Download Chapter 11 : Modeling with Abstraction

An Introduction to
Programming and Object
Oriented Design using Java
3rd Edition. Dec 2007
Jaime Niño
Frederick Hosch
Chapter 11 : Modeling with Abstraction
Review of Player interface
 Interface Player implemented by several classes
 classes are identical except for implementation of
takeTurn.
 classes contain considerable amount of duplicate code.
«interface»
Player
TimidPlayer
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Gr eedyPlayer
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CleverPlayer
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Abstract classes
«i nterface»
Pl ayer
AbstractP layer
Timi dP layer
Gr eedyPlayer
CleverP layer
 AbstractPlayer can contain implementations of methods
common to all Player variants,
 name
 sticksTaken
 Player subclasses inherit these methods.
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Abstract classes
 An abstract class is a class that
 can contain abstract methods,
 cannot be instantiated.
 used as basis on which to build classes by extension.
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Abstract classes
 An abstract class is a class:
 Defines a type.
 Occupies a position in the class hierarchy.
 Can be the parent of other classes, abstract or not.
 Has a unique parent which may or may not be
abstract.
 Has one or more constructors.
 It can define nonabstract methods.
 Has instance variables.
 Concrete class: a non-abstract class.
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Abstract classes
 An abstract method must be labeled abstract.
public abstract void takeTurn (Pile pile, int maxOnATurn);
 An abstract class can inherit abstract methods
 From an interface, or
 From a class.
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Interfaces, abstract classes and
concrete classes
 An interface
 used to specify functionality required by a client.
 An abstract class
 provides a basis on which to build concrete servers.
 A concrete class
 completes server implementation specified by an
interface;
 furnish run-time objects;
 not generally suited to serve as a basis for extension.
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Nim game, Interfaces, abstract classes
andconcrete classes
 In the nim game,
 Interface Player defines functionality required by a
player for the Game and user interface.
 Abstract class AbstractPlayer contain implementation
of methods common to all Player variants.
 TimidPlayer, GreedyPlayer, ClerverPlayer, subclasses
of AbstractPlayer, are concrete classes which
complete implementation of Player interface.
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Nim game, Interfaces, abstract classes
andconcrete classes
 In the nim game,
 Class Game is programmed using Player interface.
 During execution, Game is provided with concrete
instances
of
TimidPlayer,
GreedyPlayer,
or
ClerverPlayer.
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Abstract class use
 An abstract class factors out implementation of its
concrete subclasses.
 Used to exploit polymorphism.
 Functionality specified in parent class can be given
implementations appropriate to each concrete
subclass.
 Abstract class must be stable.
 any change in an abstract class propagates to
subclasses and their clients.
 A concrete class can only extend one (abstract) class
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Interface use
 Interfaces are by definition abstract.
 separate an object’s implementation from
specification.
 they do not fix any aspect of an implementation.
its
 A class can implement more than one interface.
 Interfaces allow a more generalized use of
polymorphism; instances of relatively unrelated classes
can be treated as identical for some specific purpose.
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Interfaces, abstract classes, concrete classes
«interface»
Depictable
GeometricalFigure
ArtClip
WordBalloon
Rectangle
public boolean isIn (Location point, Depictable figure) {
Location l = figure.location();
Dimension d = figure.dimension();
…
}
 Can pass instances of WordBalloon to isIn.
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Specifying a class for extension
 Two class uses:
 A class can be a client to another class and use it as
a server.
 A class can also extend another class, using the other
class as a basis for its implementation.
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Specifying a class for extension
 Clients and subclasses have different views of a class.
Cl ient
uses
SomeClass
SubClass
Needs to know only
specification of
SomeClass
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Needs to know specification and
implementation of SomeClass
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abstract class AbstractPlayer implements Player {
private String name;
private int sticksTaken;
//subclasses update it.
public AbstractPlayer (String name) {
this.name = name;
this.sticksTaken = 0;
}
public String name () {
return this.name;
}
public int sticksTaken () {
return this.sticksTaken;
}
public String toString () {
return "Player: " + name + ", took: " +
sticksTaken;
}
}
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TimidPlayer definition via inheritance
class TimidPlayer extends AbstractPlayer {
public TimidPlayer (String name) {
super(name);
}
public void takeTurn (Pile pile, int maxOnATurn) {
pile.remove(1);
this.sticksTaken = 1;
// updates of AbstractPlayer
// instance variable.
}
}
compile.TimidPlayer has no access
AbstractPlayer instance variable sticksTaken.
 Will
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Protected instance variables
abstract class AbstractPlayer implements Player {
private String name;
protected int sticksTaken;
…
}
 Now TimidPlayer has access to AbstractPlayer instance
variable sticksTaken.
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Specifying a class for extension
 Root
of
TimidPlayer:
problem
between
AbstractPlayer
and
 subclass has a different, stronger relation to parent
class than a client.
 TimidPlayer needs to be able to tell AbstractPlayer
“store this sticksTaken value.”
 Subclasses needs a different “contract” with its
parent than a client needs.
 Use protected features to specify subclass contract.
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Planning for extension
 A subclass depends on the Parent implementation.
 subclass often requires access to parent’s underlying
implementation structure.
 correctness of a subclass can depend on the
algorithms used to implement parent methods.
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Planning for extension
public class ThreeDigitLock
A combination lock with a three digit combination.
public void enterDigit (int digit)
Enter a digit of the combination;
lock unlocks if the three digits of
the combination are entered in order.
require: 0 <= digit && digit <= 9
public void enterCombination (int combination)
Enter the three digit combination specified;
lock unlocks if the three
digits of the combination are entered in order.
require: 0 <= combination && combination <= 999
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Planning for extension
 Build lock that keeps track of total number of digits
entered.
public class InstrumentedLock extends ThreeDigitLock {
private int digitCount;
…
public void enterDigit (int digit) {
digitCount = digitCount + 1;
super.enterDigit(digit);
}
public void enterCombination (int combination) {
digitCount = digitCount + 3;
super.enterCombination(combination);
}
…
}
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Planning for extension
public class ThreeDigitLock {
…
public void enterCombination (int combination) {
int remainder = combination;
int position = 100;
while (position > 0) {
¹
enterDigit(remainder / position);
remainder = remainder % position;
position = position / 10;
}
}
…
}
 Problem: ThreeDigitLock’s enterCombination method
is implementing by invoking enterDigit three times.
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Planning for extension
 Due
to
implementation of enterCombination in
ThreeDigitClass class, InstrumentedLock should not
increment digitCount.
 InstrumentedLock
subclass
design
depends
ThreeDigitClass’s algorithm used in enterCombination.
on
 ThreeDigitLock must document method implementation.
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Planning for extension
public void enterCombination (int combination)
Enter the three digit combination specified;
lock unlocks if the three digits of the combination
are entered in order.
This implementation invokes enterDigit three times,
once for each digit in the specified combination.
require:
0 <= combination && combination <= 999
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Planning for extension
 General rules to design classes for extension:
 Document any internal use of class’s overridable
methods.
 Constructors should not invoke class’s overridable
methods .
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Planning for extension
 Prevent class extension by declaring a class final.
public final class ThreeDigitLock { …
 Prevent method overriding by declaring method final.
public final void enterCombination (int combination) {…
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Planning for extension
 Prevent extension of a class by declaring its constructor
private.
 private constructor: lets us control the conditions under
which an instance will be created.
public class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance = null;
// constructor can be invoked only
//from inside class.
private Singleton () {}
public static Singleton getInstance () {
// if one doesn’t already exist, create it.
if (instance == null)
instance = new Singleton();
return instance;
}
…
}
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Composition revisited
 Uses of composition
 a component is an intrinsic part of an object.
 a class formed as an aggregation of components, where
components exist independently of aggregation.
 to “wrap” an existing class in order to alter its interface.
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Class extension OR class composition?
«interface»
Player
AbstractPlayer
TimidStrategy
Player
GreedyStrategy
has-a
«interface»
PlayStrategy
TimidStrategy
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CleverStrategy
GreedyStrategy
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CleverStrategy
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Class extension v.s. class composition
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Reused class
Resulting class
Extension
superclass
subclass
Composition
core class
composed class
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Class extension v.s. class composition
 Two advantages of class extension
 code reuse
 polymorphism.
 Disadvantages of class extension
 Changes to a superclass specification propagate to
clients
and
subclasses
 classes are not always designed and documented for
extension.
 a subclass is committed to maintain specifications
inherited from its superclass.
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Class extension v.s. class composition
 Advantages of composition
 Existing classes can be used in composed classes.
 Can change object’s behavior dynamically.
 Supports
stronger
inheritance.
encapsulation
than
does
 Can change specification of composed class without
changing core.
 Composed class depends only on specification of core
class, not on its implementation.
 Implementation changes in core class do not
propagate to composed class.
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Class extension v.s. class composition
«interface»
Lock
Instr um entedLock
wraps
ThreeDigitLock
 InstrumentedLock does not depend on implementation
of ThreeDigitLock.
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Class extension v.s. class composition
Dealer
wraps
Player
deal()
 Composition can add functionality to an object.
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Class extension v.s. class composition
 Conclusion:
 reuse through composition produces more flexible
code.
 must not ignore advantages of polymorphism via
inheritance.
 lose polymorphism with composition.
 But can gain it back by composing with interfaces
and defining core classes that implement them.
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Extension, composition, and modifying
functionality
 Poor use of extension : to model roles objects play.
 Results in awkward constructions in which detailed
knowledge of an object’s possible roles is spread
throughout the application.
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Extension, composition, and modifying
functionality
 Poor use of extension : model roles objects may play.
 Example: model card player, and card dealer.
 Solution:
 specify Player
 use extension to specify Dealer.
 Problem: change Player role to Dealer role (and viceversa).
 Solution (Ackward) : Make any Player an instance of
Dealer. Switch roles via Dealer state condition.
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Extension, composition, and modifying
functionality
 Good use of composition : to model roles objects may
play.
 Example: model card player, and card dealer.
 Solution:
 specify Player
 specify Dealer having a Player as a component.
 Problem: change Player role to Dealer role (and viceversa).
 Solution: Dealer can be assigned Player at run-time.
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Extension, composition, and modifying
functionality
 Poor
use
of
extension:
provide
alternate
implementations of functionality.
 can lead to a combinatorial explosion in class
hierarchy
AbstractPlayer
TimidPlayer
WageringTimidPlayer
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CleverPlayer
BlufferTimidPlayer
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Extension, composition, and modifying
functionality
 Good
use
of
composition:
provide
alternate
implementations of functionality.
 Bridge pattern: Separate abstraction hierarchy from
implementation hierarchy.
SomeClass
has implementation
Implementation
void service()
void service()
implementation.service();
Extension1
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Implementation1
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Extension and object state
 “Kind” of thing object models and object “state” are
related.
 Model several categories of students: junior division
students, undergraduates, graduate students, etc.
public class Student {
…
// Student classifications:
public static final int JUNIOR_DIVISION = 0;
public static final int UNDERGRADUATE = 1;
public static final int GRADUATE = 2;
private int classification;
…
public int classification () { … }
…
public void setClassification (int class) { … }
…
}
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Extension and object state
 Some of the functionality of a Student is state
dependent.
 Code depending on student’s classification via case
analysis.
int classification = someStudent.classification();
if (classification == Student.JUNIOR_DIVISION) {
handle JUNIOR_DIVISION case
…
} else if (classification == Student.UNDERGRADUATE) {
handle UNDERGRADUATE case
…
} else if (classification == Student.GRADUATE){
…
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Extension and object state
 Problem with structure:
 method
containing
this
code
is
dependent
on
student
classifications.
 such
structured
conditionals
scattered
throughout
implementation.
 maintenance complication: adding new classification requires
modifications in a number of places,.
 long conditionals handling many cases are hard to understand
and difficult to modify or extend.
 Such structures are generally undesirable in an object-oriented
system.
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Extension and object state
 Better structure: subclass Student to model different
classifications.
 Classification-dependent behavior handled by providing
different implementations in subclass methods.
 New classification is handled by defining a new subclass.
 Clients depend
behavior.
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on
polymorphism
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State as an object
 Difficulty with subclassing classification.
 Class of an object is fixed when the object is created.
 Subclassing (static) does not support (dynamic) type
transfer from one subclass to another.
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State as an object
 Better structuring of Student with classification that
changes dynamically:
 Define interface isolating state-dependent behavior.
 Equip object with a state-defining component that
implements interface.
 Different behaviors achieved by providing different
subclasses for component.
 State-dependent
requests
forwarded
to
state
component.
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State as an object
Student
classification
«interface»
Classification
…
JuniorDivision
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Undergraduate
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