Download Chapter 22 - Cloudfront.net

Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,
1850 - 1871
Timeline
The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the
2nd Napoleonic Empire
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire
Used nationalistic & liberal forces to bolster his power
National Assembly rejected his call for revision of
constitution to allow him to stand for reelection
Responded by seizing government by force (use of
military)
Restored universal male suffrage and asked the people
to restructure the French government by electing him
president for 10 years so the empire be restored
Assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852
The Second Napoleonic Empire
Authoritarian government
Early domestic policies
• Economic prosperity
 Used government spending to stimulate the economy
• Reconstruction of Paris
 Built railroads, harbors, roads, & canals
 Built hospitals & housing for the people
 Baron Haussmann
 Modernized Paris
 Wider streets, sewage system, water supply, gaslights
Liberalization of the regime in the face of
opposition
• Legalized trade unions
• Strengthened power of the government
Foreign Policy: The Mexican
Adventure
Sent troops to Mexico in 1861 to intervene in
struggle between Mexican liberals and
conservatives
Wanted Mexican markets for French goods
French forces remained after order had been
restored
Installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as
emperor in 1864
French troops were needed in Europe
Maximilian overthrown and executed in 1867
Foreign policy: Crimean War
The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
• Encroachment of the Russian Empire
• Loss of territory
The War
Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to
the French)
Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia
Turks declare war, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
Austria remains neutral & does give the military support Russia was
counting on
War ends in March, 1856 (Treaty of Paris)
• High death count on both sides due to disease
Political effects of the war
•
•
•
•
Destroys the Concert of Europe
Austria & Russia now enemies
Russia withdraws from European affairs, so does Britain
Sets the stage for German & Italian unification
Map 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman
Empire
The Crimean War
National Unification: Italy
Kingdom of Piedmont
Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) of Kingdom of
Piedmont
Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria, 1859
Northern states join Piedmont
Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)
The Red Shirts
Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861
Annexation of Venetia, 1866
Annexation of Rome, 1870
Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy
National Unification: Germany
Zollverein, German customs union which began to
unite German states economically
William I, 1861-1888
Wanted military reforms – planned to double the
army’s size
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
Reorganization of the army
Realpolitik – political realist, ruling by opportunity, not
ideology
The Danish War (1864)
Bismarck always fought an isolated opponent
Schleswig and Holstein
Austria & Germany defeated Denmark & split control
of the two territories
Joint administration with Austria
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Russia remains neutral out of anger over Austria not helping them
in the Crimean War
Bismarck buys French neutrality by promising him land
Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866
Prussian breech-loading needle gun had a faster rate of fire
Prussian troops moved faster due to network of railroads
Signed an easy peace with Austria to avoid creating a hostile
enemy
North German Confederation – organized states, signed a
military alliance with Southern states (mainly Catholic)
Bismarck proved nationalism & authoritarian government
could be combined successfully
King & Chancellor (Bismarck) held the real power, but
two houses of Parliament had elected officials from the
German States
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Two major powers in continental Europe were bound to clash (Prussia
& France)
Dispute with France over the throne of Spain
Throne was offered to distant relative of Prussian King
Bismarck edited a telegram from the king to goad the French into war
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Entire French army & Napoleon III are captured
Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
France paid 5 billion francs
Gave up provinces of Alsace & Lorraine to Germany
Southern German states join Northern German Confederation
William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German
Empire
Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany
Map 22.4: Europe in 1871
The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual
Monarchy
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Creates a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Each monarchy had a separate constitution &
legislature
German speaking Austrians and Hungarian Magyars
dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
• Army
• Finances
• Foreign policy
Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual
Monarchy
Imperial Russia
Alexander II, 1855-1881
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
• Peasants could own property, marry as they chose, & file suits in a court of
law
Problems with emancipation
• Government bought land from nobles & sold it to the peasants with long term
installment plans
• Land was often the worst available
• Peasants worked for gov. instead of nobles
Zemstvos (local assemblies)
• Dominated by noble landowners
• Created a local system of courts & judicial code of equality before the law
Growing dissatisfaction
• Conservatives & liberals were upset with reforms
Assassination of Alexander II (1881)
• Populism – student & intellectual group looking to create a new society
through revolutionary acts
• Alexander is shot & killed by another radical group known as the People’s
Will
Alexander III (1881-1894)
• Return to traditional methods of repression
Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Did not experience revolts in 1848
Reforms
Economic growth
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age
Symbol of high morals and national pride – Victorian
Age
Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
Tory (Conservative) Party leader
Extension of voting rights
Reform Act, 1867
• Lowered voting requirements (taxes paid or income earned)
• More male urban workers could vote
William Gladstone (first administration,
1868 – 1874)
Leader of Liberal party (Whigs)
Liberal reforms
• Civil Service Exams
• Secret Ballot
Education Act of 1870
• Attempted to provide free public education at the
elementary school level
Nation Building: North America
The United States: Civil War and Reunion
Differences between North and South
• The cotton economy
Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South
Carolina, 1860
Civil War, 1861-1865
• North has the advantage
• Grant and Lee and the war’s end
Emergence of the Canadian Nation
By 1800 want more autonomy
By 1837 several groups rebelled
The Dominion of Canada, 1867
Map 22.6: The United States: The
West and the Civil War
Industrialization on the Continent
Continental industrialization comes of age (1850 –
1871)
Mechanization of textile and cotton industries
Growth of iron and coal industries
Fueled by the expansion of railroads
• 1850 – 14,500 miles of track in Europe
• 1870 – 70,000 miles of track in Europe
Elimination of trade barriers stimulated economic
growth
Government support and financing
Joint-stock investment banks were crucial to
stimulation of industrial development
Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
(1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
History is the history of class struggle
Stages of history
End result of history is a classless society
“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.
They have a world to win. Working men of all
countries, unite!”
After 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to London
Marx, Das Kapital (writing on political economy)
International Working Men’s Association, 1864
Organization for working-class interests
A New Age of Science
Development of the steam engine led to
science of relationship between heat and
mechanical energy
Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease
1863 – Pasteurization, process of heating a
product to destroy organisms causing spoilage
Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
Michael Faraday – generator
Science and Materialism
Charles Darwin and the Theory
of Organic Evolution
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, 1859
• All plants and animals have evolved over a long
period of time
• Those who survived had adapted to the environment
The Descent of Man, 1871
• Discussed the humans origin from animals
Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted
• Later applied to society with social darwinsim
A Revolution in Health Care
Pasteur and Germs
New Surgical Practices
Joseph Lister
New Public Health Care Measures
Public hygiene
New Medical Schools
Women and Medical Schools
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)
Science and the Study of Society
Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857)
System of Positive Philosophy
Positive knowledge
Primacy of sociology
Realism in Literature and Art
The Realistic Novel
Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
• Portrayal of everyday life
Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)
• Scenes from rural life
Music: The Twilight of Romanticism
Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886)
New German School
Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883)
Development of a national opera
Ring of the Nibelung