combination of
conditional values
For each combination, what the
action(s) should be
65
Decision Table Example
All possible combinations
Conditions
Actions
Temp > 100
F
F
F
F
T
T
T
T
Nausea
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
T
Headache
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
Go to school
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Go to doctor
Take aspirin
Take Pepto
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stay home
X
Actions to take based on
symptom combinations
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66
Java example of the compound
AND condition and GUI
When run, dialog box pops up
Enter data, press OK
Problem: info read from dialog box is text. Have to convert to
numeric with the parseInt function
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67
Dialog box disappears and results shown in command prompt
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Compound Conditions Design Ex

Long distance charge basics:
 Company
charges 10 cents per
minute for all calls outside the
customer’s area code that last over
20 minutes
 All
other calls are 13 cents per
minute

Want to create a program to
calculate the cost of a phone call
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Exercise

Further info about program:
 Accepts
data about one phone call from
user
 Customer
area code (three chars)
 Customer phone number (eight chars)
 Called area code (three chars)
 Called number (eight chars)
 Call time in minutes (four digits)
 Displays:
 All
the inputted data
 Price for the call.
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Compound Conditions Design Ex

What's the algorithm for this
program?
Algorithm Answer
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Compound Conditions Design Ex

Long distance charge basics:
 Company
charges 10 cents per
minute for all calls outside the
customer’s area code that last over
20 minutes
 All

other calls are 13 cents per minute
What variables would a program
need to handle this info?
 I.e.
What are the important pieces of
information?
Answer 2
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Exercise

Create command prompt external
design (XD) of this program
Answer 2.5

Create a GUI external design (XD)
of this program
Answer 2.6
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Exercise

What is the pseudocode so far?
 What
is first command in pseudocode?
 Where
 How
are variables defined?
would you specify the variables?
Answer 3
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SFC Exercise

So in flow chart what is the first
symbol you enter?
 Rectangle

What is text in rectangle?
Answer 4
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Exercise

After variables defined what's first
thing that has to happen (ignore the
XD “formatting” for this example)
 Read
data in
 What
flow chart symbol?
Answer 5
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Exercise

Now what do we do?
Can
No

we calculate price?
have to figure type of call it is
What type of symbol is that?
Answer 6
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Exercise

Now we can calculate price
based on true or false
What
type of symbol is that?
Answer 7
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Exercise

Now what?
 Show
the results
 What
type of symbol is that?
Answer 8
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Exercise Pseudocode
Module main
Declare String custAreaCode, custPhoneNum,
calledAreaCode, calledPhoneNum
Declare Integer minutes
Declare Real price
Declare Real LOW_RATE = 0.10
Declare Real HIGH_RATE = 0.13
Declare Integer TIME_LIMIT = 20
Input custAreaCode, custPhoneNum, calledAreaCode,
calledPhoneNum, minutes
If custAreaCode != calledAreaCode AND
minutes > TIME_LIMIT Then
price = minutes * LOW_RATE
Else
price = minutes * HIGH_RATE
End If
Display custAreaCode, custPhoneNum, calledAreaCode,
calledPhoneNum, price
End Module
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Java Exercise

In java, always initialize variables
 Strings
to null
 String
name = null;
 Numbers
 int

to zero
price = 0;
To make a variable value fixed
(unchangeable) define it as final
 final
double TAX_RATE = .065;
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Java Exercise


In java, must create a lot of stuff
to read from command line
First, before the class header,
you must import the following
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ClassHeader {
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Java Exercise

Then in the main method, create
the following variables and objects
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
int numRead = 0;


Use the appropriate Scanner .next
function
Must assign read value to a
variable
numRead = keyboard.nextInt();
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Java Exercise

Reads (.next(), nextInt(), etc.)
usually paired with a prompt
:
:
:
:
:
:
System.out.println(“Please enter qty of purchase”);
qty = keyboard.nextInt();
System.out.println(“Please enter item price”);
price = keyboard.nextDouble();
total = price * qty
System.out.println(“The transaction total is ” + total);
:
:
:
:
:
:
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Java Exercise


Write the java program to
calculate the phone call cost and
implement the command line XD
Answer 9
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Java Exercise


Modularize the java program to
calculate the phone call cost and
implement the command line XD
Answer 10
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Comparing Strings


Some languages allow you to use
< and > to compare strings
Since all data stored as numbers
(0’s and 1’s), some letters greater
than others
A
is less than B, B less than C, … Y
is less than Z, Z is less than a, a is
less than b, etc.

Java doesn’t allow <> with strings
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Boolean Variables
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Besides numeric and string
values there are Boolean values
Boolean values are true or false
There are also Boolean variables
that can hold a Boolean value
Can use a Boolean variable in a
condition instead of a Boolean
expression
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Copyright 2014 by Janson Industries
Boolean Variables
Module main
Declare Integer hoursWorked
Declare Real payRate, salary
Declare Boolean isOvertime
Display “Enter number of hours worked ”
Input hoursWorked
If (hoursWorked > 40) Then
isOvertime = true
Else
isOvertime = false
End If
Display “Enter pay rate ”
Input payRate
If (isOvertime) Then
salary = hoursWorked * (payRate * 1.5)
Else
salary = hoursWorked * payRate
End If
Display “Salary is ”, salary
End Module
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Copyright 2014 by Janson Industries
Points to Remember
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Decisions/selections require Boolean
expressions or variables
Boolean expressions result in a value
of true or false
Use relational operator(s) to build
Boolean expression
Can create compound conditions by
combining Boolean expressions with
AND and/or OR operators
90
Copyright 2014 by Janson Industries
Assignments
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Non-Graded
Chap
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4 labs 3.1-3.4
Graded
Chap
4 lab 3.5
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Copyright 2014 by Janson Industries