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TYPES OF WAR
KEY TERMS
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Economic cause
Economic effect
Social cause
Social effect
Political cause
Political effect
Ideological cause
Ideological effect
Activity: Choose two wars and identify
their type. Make a mind map about it.
Examples of war
HOMEWORK
• Read pages 7-18
THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
Before
analyzing the
causes, it’s
necessary to
review an
earlier
conflict: The
FrancoPrussian War
Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict
(1870-1871)
• Otto von Bismarck consolidated
the 39 separate Germanic states
into a new German state.
• The two largest were Prussia and
Austria.
• Three wars were developed to
achieve his aim: Denmark,
Austria and France
• Prussia’s modern technology as
use of railways to deliver men
and material, was effective in
defeating France in January 1871.
Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict
(1870-1871)
• Severe terms:
1. France lost Alsace-Lorraine.
2. Indemnity of 5,000 million
marks
3. Prussian occupation of French
parts.
4. King of Prussia was proclaimed
German Emperor in the Palace
of Versailles in January, 1871.
Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict
(1870-1871)
• Consequences:
1. Political and
socio-economic
problems
manifested as a
revanche
movement.
2. Internationally,
Germany
became
dominant in
Europe.
Earlier Franco-Prussian War conflict
(1870-1871)
3. Emphasis in modern
warfare:
• rapid mobilization and
fast deployment
• educated and
competent army
• able to plan and
coordinate the use of
railways.
LONG-TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
Introduction
• Germany created nervousness among other
European countries because of economic and
military potential.
• French was hostile towards Germany because the
humiliation of the war in 1871 and the loss of AlsaceLorraine.
• Germany worked on consolidating its position and
power in Europe without applying an aggressive
foreign policy but web of alliances.
• Germany’s main aim was to keep France isolated and
have Russia as an ally to avoid a two-front war.
1. Web of alliances
• Created by the German
Chancellor Bismarck and
the first ruler Kaiser
Wilhelm I:
1873
The Dreikaiserbund of three
Emperors’ League
Jointed Germany, Russia and
Austria-Hungary into an
alliance, keeping Frnace
Isolated
1882
The Triple Alliance
Germany and AustriaHungary made an
alliance with Italy to stop
Italy from taking sides
with Russia
1879
The Dual Alliance
Germany and AustriaHungary made an
alliance to protect
themselves from Russia
1881
Austro-Serbian
Alliance
Austria-Hungary made an
alliance with Serbia to
stop Russia gaining
control of Serbia
1887
The Reinsurance Treaty
The Three Emperor Alliance
fell to pieces due to
Balkans prolems in 1885.
This separate treaty with
Russia avoid risk of a
war on two fronts.
2. The New Course
• The young Kaiser Wilhelm II,
overturned Bismarck’s alliances.
• The lapse of The Reinsurance
Treaty with Russia, created the
conditions for Franco-Russian
Alliance in 1894.
• France was free of its isolation
and Germany could face now a
war of two fronts.
• There was a political anti-British
clause
3. Weltpolitik
• A policy that would increase the
global strength of Germany
through building up the German
navy and colonial expansion.
• Benefit: Divert the German
population away from the social
and political problems at home.
• Supported by patriotic groups
such as the Pan-German League
4. Imperialism
• A country takes over new
lands or countries and rule
them becoming its
colonies.
• Europeans dominated
countries in Africa and the
Far East competing to build
vast empires.
• It was driven by economic
motives as cheap raw
material, new markets and
low-cost labour forces.
5. The emergence of the alliance
system
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In 1897, Germany mounted a naval
challenge to Britain building 17 ships in
the next 7 years.
The British Splendid Isolation was no
longer useful.
Britain started to seek security through
alliances:
1902 with Japan to defend the Far
East and bring back warships from this
area.
1907 with Russia to reduce British
concern in India and the Far East.
Russia, France and Britain joined
together in the Triple Entente.
Europe was divided in two alliance
systems: The Triple Entente and the
Triple Alliance.
6. The naval race
• 1906- Britain launched a superbattleship; HMS Dreadnought, its
speed, range and firepower were
superior to all the others.
• A competitor then could construct
similar battleships and catch up with
Britain.
• 1909- As Germany rapidly expanded
its fleet, Britain ordered the
construction of 8 battleships more.
• Britain’s population willingness to go
to war in 1914 owed a lot to tensions
generated by the naval race.
7. The situation in the Balkans
• Unstable area that
contributed to the
tensions in Europe
before 1914.
• Three empires had
interests there:
Turkey, AustriaHungary and Russia.
7. The situation in the Balkans
1. TURKEY:
• It had once ruled over the
whole of the Balkans.
• But Serbs, Greeks and
Bulgars revolted and set up
their own independent
states.
• Turkey struggled to hold on
to its remaining Balkan
territories.
7. The situation in the Balkans
2. Austria-Hungary:
• It was a multi-ethnic empire.
• The most forceful in their
demands for independence
were the southern Slavs
composed by the Serbs,
Croats and Slovens.
• They wanted to form a South
Slav kingdom with the
support of their neighbor,
Serbia.
• Austria-Hungary considered
Serbia as a threat.
7. The situation in the Balkans
3. Russia:
• It sympathized with
Slavs and saw itself as
the champion of them.
• Because ports in the
north of Russian’s vast
empire iced over for 6
months of the year, the
Balkans were strategic
for Russian ships route
from the
Mediterranean to the
Black Sea on warmwater ports.
7. The situation in the Balkans
4. Growing tension in the Balkans after
1900
• 1903- The pro-Austrian King
Alexander of Serbia was murdered.
• The Russophile King Peter replaced
him and was determined to reduce
Austro-Hungarian influence.
• Austria-Hungary feared the influence
of a strong Serbia on their multiethnic empire.
• Austria’s foreign minister believed
that an agressive foreign policy on
Serbia would stamp out their
aspirations.