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Ch.12, Sec.1- The Road to War
Causes of World War I
• Even though the assassination of
Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie officially started the Great War, or
World War I, there were also many other
causes well before this. They are
imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and
alliances.
The Conflict Expands
• Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the actions of one
individual, and declared war on Serbia. This led to
Russia coming to their aid, and France coming to help
Russia. Also, Germany came to aid Austria-Hungary.
Germany tried to enact a strategy known as the
Schlieffen Plan, which called for a quick sweep through
France to knock the French out of the war and prevent
fighting a war on two fronts. To reach France, Germany
had to invade Belgium, which drew Britain into the war.
There were now two opposing sides in the war. Germany
and Austria-Hungary were the Central Powers, and
Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain were the
Allies.
Stalemate
• France and Britain had entered a stalemate with
German forces as the Germans came within 30
miles of Paris. They then began fighting by
trench warfare. Because of victories by the
Russians in the east, the Germans had to send
troops to the Eastern Front, preventing them
from winning the west.
• At the end of 1914, the Ottoman Empire and
Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, and Italy
and Romania joined the allies in 1915.
Modern Warfare
• Even if the soldiers survived the shells
raining down on them, there were 450
rounds a minute being fired out of the
machine guns in no man’s land. However,
generals continually believed sending the
troops “over the top” in high numbers
would bring them victory. Instead it
brought them a lot of dead bodies.
The American Response
• Even though the British printed a lot of
false propaganda to try to get the
Americans to fight with them in this war, on
Aug.4, 1914, President Wilson officially
declared the U.S. a neutral country.
Sec.2- The United States Declares
War
German Submarine Warfare
• The Germans began using submarines called U-boats
against the British. The British were defenseless against
these submarines until they later invented a device
called hydrophones that could hear the submarine
underwater. The British cut the transatlantic cable
connecting Germany to the U.S., leaving all the
information of the war to be coming from London. The
Americans became very angry when the Germans sank
the Lusitania on May 7, 1915. The Germans were right
about the ship carrying weapons for the allies, but 128
Americans died on that ship. When the Americans
warned the Germans to stop its submarine warfare, the
Germans agreed they would no longer sink a passenger
ship without warning. However, they sunk a French
passenger ship, the Sussex, on March 24, 1916, killing 2
Americans. The Germans again promised they would not
sink a passenger ship without warning. This was called
the Sussex Pledge.
The Zimmerman Note
• Germany informed the U.S. that it would end the Sussex
pledge and resume unrestricted submarine warfare on
January 31, 1917. The Germans gambled they would be
able to defeat the British before the U.S. entered the war.
• The British then told the U.S. of a note they had
intercepted from Author Zimmerman, Germany’s foreign
secretary, telling Mexico if they declared war on the U.S.,
they would reward them with American land in the
Southwest. Neither Mexico nor the U.S. took the note
seriously. Between March 16-18, 1917, Germany sank
the U.S. ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia.
On April 6, 1917, the U.S. officially declared war on
Germany.
Sec.3- Americans on the European
Front
Preparing for War
• Congress passed a Selective Service Act
in May, 1917 authorizing a draft of young
men for military service. By November
1918, more than 24 million men registered
for the draft. A lottery then picked 3 million
to serve in the war. Volunteers and
National Guardsmen made up the rest of
what was called the American
Expeditionary Force (AEF).
The Convoy System
• The military now began training all these
men to go fight.
• Most of the troops traveled in a convoy, or
a group of unarmed ships surrounded by a
ring of destroyers, torpedo boats, and
other armed naval vessels equipped with
hydrophones. The German U-boats did
not sink a single U.S. troopship traveling to
Europe.
American Soldiers in Europe
• More than 300,000 African-Americans who
volunteered or were drafted served in
segregated units. The Marines refused to
accept African-Americans altogether.
• The 369th Infantry Regiment, also known
as the Harlem Hell Fighters, wanted to
fight. They persuaded their white officers
to loan them to the French.
Turning the Tide of War
• Lenin and the Bolsheviks signed a peace treaty
on March 3, 1918. Germany received territories
in western Russia, and Germany no longer had
to fight a war on two fronts.
• The Americans stepped in and helped the
French save Paris, and sent the German troops
retreating at the Second Battle of the Marne,
ending any hopes of a victory the Germans
might have.
Allied Counterattack
• About 250,000 American troops were arriving in
France each month. The tank was a new
weapon that allowed the Allies to break through
the German lines. On Aug. 8, at the battle of
Amiens, the Allied troops stopped the Germans
and helped to win the war for the Allies. About
500,000 American troops and about 100,000
French troops participated in the final Allied
assault, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, on
September 26, 1918. Over a million AEF troops
drove the Germans out of France.
The Influenza Epidemic
• In the Spring of 1918 American troops
carried with them a string of a virus called
influenza, which killed 500,000 German
troops on the first wave. This virus killed
so many people that they couldn’t dig
graves fast enough. In a little under a year,
the virus had killed as many soldiers as
battle did. Overall, 500,000 Americans and
30 million people worldwide died from this
virus.
Results of the War
• About 50,000 Americans died in battle and
even more from disease. The total
Europeans that died was about 8 million,
which means an average of 5,000 soldiers
died each day.
Sec.4- Americans on the Home
Front
Financing the War
• The most major way the U.S. funded the war
was through the sale of Liberty Bonds, which
could later be redeemed for their original value
plus interest.
• The Lever Food and Fuel Control Act began the
practice of daylight savings time, or turning
clocks ahead one hour for the summer, which
increased the number of daylight hours available
for work and reduced the need for artificial light
and lowered fuel consumption.
Hate the Hun!
• People after the war began calling Germans Huns, in
reference to people who had brutally invaded Europe in
the 4th and 5th centuries. High schools stopped teaching
German, books by German authors were removed from
the shelves, German composers were banned from
symphony concerts, German measles became liberty
measles, and a hamburger, which was named after
Hamburg, a German city, became a Salisbury steak.
Even German Shepherds began being called police
dogs. A German-born citizen named Robert Prager was
lynched in St. Louis in April 1918.
Repression of Civil Liberties
• The Sedition Act was passed by Congress in
1918, which made it illegal to obstruct the sale of
Liberty Bonds or to discuss anything disloyal,
profane, scurrilous, or abusive about the
American form of government, the Constitution,
or the army or navy. Even though this violated
the 1st Amendment, most American believed it
was necessary. Eugene V. Debs, a former
presidential candidate, was put in jail for 10
years for criticizing the American government.
Sec.5- Global Peacemaker
Wilson Forced to Compromise
• Wilson, David Lloyd George of Great
Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France,
and Vittorio Orlando of Italy were called
the Big Four. Wilson produced a plan for
the League of Nations, in which the most
major part of it was an attack on one
country in the League would be an attack
on all of them.
Redrawing the Map of Europe
• The Ottoman Empire now only consisted of
Turkey. The British gained Palestine,
Transjordan, and Iraq. France took Syria and
Lebanon. To convince Italy to join the Allies in
the war in 1915, Britain secretly promised Italy
several pieces of territory controlled by AustriaHungary. At the conference, Wilson and other
allied leaders refused to support Italy’s claims,
so Italy gained much less territory than they
expected.
War Guilt and Reparations
• The Allies, against Wilson’s wishes, said in
1921 that Germany must pay the Allies 33
billion dollars for reparations or payment
for economic injury suffered during the
war. The allies presented this treaty to
Germany on May 7, 1919. At first they
refused to sign, but gave in when the
French threatened to invade them if they
didn’t. This treaty was known as the
Versailles Treaty.
Difficult Postwar Adjustments
• The U.S. was now the world’s largest creditor
nation, with European countries owing 11.5
billion dollars to the U.S., making the U.S. the
most powerful nation in the world.
• As soldiers began coming back from war,
women left their jobs so the men could have
their jobs back. Even though African-American
soldiers came back to a heroes welcome, they
were not so well accepted when it came to
getting a job. They still faced discrimination in
housing and employment, and lynchings and
race riots continued.
Ch.13, Sec.1- Society in the 1920s
The Flapper Image
• In 1920, young women began wearing
dresses nine inches above the ground. By
1927, they would rise to knee length or
higher. These girls also cut their hair very
short. They also began wearing close
fitting hats and lots of make-up, which
used to only be something actresses or
prostitutes did. These women also began
drinking strong drinks and smoking.
Women Working and Voting
• Most women who worked were single, although in 1930,
29% of married women had jobs. Women may have
come a long way, but they still were not given the same
opportunities to have a professional job like a man or
paid the same as a man. Employers typically expected a
woman to quit if she got married or became pregnant.
• As of 1920, all women could vote. However, only 35% of
women voted that year, and the one’s that did typically
voted the same way as their husbands. When asked why
most of them did not vote, one-third said they lacked
interest, and 11% said they did not think women should
be allowed to vote at all. Also, women did not vote
because they either had to watch after the children, their
families told them not to, or they just weren’t comfortable
voting.
• Jeanette Rankin of Montana became the first woman to
serve in either house of Congress.
Rural-Urban Split
• In 1920, for the first time in the nation’s
history, more Americans lived in urban
areas instead of rural areas. This led to
twice as many children making it to high
school because children no longer had to
work on the farms.
African-Americans in the North
• More African-Americans began to move
North because there was more
opportunities for jobs in the North.
However, 80% of all African-Americans still
lived in the South in 1930, and the ones up
North faced anger and hatred form the
whites who believed they would either
lower their wages or take their jobs.
American Heroes
• On May 20, 1927, Charles Lindbergh climbed into his
plane the Spirit of St. Louis, to be the first person to fly
across the Atlantic and claim a $25,000 prize. After 33 ½
hours, he landed in an airfield outside Paris after leaving
from New York.
• In 1928, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly
across the Atlantic as a passenger. In 1932, she was the
first woman to make the flight on her own. She then
became the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to
California. This flight had killed many people before her.
Finally, she and Fred Noonan attempted to be the first
people to fly around the world. Two-thirds of the way into
the trip, they disappeared and were never seen again.
Sports Heroes
• A fight between Jack Dempsey and Georges
Carpentier broke the record for ticket sales,
taking in 1 million dollars. Another hero was Jim
Thorpe, who was a Native American who the
first president of the NFL. The most famous of all
the sports figures of this time was the “the sultan
of swat, George Herman “Babe” Ruth. Also, in
1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman
to swim across the English Channel, breaking
the men’s record by nearly 2 hours.
Sec.2- Mass Media and the Jazz
Age
Movies
• Even though the population was only
about 125 million, there were roughly 80
million ticket sales each week, making the
movie business the 4th largest business in
the country. In 1927, the first film with
sound premiered, titled The Jazz Singer.
Famous actors and actresses were Greta
Garbo, Lillian Gish, and Charlie Chaplin,
who continued to make silent movies even
after movies with sound came out.
Radio
• In 1920, Frank Conrad started the first radio
station from his garage in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, called KDKA. By 1922, there were
more than 500 stations on the air. Stations like
NBC linked many stations together.
• Because of the popularity of Jazz at this time,
even though older people thought this was a
rebellious music, the 1920s were called the Jazz
Age.
Jazz Clubs and Dance Halls
• One of the most famous places for jazz clubs
was Harlem, where about 500 jazz clubs had
famous jazz singers who were black perform for
predominately white audiences. Famous jazz
singers at this time were Jelly Roll Morton, Louis
Armstrong, and Duke Ellington. Benny Goodman
had a quartet in 1936 which was the first racially
mixed jazz group. The famous dance of the time
was the Charleston.
• Sinclair Lewis was the first American to receive
the Nobel Prize for literature.
The Harlem Renaissance
• Harlem became the home of an AfricanAmerican literary awakening of the 1920s
known as the Harlem Renaissance. James
Weldon Johnson was a leading writer of
the group, with his most famous book,
God’s Trombones. Famous poets of the
Harlem Renaissance were Claude McKay
and Countee Cullen, who wrote Harlem
Shadows and Color. The most famous of
all though was Langston Hughes.
Sec.3- Cultural Conflicts
Bootlegging
• Liquor, beer, and wine could no longer be sold,
manufactured, or transported due to Prohibition.
Therefore, people started looking to bootleggers, or
suppliers of illegal alcohol. Some bootleggers operated
stills, or devices used to produce alcohol from corn,
grain, potatoes, or other fruit and vegetable sources.
Others smuggled it in from Canada or by ship from the
Caribbean. The smugglers would put the alcohol into
speed boats and outrun the Coast Guard.
• There were illegal bars called speakeasies which usually
had a large gate with a guard. If you did not have a
membership card or the guard did not recognize you,
you would not be allowed to enter.
Organized Crime
• The huge profit from bootlegging led to
gangsters controlling the operation. Gangsters
began joining forces and using machine guns or
sawed-off shotguns to fight for control. These
gangsters also began other illegal activities like
gambling, prostitution, and racketeering. In one
kind of “racket”, gangsters bribed police or other
government officials to ignore their illegal
operations. In another, gangsters forced local
businesses to pay a fee for protection. Those
who refused to pay would be gunned down or
have their business blown up.
Al Capone
• The major gangster organizations was in
Chicago. In 1925, a young gangster murdered
his way to the top of Chicago’s organized crime
network. His name was Al Capone, nicknamed
“Scarface”. Capone was making roughly $60
million a year from bootlegging, so he easily
bought the cooperation of police, city officials,
politicians and judges. The FBI, headed by J.
Edgar Hoover, started taking down these
gangsters. In 1931, Capone was convicted of
income-tax evasion and sent to prison.
Fundamentalism
• Some scholars were saying that the Bible was a
document written by humans and that it
contained contradictions and historical
inaccuracies. In response, between 1910 and
1915, religious traditionalist published a series of
12 pamphlets called The Fundamentals. The
beliefs of God inspired the Bible so it cannot
contain contradictions or errors, and that the
Bible is literally true and that every story in it
actually took place as described is called
fundamentalism. The most famous
fundamentalist preacher was Billy Sunday.
Evolution and the Scopes Trial
• When Tennessee passed a law banning
the teaching of evolution in public schools
in 1925, John Scopes, a science teacher,
challenged it as unconstitutional and was
arrested for teaching evolution. This began
the trial called the Scopes Trial. This trial
was the first ever broadcast over American
radio. Scopes admitted he had been
teaching evolution and was fined $100.
Violence Against African Americans
• The summer of 1919 was known as “Red
Summer” because of all the blood that was
spilled. The worst riot was in Chicago,
where stones were being thrown at the
whites and blacks at Lake Michigan. A 17
year old black boy accidentally floated into
the whites only section. One white person
threw a rock at the boy and it hit him and
he drowned. Blacks accused the whites of
killing him, and more fights broke out.
Revival of the Klan
• In 1915 a former Methodist preacher from
Atlanta, Colonel William J. Simmons
revived the organization. By 1924, the
Klan had roughly 4 million people. The
state with the greatest number of
Klansmen was Indiana. The group now not
only focused on blacks but anyone who
seems un-American. The Klan would beat,
whip, or even kill their victims. In 1927, the
Klan once again diminished.
The Garvey Movement
• Marcus Garvey gathered $10 million for a
steamship company the Black Star Line,
that would carry his followers back to the
motherland. However, corruption and
mismanagement plagued the shipping
line, and in 1925, Garvey was put in jail on
mail fraud charges. He was then deported
to Jamaica in 1927, and the Universal
Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
fell apart.