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The Great War ! WWI Chapter 13 1914-1919 • “GREAT” ? • “WORLD” ? • TOTAL WAR? Review- CAUSES • • • • • • • • Imperialism Colonization Nationalism Unity and Separation German Confederation Prussia Industrialization Militarism – Glorification of military power – Keeping a standing army always ready for war • • • • • Major France Germany Austrian Empire Russia Britain Powers Europe 1914 Europe Today The Pursuit of Peace • By 1914 Europe had enjoyed a century of relative peace • The support of Pacifism – opposition to all war • 1899 the First Universal Peace Conference • Alliances for Peace- wind up having OPPOSITE effect. Aggressive Nationalism • One of the forces pushing Europe to the Brink • Especially strong in France & Germany Otto von Bismarck • GERMAN chancellor • “blood and iron” • Seized FRENCH providences (AlsaceLorraine) • Defeated FRENCH in FrancoPrussian War • FRANCE = THREAT • Goal: keep them without allies AND keep his allies • Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and good relations with Britain Alsace and Lorraine Wilhelm II • GERMAN Kaiser 1888 • Forces Bismarck to resign • Lets ALLIANCE WITH RUSSIA lapse (end)! • Germany’s foreign policy completely changes! Triple Alliance • Italy • Austrian Empire • Germany Dual Entente • Russia • France • Agreed to “Mobilize” together Britain was originally Neutral But Rivalries Begin Economic Rivalries • Britain is threatened by Germany’s rapid economic growth Imperialism Causes Rivalries • France and Germany compete for colonies ex: Morocco • 1904 BRITIAN signs Entente Cordial (Alliance) that gives Britain control of Egypt and French control of Morocco Angers Germans! • Britain was now allied with French in that agreement • But, Germans wanted Britain on their side! • German’s try to break up the Entente Cordial • 1905 German Kaiser goes to Morocco to declare they should be free from France! Changing Sides! • 1907 Britain joins Russia and France making the DUAL Entente the TRIPLE Entente • GERMANY threatens war!! • Called “ Germany’s Bluff” • Next, Italy leaves Germany’s Triple Alliance • Italy backs the Triple Entente (Russia, France, Britain) • Now, Germany sees Austria as only true ally! Militarism and the Arms Race Why was GERMANY so on edge?! • GERMANY WANTS new markets, imperialism, respect, land, raw materials, glory. • GERMANY was late in the “Race for Imperialism” • Possessed little of Africa, Pacific Islands, China When countries are on edge you need: Military Buildup • Militarism is the glorification of the military • The “Great Powers” expanded their armies and navies • Fierce competition in the “arms race” • Darwinism: stronger survive, sometimes war is a necessity Britain's “2-Power Standard” • 1893 to protect trade and build up army • Britain's RULE was their navy had to be equal or larger than any 2 navy’s of the world put together • 1870-1914 European powers increase navy $$$$ by 300% • “Conscription”- recruit a powerful army Morocco competition • 1911 France sends troops to Morocco • Germany responds • Sends a boat full of guns to Morocco and in exchange wanted French’s imperialized Congo in Central Africa • Britain is left out of this exchange • Britain mobilizes • Germany winds up getting less of the land than they wanted…defeat = anger A Tangle of Alliances Two huge alliances emerge as a result of treaties by 1914 The Triple Alliance (Central Powers) • Germany • Austria – Hungary • Ottomans sign treaty with Germans The Triple Entente (Allied Powers) • France • Britain • Russia • Japan grows close to Britain Germany’s Chief of Staff: Schlieffen • Didn’t think Germany was strong enough to fight Britain and Russia at the same time • He estimated it would take Germany 6 weeks to mobilize • Germany had the most superior railroads and Schlieffen knew he could use that to his advantage The Schlieffen Plan 1. Using the railroad system: Germany would have to defeat France quickly then fight Russia 1. To avoid French German border: Germany would have to march through Belgium – 8/3/1914 Then move towards Paris, France Flaws with the Plan 1. Called for an invasion of Belgium 2. Mobilization meant war would follow 3. Plan was too inflexible 1. To get 2 million men to war quickly- all railroads would need to be synchronized 2. Any change to plans= revising train time tables which took 3 months 4. Invading Belgium risked bringing BRITAIN into the war 1. Britain had previously signed a treaty guaranteeing Belgium's independence Biggest Flaw of the Plan! 5. Germany could not fight Russia or just France…. Therefore, It had to be a “Two –Front War” • Fight basically two wars at the same time • East and west • • • • • • • • • Meanwhile, Nationalism growing within the Austrian Empire Multiple cultures/ethnicities/identities Less than 50% of pop was Austrian/Hungarian Austria wanted full control of the Balkans Russia competed with them for it Slavs thought Serbia was a threat 1912 Balkan League formed: alliance Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro Attacked Turkey and forced them out of the Balkans Serbia begins separation from Austria Austria calls war on Serbia The Big Event! – Austria send army (annexed) Bosnia – Bosnia was home to many Serbians – Inspector General of the Austrian Forces (heir to Austria’s throne) Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand visit Sarajevo the capital of Bosnia • News of the visit angered many Serbians – Unity of Death/Black Hand (Serbian terrorists) vowed to take action The Assassination of the Archduke He is assassinated! His wife Sophie is assassinated! Chaos breaks out! The Fatal Shots • The archduke and his wife rode through Sarajevo in a open car • First attempt – bomb hurled at car was unsuccessful • Ferdinand was killed by a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip • He was a member of the Black Hand • One of the heads of Serbia’s military Now they had an excuse to go to War! • Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum - a final set of demands – End all anti-Austrian agitation – Punish any Serbian official involved in the assassination – Austria must join the investigation • Serbia only partly agreed – July 28th 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia • The Consequences of Alliances Kaiser William II (Germany) promises support to Austria • Gave a “blank check” • Nicolas II (Russia) supports Serbia • France pledges allegiance to Russia b/c of Franco-Prussian How the Dominoes Fell 1. Austria declares war on Serbia 2. Germany supports Austria 3. Russia supports Serbia 4. France aligns with Russia 5. Germany then declares war on France Section 2 Europe Plunges into War “The great European disaster is well on it’s way. If so many seeds have been sown, surely the weeds will sprout up soon and surely so much stock piled gunpowder will explode.” - Peace Bertha April 1913 Ut-Oh! • Austria attacks Serbia’s capital • Russia mobilizes to support Serbia • Russian Czar orders army around entire border • Schlieffen Plan had predicted that Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize so now Germany had to mobilize and faster!! • If they weren't fast in defeating Russia first they would have a war on “2 fronts” The Head Honcho: Britain gets involved! • Offers ultimatum to Germany to call of invasion of Belgium • Ultimatum not accepted • Britain declares war! Problem of the Two-Front War • German officials did not want to fight a two front war • Sent ultimatum: 12 Hours for Russia to demobilize and France 12 Hours to declare Neutrality • No response= Germany declares war! – Eastern Front vs. Russia – Western Front vs. France •Germany has to get through Belgium! •Belgium refuses to be neutral •Germany invades Belgium! Britain stood by Belgium's independence. So consequently Britain is now going to be involved! Alliances Update! • Central Powers • The Allies • Austria-Hungary • Germany • Great Britain • France • Russia • Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire joins later! • Later: Japan and Italy Section 3 A Global Conflict Key Information • Newspapers began to call it “The Great War” • 8.5 million French troops • 9 million British troops • 12 million Russian troops • 11 million German troops WWI Strategy – “Total War” • What is it? – The channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort • How does a government achieve total war? – Institution of conscription – “the draft” – Governments raised taxes and borrowed money – Governments rationed food, gasoline, & other materials – Civilians and soldiers can be considered to be part of the war effort Summer 1914 •Germany’s army was at a bloody stalemate (deadlock) along the battlefields of France •Deadlock region = western front •No army could move •French intelligence got word of German where abouts Sept 5 1914 •Allies attack Germans NorthEast of Paris •4 days later- German’s retreat •They were chased and driven back 60 miles First Battle of the Marne Defeat of the Germans Killed the Schlieffen Plan Early 1915 Western Front- Trenches originally built for protection Turned into: TRENCH WAREFARE MISERY -Trapped -No sleep -No sanitation -Death -Unbreathable -No man’s land -Living hell WWI Strategy – Trench Warfare • Warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches • Rats, lice and heat became major problems • “Over the top” orders were given and soldiers would leave their trenches and rush toward enemy lines In the Trenches In the Trenches Trench Foot Info.. • Many soldiers fighting in WWI suffered from trench foot – This was an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions. – If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. – 20,000+ men in the British Army were treated for trench foot in one year!! Trench Foot Trench Foot Info.. • The only remedy for trench foot was for the soldiers to dry their feet and change their socks several times a day. – British soldiers were under orders to change their socks at least twice a day Technology in Modern Warfare • World War I was very devastating due to new technology – – – – – – Poison gas The Airplane Machine Gun Submarines Zeppelins Tanks Poison Gas THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN RACE From ape to ape Poison Gas "Our men were swallowed up by the mysterious cloud. At the same time, I felt its effect on my breathing. It burned in my throat. I felt a pain in my chest and could barely breathe any longer. I spit up blood and became dizzy. I thought I was lost." The Airplane • Airplanes were primitive – Had only 1- 2 seats – With machine gun – Mostly used for reconnaissance • “Dog Fights” – Air combat between planes Automatic Machine Gun • Usually 2-man teams • Provided a continuous stream of bullets • This weapon was the main reason for the war settling into a STALEMATE Submarine • German “U-Boats” (Came from “UndertheSea” Boats) – To sink merchant ships • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare – Made the oceans unsafe for all • Allied response – convoys – Small groups of merchant ships protected by warships Zeppelins • Gas filled balloons used by the Germans to bomb the English coast • They were able to carry a much heavier load than airplanes The Tank • Developed to end Trench Warfare • Used a mounted machine gun • Ran by a 8 man crew A Global Conflict A War Fought on Many Fronts • Oceans – Unrestricted submarine warfare • Europe – Eastern and Southern Europe • Australia – Australia and New Zealand • Asia – China, India, and Turkey – Colonies began to join the war • Africa – Colonies began to join the war A Global War Map of the World showing the Participants in World War I Green: Allies (some entered the war or dropped out later) Orange: Central Powers Grey: Neutral Countries Major Conflicts of the War Battle of Somme River • Britain vs. Germany • 5 month battle in France • 60,000 British casualties in one day • By the end, Germans gained 4 miles, British gained 5 miles • 1,000,000 dead by the end of the battle Battle of Verdun • • • • France vs. Germany 11 month battle 400,000+ casualties on both sides Battlefield with the highest density of dead per square yard Eastern Front • Along German, Russian border • Russians+Serbs vs Germans+Austrians+Turks • End of Aug 1914 Germans crushed Russians to full retreat • 30,000+ Russians killed • Allies were having a hard time getting supplies to the Russians because of German naval blockade along Baltic Sea • Suffering The Gallipoli Campaign Aim of the Gallipoli Campaign • Attack and defeat the Ottoman Empire via the Dardanelles • Establish a supply line to Russia because Russia had no access to food, weapons, ect. The Gallipoli Campaign • Effort to take the region took place in 1915. • Allies including Australia, New Zealand (ANZAC), British, and French forces battled Turkish troops • Another bloody stalemate- 250,000 casualties on Allied side Propaganda War • Aim was to keep complete casualty figures and other discouraging information from the people • Propaganda – spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause Propaganda Examples Anti-German Propaganda Rationing Propaganda War-Bond Propaganda (World War II) Propaganda for Women Enlistment Propaganda USA Political Cartoon • Imperialism…How it became a World War! • British helped Arabs rise up against Turkish • Allies took Bagdad, Jerusalem, • Japan overran German outposts in China and Pacific colonies • English and French took over some of German’s land in Africa • British and French got their troops from India, Africa, Egypt, and Indonesia Impact on Women • Women took over jobs • Manufactured weapons and supplies • Nurses worked on the “front lines” • Helped women’s rights Collapsing Morale • By 1917 over 5.5 million Russian troops had been killed, injured or taken prisoner • Revolution in Russia 1917 – ended Russia’s involvement in the war – Allowed Germany to concentrate on the western front Just as Russia’s hope is lost… A new player joins the team! The U.S. Declares War!!!! Why? 1. May 1915 sinking of the Lusitania! -German submarine U-boat sunk -British ship called the Lusitania -128 U.S. Citizens were on that ship 2. Germany had put a naval blockade on all British ships -Said they would sink any ships w/o warning= -“Unrestricted Submarine Warfare” -Sunk 3 America ships that were trying to trade with Britain Zimmerman Note! •British intercepted a telegram from German’s to Mexico •It was written by German’s foreign secretary •It said the Germans would help the Mexicans reconquer the land they lost to the U.S. if Mexico allied with Germany •U.S.’s LAST STRAW! Declaring War • April 2, 1917 President Wilson asks Congress to declare war!!!! – “To make the world safe for Democracy” • 1918 2 million “fresh” U.S. Troops joined the Allied Forces Campaign to Victory • Early 1918 Allies pushed the Germans back across France and Belgium • Uprising among hungry city dwellers erupted in Germany • Wilhelm II steps down 11/1918 • New German government sought an armistice – agreement to end war • 11:00 am November 11th 1918 Section 4 A Flawed Peace • 8.5 Million Deaths • Double that amount were wounded • Flu Pandemic spread across the globe • Flu killed 20 million people Financial Losses • Homes, farms, factories and churches destroyed • Allies felt Central Powers should make reparations or payments for war damage • Total cost is estimated at $338 billion The Paris Peace Conference • The Big Four – Woodrow Wilson-USA – Georges ClemenceauFrance – David Lloyd GeorgeEngland – Vittorio Orlando-Italy The Paris Peace Conference • Allied leaders had different ideas • Wilson’s 14 Points 1. Freedom of the Seas 2. End of secret treaties 3. Weapons Limitations 4. End of tariffs and other economic barriers 5. Self-determination 6. League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles • June 1919 outside Paris • Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war (“War Guilt Clause”) – $30 billion in reparations – Returned Alsace & Lorraine to France – Removed territory from western & eastern Germany – Stripped Germany’s overseas colonies – Germany’s military severely reduced – Germany signed reluctantly The Treaty of Versailles • Problems with the Treaty… – African and Asian territories were not granted independence – Italy and Japan gained less than what they had wanted – War guilt clause left a bitterness in German people The New Eastern Europe • New nations emerged where Ottoman and Austrian empires stood – Austrian Empire • Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary – Ottoman Empire • Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, and Lebanon – Russia lost land as well • Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia – Poland established from Russia and Germany The Ottoman Empire After World War I Before WWI After WWI • Main Points of the Treaty – Establishment of the League of Nations – Break-up of Empires (Ottoman and A-H) – Territorial Losses (Germany and Russia) – Military Restrictions (Germany) – War Guilt Clause (Germany) THE END