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Chapter #20
“World War I”
1914 - 1920
Sections of W.W. I
 Section #1:
 Section #2:
 Section #3:
The Road to War
The U.S. Declares War
 Section #4:
 Section #5:
On the Home Front
Global Peacemaker
American’s on the European
Front
Causes for W.W. I
Section #1:
“The Road to War”
 1.) Imperialism in Europe.
 2.) Militarism: Building up a
nation’s armed forces in
preparation for war.
 3.) Nationalism:
– Act with their own
national interests.
– Ethnic diversity led to
violent struggles for
independence.
Ex. Austria-Hungry
 4.) Alliances designed to
bolster each nation’s security.
 5.) Assassination of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand and his
wife Sophie on June 28, 1914
by Bosnian nationalist
Gavrilo Princip.
The Road to War Continues…
4.) Alliances
 Designed to better a nation’s security.
 Newly united German Empire allies with
former world power Austria-Hungary.
 A-H taking over newly independent
regions of southern Europe.
 Russia interested in same area for port
access.
 Ethnic groups in the region caught in the
middle.
Unrest in the Balkans
 Bosnia is annexed by the
A-H Empire.
 Serbs in Bosnia wanted to
join Bosnia with the
nation of Serbia (all
Slavs).
 A-H had sights on
annexing Serbia, but
didn’t have justifiable
cause.
 Slavs closer to Russians
ethnically than with the
Austrian (German) or
Hungarian populations of
A-H.
 Rich mining
resources/coastal ports.
The Road to War Continues…
5.) The Assassination
 Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
 Heir to the A-H
throne.
 Brutal and
arrogant.
– Generally disliked.
 Planned trip to
Bosnia with his
new wife, Sophia.
The Other Shot Heard ‘Round the World!
 Gavrilo Princip.
– Started WWI.
 Serbian rebel living in
Bosnia.
 Member of, “The
Black Hand.”
 19 years old, dying of
tuberculosis.
 Fighting for Serbian
unification.
The Assassination!
 June 28, 1914
 Royals to a motorcade through Sarajevo.
 Misguided bomb explodes.
 Driver takes wrong turn and passes by
Princip.
 He firers at point blank range, killing Franz
and Sophie instantly.
 Princip eventually arrested, and dies in
prison.
Austria-Hungary’s Demands
 A-H blames the incident on Serbia.
– Why?
 Ultimatum sent to Serbia – a no win
situation for Serbia.
 A-H declares war on Serbia.
 But… Serbia has a buddy through a secret
alliance.
– With…
– Russia!
 The Conflicts Expands
– July 28, 1914 AustriaHungry declares war on
Serbia.
– July 29th, Serbia’s protector,
Russia began mobilization.
– Germany demands that
Russia stops mobilizing.
– France begins to ready it’s
troops.
– Aug. 1, 1914 Germany
declares war on Russia.
• Schlieffen Plan
• Brings Great Britain into
war.
– Great powers divided
• Central Powers
• Allies
– Stalemate: a situation in
which neither side is able to
gain the advantage.
– Trench Warfare
 American Response
– 1/3 of American
population were 1st or 2nd
generation immigrants.
(1/4 German American, 1/8
Irish)
– Most Americans opposed
Kaiser Wilhelm of
Germany. (autocracy)
– American Neutrality
• Preparedness
Movement
• Peace Movement
Section #2:
The United States Declares War, 1917
These actions will lead the US to war:
 German Submarine warfare.
– U-Boat activity.
– No warnings of attack.
– Luisitania attacked, May 7, 1915.
• 1,200 dead (128 US).
– March 24, 1916 – sinking of the
Sussex (French passenger ship).
• Sussex Pledge.
• President Wilson agrees with
“preparedness”.
• Authorizes bankers to make loans to
Allies.
– Feb. 1, 1917 Germ resumes
unrestricted Sub Warfare.
 Wilson asks Congress for permission
to arm American merchant ships.
 The Zimmerman Note
– A intercepted telegram
that proposed an alliance
between Germany and
Mexico.
 Russian Revolution
–
–
–
–
1.8 million killed
2.4 million prisoners
2.8 million sick / wounded
March 1917 Czar Nicholas II
was forced to give up his power.
– Republic government
established.
• Lenin and Bolsheviks
– Russia backs out of war, signs
treaty w/ Germany.
 War Resolution
– March 16 – 18 three American
ships were sunk.
– April 2, 1917 Wilson goes to
Congress. War resolution
passed 82 to 6.
– April 6, 1917 Wilson signs the
war resolution.
World War II – The Players
 Central Powers:
 Allied Powers:
– Germany
– Russia
– Austria-Hungary
– France
– Bulgaria
– Serbia
– Ottoman Empire
– Great Britain
Section #3:
“American’s in Europe”
 Preparing for Action
– Allies desperately need replacements.
• Gen. John J. Pershing
• Small force
• Boost Allied morale
• Start of W.W.I. U.S. = 120,000 enlisted troops and 80,000
national guard.
– Selective Service Act: May 1917authorizing a draft of young men for
military service.
– By November 1918, more than 24 million had registered for the draft for
“the war to end all wars,” 3 million were picked.
– American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
– 25,000 + women would serve their country. (Red Cross)
• Transportation of troops and war goods by Convoy.
• American forces separated from Allied forces.
– 300,000 African Americans volunteered or drafted.
– Mostly for manual labor.
– 369th Infantry (Harlem Hell Fighters) fought with the French. (Croix de
Guerre)
 Turning Tide of the War
– Nov. 1917, with the help of the German government, Vladimir
Lenin led his Bolsheviks to violently overthrow the Russian
government. Lenin would then make peace with Germany on
March 3, 1918. How does this effect the war?
– Americans save Paris
• Brigadier General James G. Harbord: “We dig no trenches to fall back on.
The Marines will hold where they stand” -- Battle of Chateau – Thierry
• Lost of half his troops.
– Tank warfare
• August 11, 1918 German General Erich Von Ludendorff advises Kaiser
Wilhelm to seek a peace settlement.
• Allies began to use airplanes to drop bombs on the final German
strongholds.
Expectations for a Quickie-War
 Wrong!!!!
– Why?
 Modern Warfare
comprised of: poison gas,
hand grenades,
submarines, torpedoes,
trenches, tanks,
airplanes, machine guns
and much more.
– Airplanes were first for
transportation, then
dropped rocks, then
dropped bombs.
– Tanks could cross
trenches and cut through
barbed wire!
 Stalemate begins late 1914
and will last until 1917.
 Ending the War
– German commanders hoping to dictate terms for
peace. Allies refused, called for unconditional
surrender.
– November 11, 1918: armistice, or cease-fire.
• 11th hour on the 11th day in the 11th month.
– 50,000 American soldiers died.
– European casualties =
• 8 million + dead (average 5,000 dead/day)
• 900,000 British troops dead.
• Millions of civilians died during and immediately after the
fighting from starvation, disease, or war-related injuries.
• Ottoman forces deported and murdered hundreds of
thousands of Armenians, genocide.
Can there be positive results
from warfare?
 Technological
advancements
(weapons)
 Advancements
in medicine
 Advancements
in
transportation
On the
Home Front
 To strengthen the
war effort, the
American
government
expanded its
control over the
economy and
brought changes to
American society.
 Many individuals
who didn’t have
jobs had them now.
– Women, Af Amers,
MexicanAmericans.
On the Home Front
 How did the U.S. enforce loyalty?
– Formed the Committee on Public Education:
Rallies on popular support for the war with films,
posters, and pamphlets.
– Literacy test for immigrants: Congress passed a law
forcing immigrants to prove they can read before
entering the country. Law leads to nativism and
increased anti-German feeling.
– The Sedition Act of 1918: Makes it illegal to make
“disloyal” statements about U.S. gov’t or military.
– Espionage Act of 1917: Passed in response to fears
that German secret agents might try to weaken
American war effort. Act makes it illegal to interfere
with the “DRAFT”
On the Home Front
 Liberty Bonds – special war bonds
sold to support the Allied cause.
- Raised about $20 billion,
Sec. of Treasury McAdoo.
 Price controls – system of pricing determined by
the gov’t on food to prevent waste and increase
production.
 Rationing – distributing goods to consumers in a
fixed amount.
 Daylight Saving Time – turning clocks ahead
one hour for the summer to lower fuel
consumption.
Section #5 cont.
 “Open covenants of
peace, openly arrived at,
after which there shall be
no private international
understandings of any
kind but diplomacy shall
proceed always frankly
and in the public view.”
– Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson’s:
Fourteen Points
 Even before the war was ended. Wilson
had begun to prepare for the peace
conference to follow.
 In December of 1918, Wilson, the first
U.S. President to travel outside the western
hemisphere during his presidency, sailed to
Paris, carrying in hand a plan for
worldwide peace.
Wilson sets up the 14 Points
 Representatives from twenty-seven nations met at
Versailles (near Paris) to negotiate the peace
treaty.
 The “Big Four,” France, England, Italy, and the
U.S., largely determined the nature of the peace
agreements ending World War I.
 The “Treaty of Versailles” was the peace treaty to
the end of World War I.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 The first five points were general in nature
and may be summarized as follows:
 (1) open covenants of peace;
 (2) freedom of the seas;
 (3) removal of economic barriers between
nations as far as possible;
 (4) reduction of armaments to needs for
domestic safety;
 (5) impartial adjustment of colonial claims;
Fourteen Points Con’t
 (6) evacuation and general restoration of
conquered territories in Russia;
 (7) preservation of Belgian sovereignty;
 (8) settlement of the Alsace-Lorraine;
 (9) redrawing of Italian frontiers according to
nationalities;
 (10) the division of Austria-Hungary in
conformance to its nationalities;
 (11) the redrawing of Balkan (Romania, Serbia
and Montenegro) boundaries with reference to
historically established allegiance and
nationalities;
Last of the “14”
 (12) Turkish control only of their own peoples and
freedom of navigation through the Dardanelles;
 (13) the establishment of an independent Poland
with access to the sea.
– The last point!
 (14) General association of nations
 The League of Nations grew out of the 14th
point.
Peace Treaty: Treaty of
Versailles
 Germany wasn’t invited to the meeting.
 Germany expected the treaty to be based
on Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
 The problem was that the “Big Four” could
not agree on the terms to the treaty.
– French premier, Georges Clemenceau took
advantage of the weakness to Wilson’s plan to
demand harsh penalties for Germany.
Wilson had to compromise!
 France wanted to totally humiliate Germany,
maybe even totally destroy them as a nation.
 Italy wanted territory it had been promised for
leaving the German’s side. So,
– Wilson formed the grounds for the League of Nations.
 An organization that would join together to
ensure security and peace for all members.
What the treaty said for Germany…
 Germany had to take full responsibility for the war
 Germany had to pay for all the war damage
(reparations)
 Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men
 Germany could have no airforce or submarines,
and was limited to six large ships
 Germany lost territory on all sides, including the
area for Poland to be created
 Germany lost all her foreign colonies
Treaty of Versailles
 How fair was this treaty to Germany?
 Which of the nations would have been the most
pleased with the outcome? Explain
 Most importantly; think about the effects of the
treaty for the future of the world.
 Remember that this treaty was to prevent another
European war from ever breaking out again.
 You know what happened in 1939…..
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
Post W.W.I Map
Cause and Effects of W.W.I
ºImperialism leads to international rivalries, particularly within
Europe.
ºNationalism between and within countries intensifies.
ºMilitary buildup in Europe intensifies.
ºArchduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated.
ºAustria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
World War I
ºMap of Europe is redrawn.
ºLeague of Nations is formed.
ºUnited States economy is boosted.
ºUnited States suffers post-war disillusionment.
Military Casualties in World War I 19141918
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Belgium
45,550
British Empire 942,135
France
1,368,000
Greece
23,098
Italy
680,000
Japan
1,344
Montenegro
3,000
Portugal
8,145
Romania
300,000
Russia
1,700,000
Serbia
45,000
United States 116,516
Austria-Hungary 1,200,000
Bulgaria
87,495
Germany
1,935,000
Ottoman Empire 725,000
Germany
Russia
France
Aus-Hun
Britain
U.S.
2,000,000
1,800,000
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Deaths