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Napoleon
A son of the revolution or tyrant?
1769 Born in Corsica
1785 commissioned as a Lieutenant in the
army
1794 promoted to Brig. General
1795 Commander of the French Army in Italy
He was able to turn a group of ill-disciplined
soldiers into an effective fighting force and
defeat the Austrians .
Throughout the Italian campaigns, Napoleon won the
confidence of his men by his energy and ability to
make decision rapidly. These qualities, combined
with his keen intelligence, charisma and supreme
confidence in himself enabled him throughout his
life to influence people and win their support.
1797 Napoleon was given command of an army training
to invade England
He proposed instead to strike indirectly at Britain by
taking Egypt and threatening India. But Britain's
control of the seas threatened to cut off Napoleon's
army in Egypt. By 1799, napoleon abandoned his
army in Egypt and returned to Paris where he
participated in the coup d’etat to overthrow the
Directory.
18 Brumaire
On November 9, 1799 (the month
of "Brumaire" in the French
Revolutionary calendar) Napoleon
Bonaparte and Abbe Sieyes pulled
off a coup in France. They
overthrew the current Directory
and replaced it with a new
government: the Consulate. Sieyes
and Napoleon both installed
themselves as consuls, though the
popular Napoleon became First
Consul.
In 1802, Napoleon was
made consul for life
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor.
'Power tends to corrupt, and
absolute power corrupts
absolutely.
Greatcomposer
men are always
The German
Ludwig
badvan
men.'
Beethoven crossed out the
dedication to Napoleon (3rd
Symphony) and renamed it
Eroica, shouting,
“So he is also nothing more
than an ordinary men? Now he
will trample on the rights of
mankind and indulge only his
own ambition; from now on he
will make himself superior too
all others and become a tyrant!”
“Composed to celebrate the memory of a great man.”
The Concordat of 1801
This agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII
reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France. Napoleon recognized
that reconciliation with the church was politically beneficial:
1) It would help consolidate his position, and end the royalist–clerical
rebellion in W France
2) Reunite the clergy, which had been divided since the French Revolution
3) Win the support of the large majority of peasant-farmers.
4) Confiscated church property was not to be restored.
Impact:
The Catholic church was no longer an enemy of the French government
Those that acquired church lands became supporters of the Napoleonic regime
The Napoleonic Code
The Civil Code of 1804 may have been the emperor’s most
lasting legacy
Before the revolution, France did not have a single set of laws
but rather three hundred different legal systems.
The Code preserved most of the revolutionary gains by
recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before
the law, the right of individuals to choose their professions,
religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism.
Property rights were also protected and interests of employers
were safeguarded by outlawing trade unions and strikes.
The Napoleonic Code and Family
Women and children were legally dependent on their husbands or
fathers.
Men were granted control of property.
Women could not buy or sell property or begin business without
her husband’s permission.
A women’s worker’s wages went to her husband.
In cases of adultery, women risked penalties that were far more
severe than those of men.
Women should not be regarded as equal to men. In reality they
are nothing more than machines for producing children.
-Napoleon
French Bureaucracy
•Tax collection became systematic and efficient
•Taxes were collected by professional collectors employed by the
state.
•No tax exemption due to birth or status were granted (Instituted
in 1789 but not truly worked under Napoleon)
•Promotion in both civil and military offices was based
on ability not birth.
•A new aristocracy was created based on merit in state
service.
Domestic policies
Napoleon shut down sixty of France’s seventy-three
newspapers.
All manuscripts subject to government scrutiny
Bank of France was established to facilitate the state’s
ability to borrow money. Stabilized inflation
Higher education became the responsibility of the state.
In a country in which half the population was illiterate ,
Napoleon believed that schools could become a means
of creating patriotic and obedient citizens through
teaching of secular values that would link education to
nationalism.
Napoleon’s Empire
In 1803, war was
renewed with Britain,
which was soon joined
by Austria,Russia and
Prussia.
In a series of battles
Ulm, Austerlitz, and
Jena from 1805 to
1807, Napoleon’s
Grand Army defeated
the coalition, giving
him the opportunity to
create a new European
order.
Napoleon’s Empire
• All enemy territory that was conquered by
the French were forced to abide by France’s
laws…Enlightened laws.
• Conquered territory provided Napoleon
with funds for war as well as man power.
Causes for Napoleon’s Downfall
1. Great Britain
2. Nationalism
3. Invasion of Russia
Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph
Charles (son) King of
Rome
e Elisa Bonaparte  Grand
Duchess of Tuscany
e Caroline Bonaparte  Queen
of Naples
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e
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Great Britain and the Continental System
Continental System
Between 1806 and 1807, Napoleon attempted to prevent British
goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken
Britain economically and destroy its capacity to wage war.
The continental system failed.
Allied states resented French economic control and began to
cheat,opening the door for British goods. New markets in Latin
America and eastern Mediterranean also provided compensation
for British markets.
Nationalism
Nationalism involves the unique cultural identity of a people
based on common language, history and national symbols.
The spirit of French nationalism had made possible the mass
armies of the Revolution and Napoleonic eras. But Napoleon’s
spread of the principles of the French Revolution beyond the
borders of France spread nationalism as well.
The French aroused nationalism in
two ways:
•By making themselves hated
oppressors and thus arousing
the patriotism of others in
opposition to French
nationalism
•By showing the people of
Europe what nationalism was
and what a nation in arms could
do
The “Big Blunder” -- Russia
a
In July, 1812 Napoleon led his
Grand Armee of 614,000 men
eastward across central Europe
and into Russia.

The Russians avoided a direct
confrontation with Napoleon.

They retreated to Moscow,
drawing the French into the interior of
Russia [hoping that it’s size and the
weather would act as “support” for the
Russian cause].

The Russian nobles abandoned their
estates and burned their crops to the
ground, leaving the French to operate
far from their supply bases in territory
stripped of food.
Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow
a
September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow,
but the city had largely been abandoned.
a
The Russians had set fire to the city.
Moscow Is On Fire!
The Retreat and Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire
When the remaining troops of the Grand Army arrived in Moscow,
they found it ablaze.
No food, no shelter, no fuel except what could be scraped together on a
bare countryside by weary and famished men at the close of a day’s
march; icy gales that froze them, killing scores every night; snowdrifts
that blotted out the landscape so that hundreds got lost or were cut down
by prowling Cossacks. All semblance of military discipline faded away.
Napoleon abandoned Moscow late in October and made the
“Great retreat” across Russia. Only 40,000 troops managed to
straggle back in January 1813. The military disaster led to a war
of liberation all over Europe, culminating in Napoleon's defeat in
April 1814.
Napoleon’s Retreat
from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
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The 6 Coalition
1813-1814: France 
Napoléon’s
Defeat
 Britain, Russia.
Spain, Portugal,
Prussia, Austria,
Sweden, smaller
German states
Battle of Dresden (Aug., 26-27, 1813)
e
Coalition  Russians, Prussians, Austrians.
e
Napoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish
reinforcements.
e
100,000 coalition
casualties;
30,000 French
casualties.
e
French victory.
Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig
(October 16-17, 1813)
“Battle of the Nations”
Memorial
Napoleon Abdicates!
e
Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.
e
Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his
son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional
surrender.
e
Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.
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Treaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to
Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000
francs.
e
The royalists took control and restored
Louis XVIII to the throne.
Napoleon in Exile on Elba
Napoleon was forced into
exile on the island of Elba
and Louis XVIII became
king of France.
Napoleon managed to
escape and return to
France. He raised another
army and moved to attack
the nearest enemy force.
He was met by a
combined British and
Prussian army and was
defeated at Waterloo in
1815. This time,
Napoleon was exiled to
St. Helena
th
“The War of the 7 Coalition”
1815: France 
Napoleon’s
“100 Days”
 Britain, Russia.
Prussia, Austria,
Sweden, smaller
German states
e
Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on
March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days.
e
Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the
Austrians.
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Duke
of
Wellington
Prussian
General
Blücher
Napoleon
on His Way
to His
Final Exile on
St. Helena
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena
Napoleon’s Tomb
Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb
June 28, 1940