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World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 25
The New Imperialism
(1800–1914)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
The New Imperialism
Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political,
economic, or cultural life of another country or region.
Between 1500 and 1800, European states won empires around the
world. However, Europe had little influence on the lives of the
people of these conquered lands.
By the 1800s, Europe had gained considerable power. Encouraged
by their new economic and military strength, Europeans embarked
on a path of aggressive expansion that today’s historians call the
“new imperialism.”
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Causes of Imperialism
ECONOMIC INTERESTS
Manufacturers wanted access to
natural resources.
Manufacturers hoped for new markets
for factory goods.
Colonies offered a valuable outlet for
Europe’s growing population.
HUMANITARIAN GOALS
Many westerners felt concern for their
“little brothers” overseas.
Missionaries, doctors, and colonial
officials believed they had a duty to
spread western civilization.
POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS
Merchant ships and naval vessels
needed bases around the world.
Western leaders were motivated by
nationalism.
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Many westerners viewed European
races as superior to all others.
They saw imperial conquest as nature’s
way of improving the human species.
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The Successes of Imperialism
In just a few decades, imperialist nations gained control over much
of the world. Western imperialism succeeded for a number of
reasons:
•
While European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several
older civilizations were in decline.
•
Europeans had the advantages of strong economies, wellorganized governments, and powerful armies and navies.
•
Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge.
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Forms of Imperial Rule
The new imperialism took several forms.
COLONIES
The French practiced direct
rule, sending officials to
administer their colonies.
PROTECTORATES
In a protectorate, local rulers
were left in place but were
expected to follow the advice
of European advisers.
The British practiced on
indirect rule, using local rulers A protectorate cost less to run
than a colony and usually did
to govern their colonies.
not require a large military
presence.
SPHERES OF
INFLUENCE
A sphere of influence is
an area in which an outside
power claimed exclusive
investment or trading
privileges.
The United States claimed
Latin America as its sphere
of influence.
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The Partition of Africa
• What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s?
• How did European contact with Africa increase?
• How did Leopold II start a scramble for colonies?
• How did Africans resist imperialism?
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Africa in the Early 1800s
To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at
Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began.
NORTH AFRICA
Since long before 1800, the region had
close ties to the Muslim world.
In the early 1800s, much of the region
remained under the rule of the declining
Ottoman empire.
WEST AFRICA
On the grasslands, Islamic leaders preached
jihad, a holy struggle, to revive and purify
Islam.
In the forest regions, the Asante controlled
smaller states. These smaller tributary states
were ready to turn to Europeans to help them
defeat their Asante rulers.
SOUTH AFRICA
EAST AFRICA
Zulu aggression caused mass migrations
and wars and created chaos across much
of the region.
Islam had long influenced the coast, where a
profitable slave trade was carried on.
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European Contacts Increased
From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease prevented European traders
from reaching the interior of Africa. Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in
the 1800s.
EXPLORERS
MISSIONARIES
Explorers were
fascinated by African
geography but had little
understanding of the
people they met.
Catholic and Protestant
missionaries sought to
win people to Christianity.
Most took a paternalistic
view of Africans. They
urged Africans to reject
their own traditions in
favor of western civilization.
2
A Scramble for Colonies
King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo
River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.
King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble
among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France,
and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region.
At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they
could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves.
European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.
2
Imperialism in Africa to 1914
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European Challenges to the Muslim World
• What were sources of stress in the
Muslim world?
• What problems did the Ottoman
empire face?
• How did Egypt seek to modernize?
• Why were European powers interested
in Iran?
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What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World?
• By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline.
• In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang
up across the Muslim world. Most stressed religious
piety and strict rules of behavior.
• The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism.
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The Ottoman Empire
By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power.
As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts
weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.
European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman
empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control.
Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased
tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by
foreign cultures.
A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan.
Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a
Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.
3
The Modernization of Egypt
Called the “father of modern Egypt,” Muhammad Ali introduced
political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had
set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.
During his reign, Muhammad Ali:
• improved tax collection
• reorganized the landholding system
• backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output
• expanded cotton production and encouraged local
industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in
world trade
• brought in western military experts to modernize the
army
• conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan
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Iran and the European Powers
Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into
Central Asia.
Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.
For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of
influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.
The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened
foreign interest in the region.
Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them
concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.
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Section 3 Assessment
The Suez Canal linked
the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran?
Britain and France
France and the United States
Britain and Russia
Russia and Germany
a)
b)
c)
d)
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3
Section 3 Assessment
The Suez Canal linked
the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran?
Britain and France
France and the United States
Britain and Russia
Russia and Germany
a)
b)
c)
d)
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4
The British Take Over India
• What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy
Rebellion?
• How did British rule affect India?
• How did Indians view western culture?
• What were the origins of Indian nationalism?
4
The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects
EFFECTS
CAUSES
The British East India Company:
•
required sepoys, or Indian
soldiers in its service, to serve
anywhere, including overseas,
which violated Hindu religious
law
•
passed a law allowing Hindu
widows to marry, which
undermined Hindu beliefs
•
ordered the sepoys to bite off
cartridges made of animal fat
when loading their rifles, which
violated both Hindu and Muslim
religious law
•
•
•
•
The sepoys brutally massacred
British men, women, and
children.
The British took terrible
revenge, slaughtering
thousands of unarmed Indians.
Both sides were left with a
bitter legacy of fear, hatred,
and mistrust.
The British put India directly
under British rule, sent more
troops to India, and taxed
Indians to pay for the cost of
the occupying forces.
4
British Colonial Rule
After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in
India.
•
•
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The British built roads and an impressive railroad network.
The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining
India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.
Britain transformed Indian agriculture.
Better health care and increased food production led to rapid
population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines.
The British revised the Indian legal system.
British rule brought peace and order to the countryside.
Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.
4
Imperialism in India to 1858
4
Different Views on Culture
During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British
developed different views of each other’s culture.
INDIAN ATTITUDES
Some educated Indians were
impressed by British power and
technology and urged India to follow
a western model of progress.
Other Indians felt the answer to
change lay with their own Hindu or
Muslim cultures.
BRITISH ATTITUDES
Most British knew little about Indian
achievements and dismissed Indian
culture with contempt.
A few British admired Indian theology
and philosophy and respected India’s
ancient heritage.
4
Indian Nationalism
The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite
class which would bolster British rule.
As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By
the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a
nationalist movement.
In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its
members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported westernstyle modernization.
In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals,
including a separate Muslim state.
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Section 4 Assessment
In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following
place India directly under British rule.
send more troops to India.
give into Indian demands for greater self-rule.
tax Indians to pay for an increased British military
presence.
Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?
Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim
state.
b) Its members favored continued British rule.
c) Its members supported western-style modernization.
d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the
British.
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except
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
4
Section 4 Assessment
In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following
place India directly under British rule.
send more troops to India.
give into Indian demands for greater self-rule.
tax Indians to pay for an increased British military
presence.
Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress?
Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim
state.
b) Its members favored continued British rule.
c) Its members supported western-style modernization.
d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the
British.
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except
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
5
China and the New Imperialism
• What trade rights did westerners seek in China?
• What internal problems did Chinese reformers try
to resolve?
• How did the Qing dynasty come to an end?
5
The Trade Issue
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders.
China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.
Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the
Chinese than they sold to them.
In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a
series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to
western powers.
China paid a huge indemnity to Britain.
The British gained the island of Hong Kong.
China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British
citizens in China extraterritoriality.
5
Internal Problems
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
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•
•
•
•
Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading
to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
The population explosion that had begun a century earlier
created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread
official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.
The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping
Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.
5
Reform Efforts
In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening movement”
in an effort to westernize and modernize China.
The movement made limited progress because the government did
not rally behind it.
After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang
Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.
Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the emperor
was imprisoned.
5
Imperialism in China to 1914
5
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In
response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.
Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.
Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.
Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to
rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and
economic security for all Chinese.
5
Section 5 Assessment
Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the
West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the
West.
c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to
foreign trade.
d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.
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c)