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World History
Chapter 16, Earl, Allie,
Scott Freer
but not Americas
The New Imperialism
(1800–1914)
Imperialism
Imperialism= One country’s domination of the political,
economic, and social life of another country
Imperialism in the 1800’s resulted from 3 key factors:
1.
Nationalism prompted rival European nations to build empires in
their competitive quests for power.
2.
. The industrial Revolution created a tremendous demand for raw
materials and expended markets, which prompted industrialized
nations to seek new territories.
3.
. Both religious fervor and feelings of racial and cultural
superiority inspired Europeans to impose their cultures on distant
lands.
Political Rivalries
In the mid-1800’s European countries saw themselves as actors
on the world stage, and each country wanted to play a starring
role.
The key players were: Austria-Hungary, England, France,
Germany, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire/Turkey.
Great Britain
Belgium
Italy
France
Holland
Spain
Portugal
Desire for New Markets
Factories ranging from The United States to Europe
consumed raw materials and churned out thousands of
manufactured goods.
• Cotton
• Jute
Southeast Asia
• Rubber
• Copper
• Gold
India
Africa
The Colonies provided new markets for the finished products
of the industrial Revolution such as Tools, Weapons, and
Clothing.
• Tin
Seeking New
Opportunities
Throughout the 1800’s European leaders
urged their citizens to move to far-off
colonies.
The British for example emigrated to the
far corners of the globe in search of
new jobs not available at home, like
Australia, and New Zealand.
Cecil Rhodes, most successful emigrant
during this time, made a fortune from
gold and diamond mining in southern
Africa, where he then went on to find a
colony that bore his name Rhodesia
(now Zimbabwe).
Cecil Rhodes and De Beers Continue to
Dominate Diamond Industry
Growing numbers of missionaries were
constructed to the most remote corners of Africa
and Asia by the Catholic and Protestants.
The main aspect of these missionaries was
thought that Christianity and Western civilization
could benefit and transform the world.
These missionaries were not military based but
did set out to change the people’s beliefs and
practices, as by building schools and hospitals.
1
Causes of Imperialism
ECONOMIC INTERESTS
Manufacturers wanted access to
natural resources.
Manufacturers hoped for new
markets for factory goods.
Colonies offered a valuable outlet
for Europe’s growing population.
HUMANITARIAN GOALS
Many westerners felt concern for
their “little brothers” overseas.
Missionaries, doctors, and
colonial officials believed they
had a duty to spread western
civilization.
POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS
Merchant ships and naval vessels
needed bases around the world.
Western leaders were motivated by
nationalism.
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Many westerners viewed
European races as superior to all
others.
They saw imperial conquest as
nature’s way of improving the
human species.
Forms of Imperialism
Colony: territory that an imperial power ruled
directly through colonial officials.
Protectorate: Had its own government, but its
policies were guided by a foreign power.
Sphere of Influence: was a region of a country in
which the imperial power had exclusive
investment or trading rights.
Forms of Imperial Rule
COLONIES
PROTECTORATES
The French practiced
direct rule, sending
officials to administer
their colonies.
In a protectorate, local
rulers were left in place
but were expected to
follow the advice of
European advisers.
The British practiced
on indirect rule, using
local rulers to govern
their colonies.
A protectorate cost less
to run than a colony
and usually did not
require a large military
presence.
SPHERES OF
INFLUENCE
A sphere of
influence is an area
in which an outside
power claimed
exclusive investment
or trading privileges.
The United States
claimed Latin
America as its sphere
of influence.
1
The New Imperialism
Imperialism is the domination by one country of the
political, economic, or cultural life of another country or
region.
Between 1500 and 1800, European states won empires
around the world. However, Europe had little influence on
the lives of the people of these conquered lands.
By the 1800s, Europe had gained considerable power.
Encouraged by their new economic and military strength,
Europeans embarked on a path of aggressive expansion
that today’s historians call the “new imperialism.”
1
The Successes of Imperialism
In just a few decades, imperialist nations gained control
over much of the world. Western imperialism succeeded
for a number of reasons:
1. While European nations had grown stronger in the
1800s, several older civilizations were in decline.
2. Europeans had the advantages of strong economies,
well-organized governments, and powerful armies and
navies.
3. Europeans had superior technology and medical
knowledge.
Africa in the Early 1800s
2
To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the
early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began.
NORTH AFRICA
Since long before 1800, the region
had close ties to the Muslim world.
In the early 1800s, much of the
region remained under the rule of
the declining Ottoman empire.
SOUTH AFRICA
Zulu aggression caused mass
migrations and wars and
created chaos across much of
the region.
WEST AFRICA
On the grasslands, Islamic leaders
preached jihad, a holy struggle, to revive
and purify Islam.
In the forest regions, the Asante controlled
smaller states. These smaller tributary
states were ready to turn to Europeans to
help them defeat their Asante rulers.
EAST AFRICA
Islam had long influenced the
coast, where a profitable slave
trade was carried on.
European Contacts Increased
2
From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease
prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa.
Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s.
EXPLORERS
Explorers were
fascinated by African
geography but had
little understanding of
the people they met.
MISSIONARIES
Catholic and Protestant
missionaries sought to
win people to Christianity.
Most took a paternalistic
view of Africans. They
urged Africans to reject
their own traditions in
favor of western
civilization.
A Scramble for Colonies
2
King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo
River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.
King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble
among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France,
and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.
At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they
could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves.
European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.
2
Imperialism
in Africa to
1914
2
African Resistance
Europeans met armed resistance across the continent.
Algerians battled the French for years.
The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa
battled the British.
East Africans fought wars against the Germans.
In Ethiopia, King Menelik II modernized his country. When Italy
invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only
nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.
David Livingstone
David Livingstone is a famous Scottish explorer, who first went to Africa in 1840.
He was a doctor and missionary. While he explored central and east Africa he set up
missions and sent back reports of his findings. He was the first recorded European
to see the Victoria Falls, to which he gave the English name in honor of his
monarch, Queen Victoria. Believing he had a spiritual calling for exploration rather
than mission work, and encouraged by the response in Britain to his discoveries and
support for future expeditions, in 1857 he resigned from the London Missionary
Society after they demanded that he do more evangelizing and less exploring. The
qualities and approaches which gave Livingstone an advantage as an explorer were
that he usually traveled lightly, and he had an ability to reassure chiefs that he was
not a threat. He lost touch in 1860 and Henry M. Stanley was sent to find him.

Henry M. Stanley
Henry Morton Stanley was the British journalist and explorer,
hired to find Livingstone. He is best remembered for his quote when
he met Livingstone,"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?", although there is
some question as to authenticity of this now famous greeting.
Stanley also explored on his own. He was tricked by the Belgium
King into getting Congo for him but, remained on the kings pay roll
even after he found out.

Publicity around the explorations of Africa caused a mad
European scramble for Africa between 1880-1914, and by 1914 90
percent of Africa was under European control.

North Africa
North Africa is the northern most of the African continent, linked
by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the UN
definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven
countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan,
Tunisia, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Most people in North
Africa live on a fertile and mild strip of land north of the Sahara
along the Mediterranean coast.

The French In North Africa
In 1830 King Charles X of France ordered an invasion of Algiers, in
order to colonize it. This was the true beginning of he second French
colonial empire. After about ten years the 100,000 French soldiers beat
the Algerians and their leader Abd al -Qadir. They established a
protectorate on Tunisia in 1881 (Bardo Treaty). In 1904 France secured
special trading rights in Morocco. During the Agadir Crisis in 1911,
Britain supported France and Morocco became a French protectorate.

Britain and Egypt
In the 1880s Ottoman Egypt was almost independent under Governor
Muhammad Ali. Egypt was a power in the eastern Mediterranean under Ali. Ali
reformed tax and land systems, encouraged industry and supported irrigation
projects, but unfortunately the rulers after him increased debt and European
influence. Ferdinand de Lesseps was a French entrepreneur who set up a
company to build the Suez Canal (it would become a vital short cut).In 1875 GB
gains control of canal and, in 1882 Egypt becomes a British protectorate after
British forces put down a nationalist revolt.

The Sudan
In the Sudan there was a Muslim revival that stirred nationalist feelings.
The Sudanese had challenged British exploration since the 1880s. At the
Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), an army commanded by the
British General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah alTaashi. Around 10,000 Ansar were killed, 13,000 were wounded, and
5,000 were taken prisoner. Kitchener's force lost 48 men with 382
wounded. Soon after the British confronted the French at Fashoda,
bringing the two countries to the brink of war. War was avoided when the
French withdrew from Sudan and Britain recognized French control of
Morocco.
Italy Seizes Libya
Libya was known as Tripoli in
the 1800s and had almost no
economic value but Italy, the
closest European nation wanted
it because, they were starting
late in the race to build an
African empire. In 1911 after the
other European nations promised
neutrality Italy declared war on
the ruling Ottoman Empire and
easily won. Libya was the last
North African country to be
conquered by Europeans.

West, Central and East Africa
During the 1800s there many territories with varied landscapes, histories and
traditions. Europeans swallowed up the lands in the late 1800s.

West Africa -In the1500s and 1600s there was European slave trade on the
coast. Salt, gold and iron wares were also traded. When European countries
stopped trading slaves in the 1800s west African countries traded natural
products for manufactured goods. European countries push inland in 1870s to
expand coastal holdings and control trade. Steam ships allowed for easier travel
over difficult terrain and quinine provided protection from malaria. By 1900
European powers had acquired vast new territories. Leaders in the 1890s, such
as Samory Toure and Behanzin, fought against the expansion but were defeated
by well armed European forces.
The only independent state in West Africa by 1900 was Liberia, founded as a
colony by the American Colonization Society in 1821-22, it was created as a
place for slaves freed in the United States to emigrate to in Africa, on the
premise they would have greater freedom and equality there. Slaves freed from
slave ships also were sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of
origin. These freed slaves formed an elite group in Liberian society, and, in
1847, they founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled
on that of the United States. Liberia's ties to the US made it off limits for
expansion.

Central and East Africa
Belgium's King Leopold II claimed the Congo river region as his own as a
result of Henry Stanley's explorations. He enslaved the people, forced them to
cut down the forests and kill the elephants. doing that stripped the area of many
people and resources. In 1903 in exchange for a large loan Leopard gave the
Congo Basin to the Belgian government and it became the Belgian Congo. The
British, Italians and Germans were claiming East Africa at this time. The only
independent country was Ethiopia.

In the 1880s Italy attempts to conquer Ethiopia and its Emperor Merdik II, but
underestimate their determination, and loose devastatingly at the Battle of
Adowa. Italy and Ethiopia signed a provisional treaty of peace on 26 October
1896. The Italians defeat scares away the other European counties and protect
Ethiopia.

Southern Africa
The Dutch arrived in Southern Africa in 1652 and established a port
called Cape Town and for the next 150 years the Afrikaners, what the
settlers were called, conquered land around port, the lands became known
as Cape Colony. The British seize Cape Colony, in the early 1880s,
because of its strategic value. The Afrikaners believed that god had
ordained slavery and that they were superior, and they resented the British
laws that forbade slavery. In the 1830s 100,000 Afrikaners that the British
called Boers left Cape Colony. They migrated north east on The Great
Trek,and established the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

Conflicts
The Afrikaners fought constantly with their neighbors They fight with the Zulu
for a large empire conquered by the Zulu in the early 1800s. The Boers couldn't
win a victory, in 1879 the British become involved, the British win against the
Zulu.

The Boers also fought with the British, when, in the 1880s, British settlers
moved to Transvaal and searched for gold and diamonds. the Boers were
pushed to give the British civil rights. Growing hostility erupted into the AngloBoer War, also known as the Second Boer War, it was fought from 11 October
1899 until 31 May 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent
Boer republics of the South African Republic. The British win.

On 31 May 1910 the British unite the previously separate colonies of Cape
Colony, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State, into the Union of South
Africa. Its constitution made it almost impossible for non whites to win the
right to vote.

Racial Equality
Racial equality becomes a major issue. Many non-white South African
groups tried to advance their civil rights. Mohandas K. Gandhi a lawyer
from India, was one man. He worked for equality for Indians, and he
urged them to disobey laws that discriminated against them. His efforts
worked.
The black majority was also went into action against racial injustices.
They founded the organization of the South African Native National
Congress (SANNC) on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to increase the
rights of the black South African population. In 1923 Its name was
shortened to the African National Congress.

Effects of Imperialism
The effects mainly centered on economic and social life. Imperialists profit
from building mines,factories and ports and starting plantations. Africans were
hired at low wages and taxed. Men were housed in dormitories away from their
family and disciplined brutally. European schools taught that European ways
are best. Some times African traditions declined but most held on to their
cultures and accepted some European ways, including Christianity. By the early
1900s there were groups that condemned imperialism as contrary to western
ideas of liberty and equality. They found nationalist groups to push for self-rule
and Africa's peoples were politically independent from Europe by end of 20th
century.

Chapter 16-3
The Division of Asia
3
The Ottoman Empire
By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious
challenges.
Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their
power.
As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal
revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.
European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the
Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control.
Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers
increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that
were inspired by foreign cultures.
A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan.
Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the
Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of
the empire.
3
The Modernization of
Egypt
Called the “father of modern Egypt,”
Muhammad Ali introduced political and
economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he
had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major
Middle Eastern power.
During his reign, Muhammad Ali:
improved tax collection
reorganized the landholding system
backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output
expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry,
thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade
brought in western military experts to modernize the army
conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan
3
Iran and the European Powers
Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into
Central Asia.
Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.
For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of
influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.
The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened
foreign interest in the region.
Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them
concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.
4
The British Take Over India
• What were the causes and
effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?
• How did British rule affect
India?
• How did Indians view western
culture?
• What were the origins of Indian
nationalism?
The British in India
European trade with Asia opened up in the 1500s.
In 1600 some English traders formed the East India
Company
Which later became the richest and most powerful trading
companies the world has ever known
Built trading post and forts throughout India
French tried to challenge the British
They were later crushed by Robert Clive, a East India
Company Agent, along with an army of British and
Indian troops at the Battle of Plessey
Sepoy
Rebellion
The East Indian Company quickly controlled most of India in
1857
Later that year sepoys rebelled against their British
commanders and it began to spread across the Northern
and Central India
Indians had massacred British men, children, and women
In response they killed thousands of unarmed Indians
In 1858 Parliament ended the East Indian Company they
had sent a viceroy to rule as the monarch's representative
Sepoys-Indian Troops
4
The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects
CAUSES
The British East India Company:
required sepoys, or Indian
soldiers in its service, to serve
anywhere, including overseas,
which violated Hindu religious
law
EFFECTS
The sepoys brutally massacred
British men, women, and
children.
The British took terrible revenge,
slaughtering thousands of
unarmed Indians.
passed a law allowing Hindu
widows to marry, which
undermined Hindu beliefs
Both sides were left with a bitter
legacy of fear, hatred, and
mistrust.
ordered the sepoys to bite off
cartridges made of animal fat
when loading their rifles, which
violated both Hindu and Muslim
religious law
The British put India directly
under British rule, sent more
troops to India, and taxed
Indians to pay for the cost of the
occupying forces.
Indian Nationalism
British built paved roads and an extensive railroad; installed
telegraph lines and dug irrigation canals; and established
schools and universities
They forced Indians to grow cotton instead of wheat which
led to the lack of wheat and resulted in severe food
shortages that killed millions of Indians during 1800s
In 1885 a group of Indian business and professional leaders
formed the Indian National congress who tried to
peacefully protest to urge British to grant more power to
the Indians
Also the group that led the long struggle for complete
independence
4
British Colonial Rule
After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in
India.
The British built roads and an impressive railroad network.
The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining
India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.
Britain transformed Indian agriculture.
Better health care and increased food production led to rapid
population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines.
The British revised the Indian legal system.
British rule brought peace and order to the countryside.
Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.
4
Imperialism
in India to
1858
4
Different Views on Culture
During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s
culture.
INDIAN ATTITUDES
Some educated Indians were
impressed by British power and
technology and urged India to
follow a western model of
progress.
Other Indians felt the answer to
change lay with their own
Hindu or Muslim cultures.
BRITISH ATTITUDES
Most British knew little about
Indian achievements and
dismissed Indian culture with
contempt.
A few British admired Indian
theology and philosophy and
respected India’s ancient heritage
4
Indian Nationalism
The British believed that western-educated Indians would form
an elite class which would bolster British rule.
As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite
effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were
spearheading a nationalist movement.
In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National
Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule,
but supported western-style modernization.
In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their
own goals, including a separate Muslim state.
China Faces the West
During the 1500s, Chinese civilization had been highly
advanced and had little interest in European goods
China's political, economic, and military position weakened
under the Qing dynasty who ruled from 1644-1912
The Unequal Treaties
In early 1800s, British merchants found a way to break China's trade barriers
and earned huge profits. In exchange of tea, silk, and porcelain, the
merchants smuggled a drug called opium, which they obtained from India
and Turkey, into China
In 1839 Chinese troops tried to stop the smuggling and war broke out and was
fought for three years.
In 1842 British won the Opium War, which led to the Treaty of Nanking which
forced China to yield many of its rights to western powers and Hong Kong
was given to Great Britain.
Over the next 60 years the unequal treaties increased foreign influence in China
and weakened the Qing dynasty. Civil war, such as the Taiping
rebellion(1850-1964), also eroded the dynasty's power, and in 1890s,
European powers as well as Japan claimed large sections as Spheres of
Influence -areas where they had exclusive trading rights
Chinese Responses
During late 1800s reformers began the "self-strengthening"
movement involved importing both Western technology
and educational methods. It also improve agriculture,
strengthen the armed forces, and ended the European
practice of extraterritoriality
Chinese weakness was furthered by modernizing Japan
that ended in China's defeat and loss of territory. (SinoJapanese War)
Japan gained the island of Taiwan and the Liaodong
Peninsula as well as trading benefits in Chinese
territory, and also Korea.
Reformers gained influence from Emperor Guang Xu and
launched the Hundred Days of Reform to modernize the
government and encouraged new industries. However
his mother, Ci Xi, returned to power, arrested her son,
and halted the reform.
The Revolution of 1911
Ci Xi struggled to hold power. She agreed to give in to some of her people's
demands for change. She established school and reorganized the
government. Even in these efforts people began to believe in the modern
republic.
Revolutionaries wanted China to regain its former power and influence. On of
them, a doctor named Sun Yat-sen and other formed the United League.
Their goal was to modernize China on the basis of the "Three Principals of the
People“:
Nationalism: freedom from Foreign control
Democracy: representative government
Livelihood: economic well-being for all Chinese control
The revolutionary cause was strengthened in 1908 when Ci Xi died, and twoyear-old Prince Pu Yi became emperor.
Revolution swept china as peasants, soldiers, workers, and court officials
turned against the weak dynasty and on January 1912, Sun Yat-sen
became the first president of the new Chinese republic
The Trade Issue
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on
foreign traders.
China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it
imported.
Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from
the Chinese than they sold to them.
In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the
first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to
make concessions to western powers.
China paid a huge indemnity to Britain.
The British gained the island of Hong Kong.
China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant
British citizens in China extraterritoriality.
5
Internal Problems
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading
to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
The population explosion that had begun a century earlier
created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread
official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.
The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping
Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.
5
Reform Efforts
In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening
movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.
The movement made limited progress because the government
did not rally behind it.
After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor
Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.
Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the
emperor was imprisoned.
5
Imperialism
in China to
1914
5
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across
China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.
Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of
reforms.
Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.
Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun
wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”:
nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.
Japan didn't trade until 1853, when four American
warships commanded by Commodore
Matthew C. Perry sailed into the bay at
Edo(present-day Tokyo).He wanted to trade
with Japan and so they signed a treaty with
Perry in 1854.
Meiji Leaders
First five years after Perry, shogun signed treaties
with Britain, France, Holland, Russia, and the
United States. Unhappiness of the treaties led to
the overthrow of the shogun in 1868. A group of
Samurai gave its allegiance to the new emperor,
Mutsuhito, but kept the real power to
themselves.
Mutsuhito was known as the Meiji, or Enlightened
emperor, Japan's new rulers were called Meiji
leaders. They Strengthened the Military, and
worked to transform the nation into industrial
society.
They established a system of universal education
designed to produce loyal, skilled citizens who
worked for Japan's modernization.
Modernizing
Japan
Industrialization
In late 1870s Japan began to
industrialize in an effort to strengthen its
economy.
Japan’s Rising
Power
Japan as a World Power
Japanese government revised tax
structure to raise money for investment.
Japan had acquired an efficient
It also developed a modern currency
government, a vigorous economy, and a
system, supported the building of postal, strong Military.
and telegraph networks, railroads. and
People of Korea had revolted against
port facilities.
Chinese rule in 1894. So Japan decided to
Beginning in the late 1880s, Japan's
economy grew rapidly. Growing
population also provided a continual
supply of cheap labor
By 1914 Japan had become one of
the world's leading industrial nations
intervene and defeated the Chinese army
in the Sino-Japanese war. Although Korea
became independent they were partially
owned by Japan.
In 1904 the Japanese navy launched a
surprise attack on Port Arthur, a Russian
port. This was a major victory, because so
few expected Japan to win the RussoJapanese War.
Japan had victory after victory and
eventually had Russia sign a treaty in 1905
that granted control of Korea and other
nearby areas. It annexed Korea as a colony
in 1910 and continued to expand its empire
for the next 35 years.
The East Indies and the Philippines are the two
distinct geographic areas that France, Spain,
Great Britain, United State, and the Netherlands
had set up colonies in that region.
The Islands of Southeast Asia
At the beginning of the 1800s, the Dutch controlled
most of the East Indies and Spain controlled the
Philippines.
The East Indies, present-day Indonesia, had many
natural resources, including rich soil were farmers
grew, indigo, and tea, coffee, pepper, cinnamon,
sugar; miners dug for tin and copper; loggers cut
down ebony, teak, and other hardwood trees.
Dutch Government used a method of forced labor
called the culture system to gather all these
materials.
Diponegoro, a Native prince from the East Indian
island of Java, started a revolt against the Dutch in
1825
Though it lasted 10 years, it failed, and the Dutch
encountered little opposition for the next 80 years.
In the early 1900s, Dutch won control of the entire
archipelago.
Southeast
Asia
Spanish ruled the Philippines which resembled the Dutch rule of the Dutch east
Indies. During 1800s, the Filipinos' resentment grew until it finally exploded
into revolution in 1896.
When the United States declared won on Spain, (Spanish-American War),
they promised if they helped that the Philippines would be free.
They broke the promise when they won the Spanish-American War and
ruled them as a colony. They also tried to revolt against the United States
two years later, but the United States defeated them.
Mainland Southeast Asia
In early 1880s, there consisted on a mainland region
that included Burma, and Malaya in the west,
Vietnam in the east, and Siam, Cambodia, and Laos
in the Middle. All though the 1800s, Great Britain
and France struggled for domination of the area
The British swept in from India in the 1820s. Over the
next 60 years, they took full control of Burma and
Neighboring Malaya.
Slowly, France was conquering Indochina, the region
that includes:
Present-day Vietnam
Cambodia
Laos
They established complete control in the 1880s.
European rivalries for control of resources brought
much disturbance to mainland Southeast Asia.
Western influences changed traditional ways of life.
Colonial landowners and trading companies
forced local farmers and workers to grow
cash crops, mine coal, and cut teak trees.
Thailand
Thailand, whose name means "Land of the Free
People," is the only Southeast Asian country that
has never been a colony of a European power.
Thailand has borrowed freely from the West without
losing its special Asian identity. Thailand's exquisite
beauty and rich culture, a culture built on more than
5,000 years of tradition.
It also established contact with European trading
powers such as Holland, Portugal, and Great
Britain.
In the late 1700s, Burma (now Myanmar)
overwhelmed the kingdom. However,
Rama I, founder of the present ruling
dynasty, routed them, changed the
country's name to Siam, and established
Bangkok as the nation's capital.
Successive rulers became preoccupied
with European colonialism.
That Thailand was never a colony is a
source of great pride, and it can be
attributed to the efforts of two kings who
ruled during the mid-1800s.
Thailand
King Mongkut, or Rama IV (popularized in the Rodgers and Hammerstein
musical The King and I), and Chulalongkorn, or Rama V, are most responsible
for introducing extensive reforms. Slavery was abolished, outmoded royal
customs were ended, and the power of the aristocracy was limited. For the
most part, however, only the top level of Thai society was changed. Life for
most Thais remained the same.
Senator Albert J.Beveridge
Oct 6, 1862- April 27, 1927
Orator, Senator, and historian
1898, Gave speech on America’s growing as a
world power
“Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of
the world must and shall be ours. We will
establish trading-posts throughout the world
as distributing-points for American
products…Great colonies governing
themselves, flying our flag and trading with
us, will grow about our posts of trade.”
Monroe Doctrine
U.S. and Britain opposed
Spain’s plan to regain former
colonies
Monroe Doctrine-In 1823,
James Monroe and John
Quincy Adams issued warning
to European powers that an
attempt to gain land in Latin
America would be considered
a threat to the United States.
The British navy helped to
enforce the Doctrine.
Jose Marti
Writer and political
activist
Considered father of
modernist poetry
Writings sparked Cuban
revolution against
Spain
Died in battle against
Spaniards
Remember the Maine!
To show support for the Cubans, U.S. President William McKinley sent the
battleship the Maine to Havana, the capital of Cuba.
The ship exploded in a harbor near Havana.
Newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion.
The battle cry “Remember the Maine!” swept across the United States.
1898, Congress declared war on Spain.
The Spanish-American War lasted four months and resulted in an American
victory. It was a “Splendid Little War!”
Territorial Gains
During late 1800’s and early 1900’s ,U.S. made many territorial gains.
1867- purchased Alaska from Russia
1898- annexed Hawaii
Gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in victory in Spanish-American
War.
1917- US purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark
U.S. wanted quick access
across the Isthmus of
Panama for trade and
military reasons.
Isthmus of Panama connects
Central and South
America
Separates Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans
Columbia had rights to the
isthmus.
Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
tried to sign treaty with
them to gain the land, but
Columbia refused.
And so….
Isthmus of
Panama
A man, a plan, a canal, Panama
4
The Influence of the United States
In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the American continents were
no longer open to colonization by any European powers.
In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Under this
policy, the United States claimed
“international police power” in the
Western Hemisphere.
In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened militarily in Latin American nations to
protect American lives and investments.
In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians
in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to
build the Panama Canal.
“A man, a plan, a canal, Panama”
To people in Latin America, the canal was an
example of “Yankee Imperialism.”
A man, a plan, a canal,Panama!
Roosevelt developed plan to obtain
the isthmus.
American agents encouraged the
people of Panama to rebel
against Columbia.
The U.S. navy helped the rebels.
The new Republic of Panama
signed the land over to the United
States.
Panama Canal
The Construction of the Panama
Canal lasted 10 year between
1904- 1914.
Involved more than 40,000
workers.
Many died of malaria and yellow
fever. A sanitation program
contained the mosquitoes.
The canal was hailed as one of the
greatest engineering feats .
Latin American Concerns
The canal gave the U.S. great
access to Latin America.
The Roosevelt Corollary was
added to the Monroe
Doctrine.
This said U.S. would
intervene to make Latin
American countries honor
foreign debts
Many Latin Americans looked
at the United State’s
interventions as steps to
turn Latin American
countries into colonies.
Mexico
Revolution
Many Mexicans unhappy
with dictator-like rule of
General Antonio Lopez
de Santa Anna
1835- Mexicans and
Americans in Texas
revolt
1845- Texas becomes a
state of the United
States
This sparks Mexican War
which United States
wins
U.S. gains much Mexican
land through the Treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo
La Reforma and French Conflict
La Reforma was a Mexican period of change
Benito Juarez was elected president in 1855
He reduced power of the military, separated the church and
state, and improved the lot of impoverished farmers
1863-French troops came to collect money owed to France
1864-Austrian Archduke Maximilian named emperor of
Mexico
1867-French troops withdrew under American pressure and
Juarez returned to power
Juarez died mysteriously and Porfirio Diaz seized power
He limited individual rights, but the economy grew
Mexican Revolution
1910-1920: many Mexicans fought authorities, and many
immigrated to U.S.
Armies were made up of farmers, workers, ranchers, and
soldaderas (women soldiers)
Power Struggles
Revolution started in 1910 when Francisco Madero overthrew Diaz in 1910
Madero killed by one of his followers, Victoriano Huerta
Huerta overthrown by Mexican revolts
Three revolutionary leader emerged: Emiliano Zapata, Francisco “Pancho” Villa,
and Venustiano Carranza
The Zimmerman Telegram
The German ambassador
Zimmerman telegraphs the
Mexican ambassador with a
proposition. The British
intercept it and decode it for
US.
The Kaiser is offering Mexico
choice parts of the US (CA,
TX, NM) if they attack US
and keep US off balance
during The Great War.
This angers US so much that
we will join the Allies against
Germany.
Where’s Pancho?
Villa was unhappy with the result, crosses the border of New Mexico, and kills
18 Americans
Pres. Woodrow Wilson sent American troops to Mexico to capture Villa
The troops were withdrawn because of the start of World War I in 1917
Villa looked for the recognition of the United States, for his
government, and as he did not obtain it, he visited the border
population of Columbus, where he take weapons. North American
general Pershing entered Mexican territory, persecuting it, without
never reaching it. Carranza was dead in 1917, apparently by its
same
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson responded by sending 12,000 troops,
under Gen. John J. Pershing into Mexico on March 15 to pursue
Villa. In the U.S., this was known as the Pancho Villa Expedition
During the search, the United States launched its first air combat
mission when eight aeroplanes lifted off on March 19. The
expedition to capture Villa was called off as a failure on January 28,
1917.
General
Pancho Historians' debate
historians debate whether Villa was involved with the
Villa Modern
Germans and how much aid and information passed through them.
Some contend that the Germans encouraged Villa's actions against
U.S. interests and incursions into Texas and New Mexico in order
to create instability on the southern border of a power they
definitely did not want interfering in World War I. Other actions by
the Germans such as the Zimmermann Telegram correspond with
Germany's wish to destabilize the United States. The extent of
Villa's role as an abettor of German interests and receiver of
German aid is still very much in question, but the idea would not
seem to be in contradiction with his opportunistic tendencies.
Quotes "Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something." (Last
words.)
J. J. Pershing
“Black Jack” Pershing had
spent years looking for
Poncho Villa with his
Buffalo soldiers, but he
gets to be the leader of the
AEF—American
Expeditionary Forces—our
army in Europe during
WWI.
He is the Supreme
Commander for all of our
forces—highest honor and
only Washington held this
rank before him.
And the Winner is…..
Zapata used battle cry, “Tierra y Liberdad” meaning “Land and Liberty”
He fought for the impoverished farmers
Villa proposed radical reforms
Carranza was more conservative
1915- with the help of American support,
Carranza became president
Carranza’s Rule
Carranza reluctantly introduced a liberal constitution
He was slow in carrying out reforms
Force was used to fight opposition
1920- Carranza was killed in a revolt
Revolt brought Alvaro Obregon to power
Tensions cooled between Mexico and the United States