Download File - Ms. Xiques` Classroom

CHAPTER 6: THE DUEL FOR
NORTH AMERICA
(1608-1763)
France Enters into the New World Race

Because of
internal
religious
conflicts, France
was late to
exploring the
New World
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572
The Edict of Nantes




1598
Granted limited toleration to French Protestants
Religious wars ended and the French were able to
expand into the New World
King Louis XIV took a great interest in overseas
colonies
Quebec


Quebec was the first French colony in the New
World that was established in 1608
Gave the French control of the St. Lawrence River
Samuel de Champlain


“Father of New France
Entered into a
friendship with the
Huron Indian tribes
and helped to fight
against the Iroquois
tribes
Government in New France



Under the control of the King which was completely
autocratic
No elected assemblies and no right to trial by jury
like the English colonies
Favored Caribbean island colonies over Canadian
colonies because of the wanted products: sugar and
rum
French Fur Trade




French fur trappers called coureurs de bois
(“runners of the woods”) explored all over North
America for the beaver
French presence all across America: Baton Rouge,
Terre Haute, Des Moines, and Grand Teton
Recruited Indians died from disease and Indian
conflicts made fur trapping more difficult
Catholic Missionaries like the Jesuits sought to
convert the Indians but also played a vital role in
exploration
French Explorers



Antoine Cadillac – founded Detroit in 1701
Robert de La Salle – floated down the Mississippi
River in 1682 to find where it meets the Gulf of
Mexico, named the interior basin Louisiana
Created forts in Louisiana with the most important
being New Orleans in 1718
French Explorers
Antoine Cadillac – founder of
Detroit
Robert de La Salle – floats down
Mississippi River and names Louisiana
King William’s War (1689-1697)
The War of the League of Augsberg
 British colonists were expected to fight the French
in the New World as part of the British Empire.
 Treaty of Ryswick ended the war in Europe. The
colonists were told to assume “status quo ante,
giving up territory they had taken”
 Britain has a policy of “salutary neglect” in
dealing with the colonists which leads to increased
spirit of independence
Queen Anne’s War (1701-1713)




Another inconclusive war initiated by problems in
Europe. There it was known as the War of the
Spanish Succession
Most of the fighting took [place in the Middle
colonies and New England
The Treaty of Utrecht ended this war in Europe, with
France surrendering the Hudson Bay, Gibraltor.
Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia to Britain.
Acadians were forced out of Nova Scotia
War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739)


Between Spain and Georgia colonists off the coast
of southern Georgia
Did not actually result in a war but the lack of
English support for the colonies angered the
colonists and sparked ideas of independence
King George’s War (1744-1748)





This was Europe’s War of the Austrian Succession
Frederick the Great attempted to seize the Austrian
throne.
Colonists were again drawn into war though they
were not enthusiastic
They did capture French Fort of Louisbourg
Treaty of Aix la Chapelle in 1748 returned fort to
French and angered the colonists – again status quo
ante
George Washington and Fort Necessity



British colonists were ready to expand into the Ohio
Valley leading to increased competition between
Britain and France
In response to the French Fort Duquesne, the
governor of Virginia commissioned George
Washington to build the British Fort Necessity, even
though he didn’t consider the location a good one.
During the French and Indian War, Fort Necessity
fell almost immediately to French attack.
George Washington and Fort
Necessity
George Washington
Fort Necessity with the help of
George Washington
The Seven Years War breaks out in Europe
This war was known in the
colonies as the French and Indian
War

Representatives from
seven of the colonies
agreed to meet in
New York to discuss
mutual defense, the
Albany Congress
Britain’s preoccupation with
Europe left the colonies to defend
themselves.
Out of the meeting came
the colonists’ first signs of
moving toward
independence
Albany Congress


Though called to
discuss mutual
defense, some
attending wanted to
move for “Home Rule.”
Benjamin Franklin
proposed “The Albany
Plan of Union,” though
it was not accepted.
Famous cartoon by Benjamin Franklin that
promoted colonial unity. Published in
Franklin’s newspaper, the Pennsylvania
Gazette.
French Indian War/Seven Years War
1754-1763



Initially, Britain forces experienced defeat after
defeat due to the poor leadership of General
Braddock
General Braddock was defeated in 1755 after
trying to capture Fort Duquesne, though he had
been warned not to try.
This defeat led to the collapse of the British
government and a new Prime Minister, William Pitt.
William Pitt



Ion 1757, Pitt decided to drop the strategy of war
along the entire frontier.
He decided instead to focus forces on the QuebecMontreal area and cut off the interior of the French
colony
French Fort Louisbourg is captured by the British in
1758 under the leadership of General James
Wolfe.
The Battle of Quebec (1759)



William Pitt next sent
James Wolfe to take
Quebec
Wolfe landed on the
Plains of Abraham and
attacked Quebec under
the control of Marquis
de Montcalm
Once Quebec fell,
Montreal also fell, and
French power in Canada
ended
The Death of General Wolfe
Treaty of Paris of 1763




French retained a few sugar islands in the West
Indies but were forced to give Spain all transMississippi Louisiana and New Orleans
Britain got all of Canada from France
Spain gave Florida to Britain in return for Cuba
Great Britain emerges as the dominant power in
North America – colonists assumed they would be
able to move across the Appalachians into the Ohio
Valley
Difficulties adjusting to the peace after so
many years of war



After the war, Britain gave no credit to colonists
which resulted in increased resentment on the part
of the colonists
British authorities felt the colonists should help pay
for the expenses of the war and for “British
protection”
Years of salutary neglect of the colonies by Britain
made the new enforcement of rules and taxes
wildly unpopular
Growing Colonial Discontent




The colonies were told they were expected to help
pay for the costs of maintaining the British navy
around the world
Years of salutary neglect has resulted in their
realizing they were actually quite self-sufficient
Spread of Enlightenment ideas about natural rights
caused many to question British authority
Enforcement of Navigation Acts and demands for
new taxes were widely resisted.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)



Pontiac, an Indian leader in the Ohio Valley, refused
to accept the end of the war when the British
announced the treaty had been signed.
Indian tribe attempt to push British forces and an
increasing number of British settlers out of the Ohio
Valley
British forces put down the rebellion with one of the
first uses of intentional germ warfare in the
Americas.
Proclamation of 1763


To end the fighting,
The British government
prohibited colonial
settlement past the
Appalachian
mountains.
Colonists felt they had
fought for and earned
this land and refused
to obey.
Territorial Exchanges in the Treaty of Paris of
1763