Download AP The Asian World

AP
China from the Collapse of the Han to the Ming Dynasty
1. What are people doing in this painting?
Irrigating and cultivating rice
2. Why did the artist choose this subject to paint?
Rice is/was Asia’s most important food—the scene was familiar
to the artist
• Rice is a primary food crop
in East/South Asia
• Asia produces 90%
• Planted in flooded fields
called “paddies”
• Need heavy rainfall
HAN TROUBLES
•
Expeditions consumed the empire's surplus
•
Social tensions between the poor and rich
•
Problems of land distribution
•
Much of defense consumed on defending against nomads
•
The Yellow Turban Uprising (Daoist Revolt)
•
Devastated by plague
Decline of Empires
• Tax burden on the poor
• Invaded by Huns and other nomadic forces
• Empires too big—costly to defend the frontiers
• LOSS OF THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN
Decline of Empires (continued)
• Administrative problems
succession problems —court intrigue, barrack emperors
failing bureaucracies—corruption of examination system,
lack of civic responsibility
• Eroding economies—decline in trade when roads not
repaired or safe
• Religion—Christianity a factor in the decline of Rome, but
not Buddhism in the decline of the Han Dynasty.
Decline of Empires
(continued)
• Plagues—hit both Roman & Han empires hard,
especially in Roman Empire’s cities
• Pressure from nomads—Huns, Xiongnu, Germanic
Why did the west fall harder?
• More multiethnic Han Chinese—a true nation that can endure
beyond the dynasty.
• In Roman empire most live outside Italy.
• State and society not bonded together with the same glue—
China, Confucianism offers both order for family, society and
state—not true of Romans
• Better assimilation of “barbarians” by China, Germanic
dismembered Roman empire, while nomads absorbed by
Chinese
• Common language—Latin never really replaced Greek in
much of the empire
581-618 C.E.
• Ended the Post-Han chaos
• 1st Emperor = Wendi
- married his daughter to
a Northern Zhou leader
- Used nomadic allies to
seize son-in-law’s throne
- Established grain & salt
surpluses
581-618 C.E.
• Ended the Post-Han
chaos
• 2nd Emperor = Sui
Yangdi
- Cruel, extravagant
- Raised taxes to build the
Grand Canal
- Murdered in 618
- Ended Sui Dynasty
• Yangdi’s extravagance led
to his assassination
• Ended Sui Dynasty
Grand Canal
• linked the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River and the Huang He
(Yellow) River
• Connected North/South
618 – 907 C.E.
•Founded by Li Yuan
c.618
•Took advantage of
peasant
unrest and rebelled
against the Sui
618 – 907 C.E.
Tang Taizong, 2nd emperor
• Confucian ruler
• very successful ruler
• Unusual prosperity
• Made Chang’an a grandiose capital
city
• Maintained empire through a
complex road system with horses,
human runners, inns, postal stations,
and stables
• His rule was called the
618 – 907 C.E.
•Restored Civil Service
• Gave peasants land
• Controlled Tibet
• Expanded boundaries
• Trade Flourished
• Neo-Confucianism
grew as a response to
Buddhism
• Age of Poetry
• Woodblock printing
From India:
From Southeast Asia: From China:
Buddhism
•Nutmeg
•paper technology
Pepper
•Mace
•iron
Sugar
•Cloves
•varieties of Buddhism
Cotton
•Champa rice
•Confucianism
“Arabic numerals”
•Navigational
•gunpowder, compass
“zero”
techniques
Lentils
•lateen sail
From East to West, often the Twain Shall Meet
Silk Roads
Buddhism traveled the Silk
Road to China
• Buddhism arose in India in
the 6th Century BCE.
• Gradually Buddhism made
its way with the merchants
along the silk roads to Iran,
central Asia, China, and
southeast Asia.
• As Buddhism spread north
from India into central Asia
and China, both it and
Hinduism began to attract a
following.
• Firmly established by 1st
Century BCE.
The Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism
and Christianity
• 625-705 C.E.
• Accused the empress of murdering her child
• 635: Emperor died
• Empress Wu was supreme
• Ruthless but capable leader
• Allied with Korea
• Lowered taxes
• Patronized Buddhist monasteries & Confucian schools
• The only woman to rule China in her own right
• Immediately began efforts to
reestablish Chinese dominance
throughout Asia.
• Tang were able to enjoy the
structural advances &
centralization brought forth by
the Sui; regarded as a period of
Renaissance
Building A Bigger, Better Empire
•Tang exploited trade along the Silk Road,
established territories in Central Asia to protect
the goods traveling back & forth
Tang-Song Commercial Revolution
•Initially due to population
Growth; tripled in the South
•Agricultural infrastructure was strengthened to
allow this growth; technology advances
•Improved irrigation; new strains of fast growing
rice (Champa rice from Vietnam)
•Larger population began to rely on cash crops,
including cotton and tea
Land Reforms Fuel the Economy
•Land reforms would allow
peasants a greater degree
of economic freedom than
before
•Equal Field system divided land among peasants in
return for taxes in grain, textiles, labor (20 days a
year), & military service
•Agricultural boom would feed economic innovation
in the cities
Tang-Song Commercial Revolution
•China had finished goods to
trade as well, incl. silk textiles,
lacquered goods & porcelain
•Abacus allowed for more complicated accounting
practices; bigger business
•Renewed government centralization allowed for a
greater degree of economic organization
Trading Guilds (Hang) & Currency
•Trading guilds (hang) handled the
transport & sale of grain, salt, tea,
and silk
•Merchant banks 1st issued
currency; credit vouchers
•Govt. would issue paper currency
of its own; flying money vouchers
Rise of Neo-Confucianism
•Revival of Confucian principals during Song
•Wary of foreign faiths (i.e. Buddhism)
•Emphasized tradition and the pursuit of virtuous
morality through ancient texts and the teachings
of wise men
•Stressed Confucian social stratification!
•The past is man’s best example for future
Neo-Confucian Ideas About Women
•Women were to be homemakers and mothers;
Buddhist notions of a “careered” woman
discouraged
•Practice of footbinding personified subjugation
of women
•Curtailed movement; was
a source of beauty
•Rich & poor participated
1200-1990’s Rich women bound
their feet
 Foot binding = kept women’s
feet dainty
 crippled women
Lower class women were usually freer
Treated as inferior to men, except for Empress
Wu Zhao
Women of all classes =
 had inheritance and property rights
 retained control over dowry after divorce
or husband’s death
Music of the Tang-Song Era
•The music of the era also contained an emphasis
on the natural world
•Used a combination of wood-wind, string, and
percussion instruments
An Era of Invention & Innovation
•The advent of movable woodblock mass
printing during Tang-Song Era increased literacy
and preserved Chinese writings
•Later the technology is
transferred from China
To Dar al-Islam to
Europe by the 16th c.
•Japanese add color to traditional printing
An Era of Invention & Innovation
•Gunpowder was further developed; use
moved from fireworks to simple offensive
missiles
•Use of coal introduced
•Arch & suspension bridge engineering
influenced other countries
960-1279 C.E.
• 907-960 = Civil Wars
• “Soong”
• Trade and Agriculture
Flourished
• Silk Road revived
• Large bureaucracy
• Civil Service Exam System
was revived
• Scholar-bureaucrats were
militarily inexperienced
• Lost control of Tibet
• Constantly defending
borders against Mongols
• Moved capital to Hangzhou
Arts & Literature Flourished
• Tri-colored porcelain
• Movable type - print
1000s of scripts quickly
Continued
Continued
Innovations:
• Steel
• Gunpowder
• Fire Lance = flame thrower
• Cotton
• Acupuncture
• Paper Money
Continued
Innovations Continued:
•Porcelain
• Silk
• Champa Rice from Vietnam
• Magnetic Compass
• Tea from Southeast Asia
•Mechanical Clock
• China’s conquest of
Vietnam made
Champa Rice available
for cultivation
• Fast-ripening
• Could produce 2
crops per year
• Improved agricultural techniques and
tools
• Extensive irrigation canals allowed
agriculture to move beyond the rivers
• Between 600-1200, China’s population
increased from 45-115 million
• Copper coins became scarce as trade increased
• Created “paper $”
• Introduced letters of credit = merchants could
deposit $ in one place and draw on it at another
location
• Developed checks so that merchants could draw
on funds that were deposited in banks
continued
• Fully incorporated southern china into the
economy as a major food-producing region
• Commercial expansion with the West &
Southern Asia
• Established Chinese merchant marine fleet
• Expanded urbanization
 Emperor
 Royal family/nobles
 Feudal landowners
Scholar-gentry
 Landowners
 Peasants
 Merchants
 Neo-Confucianism and
tradition justified
patriarchal subordination
of women
 Brides’ family paid a dowry
 Marriages were arranged for the
groom’s benefit
Read the Fact box on the previous page in Glencoe
1. Where is the world’s longest running restaurant? China
2. When was it established?
1153
3. How long has it been operating?
Over 858 years
4. What kind of food does it make?
Chicken
5. Name other inventions by this country.
Steel, printing, gunpowder, printing press, porcelain, magnetic
compass, acupuncture
Tang
•Larger in size
•Stronger military
•Regional governors had
more power
•Fewer scholargentry passed the
civil service exam
Song
•Smaller in size
•Unable to control
Northern nomadic
dynasties
•Military subordinated to the
civilian scholar-gentry class
•Scholar-gentry viewed as the
“bulwark” against
“warlordism”
•Passed more scholar-gentry
examinees
•Too many bureaucrats = had
nothing to do
•Confucianism
revived
Similarities between Song & Tang Dynasties
1. Continued intellectual & political dominance
of Confucian scholar-gentry
2. Growth of bureaucracy essential to imperial
administration
Tang-Song Differences From Previous Civilizations
 Fully incorporated southern China into the economy
 South was the dominant food-producing region,
population center, & political center (capital)
 Buddhism’s influence declined
 Increasing trend towards intellectual & technological
isolation
 Extraordinary level of urbanization = 10% of the
population
 Highly technological society
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)
1279-1368
• 1279: Kublai Khan
conquered China
• Moved the capital to
Khanbaliq = Beijing
• Great Wealth,
Prosperity, & Stability
• Spread Chinese
Culture & Islam
throughout their empire
continued
•Buddhism = the state religion
for awhile
•Mongols kept separate =
staffed bureaucracy with
Mongols
Causes of Collapse:
 Foreign conquests too costly
 Government corruption
 Political instability
 Overthrown= Ming Dynasty created
• Real name = Temujin (TehMOO-juhn)
• 1206 – elected Genghis Khan =
“strong ruler”
• Built the largest land empire in
history
• Death prevented his conquest of
Europe
c 1160-1227 C.E.
• Broke enormous kingdom into
khanates
Read the Special Report on pages 258-260 in the Glencoe
text, “Lord of the Mongols Genghis Khan” in Glencoe.
1. How did Genghis Khan’s experiences in his youth
prepare him for his later military and political
success? Genghis learned to catch food, ride & control horses,
and forge political friendships/alliances
2. What made Mongol armies so much stronger than
their enemies?
Mongol armies were trained to fight from horseback. They fired arrows
forward and backward from their horses. They wore leather and their
silk tunics were designed to blunt enemy arrows.
3. What region suffered the most at the hands of the
Mongols? Why was this region so harshly ravaged?
Kwarizim (SW of the Himalayas; Shah Muhammad refused to establish
friendly trade relations with Genghis Khan; the governor of one of the
provinces murdered a Mongol caravan of merchants; The shah ordered
Khan’s ambassador murdered
“Man’s greatest good fortune is to chase and defeat his enemy,
seize his total possessions, leave his married women weeping,
and wailing, [and] ride his [horse]” McDougal Little, 331
2nd Largest
empire in
World
History
Who had
the largest
empire?
• Kublai Khan (Genghis Khan’s grandson) = consolidated
Mongol rule in china
• Failed to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java, and Japan
• Golden Horde (a group of Mongols) overran Russia (12371241) and also explored Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany
• Kublai’s brother (Hulegu) conquered the Abbasid Empire in
Persia = failed in attempt to conquer Syria
• Mongol rule in Persia deferred to local Persian authorities;
Persians ran the il-khanate as long as they paid their taxes to the
Mongols and maintained law and order
• Yuan Dynasty established in 1279 = Pax Mongolica = time
of peace and prosperity under Mongolian rule
• Superb horsemen
• Covered 120 miles a
day
• Cut their horse’s leg
and drank the blood if
thirsty
• Invented the stirrup
• Ride and shoot arrows
• Greatly feared
• “Barbaric”
“As soon as they discover the enemy they charge and each one unleashes three
or four arrows. If they see that they can’t break him, they retreat in order to
entice the enemy to pursue , thus luring him into an ambush prepared in
advance. If they conclude that the enemy army is stronger, they retire for a
day or two and ravage neighboring areas. Or they [set up] camp in a well
chosen position, and when the enemy army begins to pass by, they appear
unexpectedly.’ L’Empire des Steppes, Rene Grousset, 1939; Glencoe, 253
 1271 – traveled across Central Asia to China
 1275-1292 – diplomat for Kublai Khan
 Shocked by the Mongols’ cleanliness and use
1254-1324
of paper $
 1298 – Imprisoned
 Dictated journals
 “Il Milione” = “Man
with a million stories”
 Inspired Columbus
and others to find a
passage to the East
A 15th-century French illuminated manuscript shows Kublai Khan, the 13thcentury Mongol ruler of China, presenting his golden seal to Venetian merchant
Marco Polo and his party. Polo’s famous account of his career in the service of
Kublai Khan provided Europe with the first substantial record of China.
Kublai Khan encouraged literature and other cultural pursuits, and his
court attracted many thinkers, merchants, and travelers.
1304-1349?
• Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the
postclassical world
• Islamic scholar who recorded his travels
throughout the dar al Islam (Muslim states)
• Traveled over 75,000 miles; to Spain,
Timbuktu, China, India, the Maldive Islands,
East Africa, and the Mali Empire
• Worked in government positions
everywhere he went as an adviser or judge
• Promoted the proper observance of Islam
1368-1644
Established by Emperor Hongwu
• Tried to remove all signs of Mongol rule
• Centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor
- Used eunuchs (sterile men who couldn’t produce a family
to challenge the emperor’s dynasty
-- Used Mandarins = emissaries sent out to enforce
government policies
• Reestablished Civil Service system based on Confucian
values to ensure scholar-gentry bureaucracy based on ability—
not friends or social standing
MING CHINA
continued
• China completed the Great Wall in
the Ming period
• Response to previous Mongol
invasions
• Successfully protected China from
outside invaders
• The only time that invaders got
beyond the wall and invaded was
when China was experiencing
internal problems
The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of Heaven, or Tian
Tan, built during the Ming dynasty in Beijing, China. The red
walls and gold detailing are typical of Ming architecture.
continued
• Increased commercial activity + population increase led to
economic expansion
• New food groups from the Americas (maize &
peanuts) were suitable for Chinese cultivation
• Increased food
=
population increase
• Rebuilt irrigation systems = agricultural surplus
• Promoted manufacturing: silk, cotton, and porcelain
• The silk trade was its most profitable = China protected the
secret of silkmaking for many centuries
• Demanded tribute from surrounding states
Columbian Exchange
• European conquest
of the new world
brought changes on
all sides
• Movement of goods
and ideas from each
side is called the
Columbian
Exchange.
continued
• Demand for Chinese goods = overseas trade
expanded
• European, Asian, and Muslim traders traded in
China’s 2 main port cities =
• Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power
Between 1405-1433, China launched huge, statesponsored trading expeditions to southern Asian and
beyond
Enormous fleets
• huge fleets = 62 ships, 28,000 men
• brought back unimaginable wealth to China
Admiral Zheng He
commanded the fleets
• Muslim from western
China
• Well suited to deal
with Muslims on
southeast Asian trade
routes
• resented by Confucian
bureaucrats
• Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the
Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast
• Established tributary relationships
• Technologically advanced fleets and armies could
face any adversary
•Traded porcelain and silk from China
• Luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the
countries he visited included exotic African animals
that were added to the Ming Dynasty’s zoo
• Zheng He’s voyages demonstrated China’s ability to
be a military, political, and economic power in the
Indian Ocean
• Chinese vessels dwarfed European ships
• Europeans were no match for Chinese ships
• China canceled the fleets in 1433
• The Ming government didn’t trust Zheng He
• Feared Mongolian attacks from the north
• Used the money to strengthen defense and agriculture
• The government destroyed his nautical charts
• Zhenghe’s ships fell into disrepair
• China’s withdrawal from world trade unintentionally
cleared the way for European expansion and domination
of world trade
• The revival of civil service exams encouraged the creation of
an extensive scholar-bureaucrat class, responsible for
governing the empire
• Restoration of Confucian traditions encouraged the
subordination of women
• women were more tightly controlled in many ways
• widows were strongly discouraged from remarrying
• foot binding was increasingly popular = even in the lower
classes
Literature
• Yongle Encyclopedia = a collection of Chinese
philosophy, literature, and history
• Chinese novels became more popular
• Increased literacy
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)
Write the question and the correct
answer to the following questions on a
separate sheet of paper and turn it in.
Be sure your name is on the paper.
This is a summative grade.
A
B
C
D
Which one of the artworks
above reflects the cultural
achievements of Tang China?
Which of the following best explains why the Chinese built the Great
Wall and the Grand Canal?
A The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were built to discourage
Chinese peasants from emigrating.
B The Great Wall was built to protect from invasions, while the
Grand Canal was meant to provide an alternative transportation
route between the north and south.
C The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were constructed to restrict
the exchange of goods with foreign merchants.
D The Great Wall was constructed to protect farming villages from
seasonal floods, while the Grand Canal was meant to improve
access to coastal cities.