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Not So Old Stuff 1750 - 1914 The Big Picture 1. How are the events of this time period interconnected? Ex. Industrial Rev. and imperialism 2. Why did nationalism grow during this time period? 3. How and why does change occur? Industry and Imperialism Two Consequences of Industrialism Countries with industrial technology were able to easily conquer those without the industrial technology Factories needed access to raw materials and markets to sell those products (colonies) Industrial imperialists turned towards Africa and Asia after the New World was freed of European control The Industrial Revolution Began in Britain and then spread to Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, and U.S. Agriculture Revolution Growth of food output New crops Crop rotation rather than 3-field system Mechanized technology for plowing, seeding, reaping, fertilizing – used less labor Technological Innovations Before IR – inefficient domestic system Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, cotton gin – led to the textile industry taken out of home and into the mills Steam Engine – required coal Inventions: Telegraph Telephone Light bulb Combustion Engine (car) Radio Airplane – Orville and Wilbur Wright Medical – x-rays, vaccinations, Darwin-natural selection Factory System Factories became highly efficient Interchangeable parts – Eli Whitney Assembly line – Henry Ford Factory workers worked long and hard – 16 hour days – young children – women worked hard, yet still expected to fulfill traditional duties Charles Dickens New Economic and Social Philosophies New Industrialized Class system New Aristocrats – wealth from Industrialization Middle Class – managers, accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors Factory workers Adam Smith – Free Market System – private ownership; products should be sold in a free and open market; laissez-faire capitalism – would lead to better opportunities to everyone Karl Marx – German economist and philosopher Wrote The Communist Manifesto – foundation of socialism and communism Working class would eventually revolt and take control of the means of production Believed that the government, courts, police, church were on the side of the rich and against the workers Luddites – British workers that revolted but some were executed. People began to see the inhumane side of the factory system Two Basic Opinions Capitalism is good, just needs reform to minimize the bad effects – US, Britain Capitalism is bad and needs to be replaced (with Socialism) – Russia Most of Europe mixed the two: Socialism and Capitalism Capitalism and Enlightenment Combine Britain passes Factory Act of 1883 – limited work hours, restricted child labor, required safe work conditions Labor unions were formed Eventually improved standard of living and social mobility Women left factories and returned to traditional roles in the home Women’s suffrage movement Many however fled Europe to N. and S. America looking for improvement or escaping cruelties at home. In search of Natural Resources European countries exploited their colonies for their natural resources; Europe became extremely wealthy at their colonies expense The rest of the world became exposed to Europe and European ideas Limited raw materials depleted faster than at any time in human history European Justification Europe was very ethnocentric and viewed other cultures as barbarian and uncivilized Social Darwinists (Charles Darwin) - the dominant race would rise to the top – “the survival of the fittest”; since Britain was the most powerful, then they were superior to other races Rudyard Kipling wrote “White Man’s Burden” – Europeans had a moral obligation dominate or “teach” other people how to be more civilized. European Imperialism in India India – Mughal Empire – in decline due to fighting wars and religious conflict (Islam and Hinduism); European traders already there for tea, sugar, silk, salt and jute France and England – rivaled in N. America, Europe and India (England wins all three) British East India Company defeat the French in the Bengal region Continued to weaken Mughals Set up administrative regions all throughout India 1798 – Ceylon (Sri Lanka) falls to Britian Early 1800’s N. India fall to Britain Sepoy Indians who worked for British Became increasingly alarmed by the company’s progression; did not respect the local customs Sepoys tried to rebel, but was crushed British parliament steps in and took control of India away from the East India Company; all of India became a crown colony; the last Mughal emperor was sent into exile India became model of British imperialism; upper castes were educated – dreamed of freeing India from Britain Indian National Congress – began the path toward independence (wouldn’t happen until after WWII) European Imperialism in China Britain introduced China to opium which leads to a widespread and destructive drug habit Manchu emperor issued edict banning the sell or use of opium; seized British Opium in Canton in 1839 Opium War – Britain’s military overwhelmed China; signed Treaty of Nanjing – Britain was allowed to expand opium trade in China 1843 – Britain declared Hong Kong as a crown possession. 2nd Opium War – China Defeated Britain fought more for trading rights rather than the establishment of colonies The world realized that China was weak The Chinese knew that their government was weak White Lotus Rebellion (failed) Taiping Rebellion (failed) Sino-French War – lost Vietnam to France Sino-Japanese War – gave Japanese control of Taiwan and trading rights (Japan also defeated Korea) Spheres of influence – France, Germany, Russia, Britain all had a slice of China; not quite colonies The Boxer Rebellion Boxers – anti-Manchu, anti-European, antiChristian; organized themselves in response to the Manchu govt.’s defeats Used guerilla warfare tactics – slaughtered missionaries and took over foreign embassies Foreign reinforcement quickly put down the rebellion – Manchus were forced to sign Boxer Protocol – formally apologize and pay Europeans and Japanese Manchu Dynasty ended – a republic was established European Imperialism in Japan Commodore Matthew Perry shocked Japan out of their isolationism with his steamboat Treaties that favored US Treaty of Kanagawa Japanese nationalists revolted against shogun that signed these treaties and restored Emperor Meiji to power Westernization – Japan would emerge as a world power Universal Military Service of all men – samurai warrior class was abolished After their own Industrial Revolution, Japan could compete equally with Europe and U.S. Became their own imperial power: Defeated China – controlled Korea and Taiwan Russo-Japanese War – kicked Russia out of Manchuria European Imperialism in Africa Between 1807 and 1820 – The slave trade was abolished (but slavery still existed) Some former slaves returned to Africa (US Slaves emigrated to Liberia) Europe would then turn to control Africa South Africa Dutch first established ports in Cape Town British seized Cape Town and the Boers (Dutch) moved interior (Transvaaldiscovered gold and diamonds) Boer War – British wins and annexed S. Africa and gains control over the resources (gold and diamonds) 1910 – Union of South Africa – had their own constitution (only white men could vote); African National Congress – effort to oppose British colonialism Egypt Ottomans Ruled Egypt – very weak Napoleon tries to conquer – Muhammad Ali defeats French and Ottomans and gains control Ali begins westernization and industrialization Suez Canal construction begins with help of the French (connects Med. Sea with Indian Ocean) Egypt need money and started selling stock in its canal – Britain bought it, and controlled the canal and moved its way into Egypt (however Egyptians remained in political power) France went to Nigeria and Italians became interested in Africa as well Race of Colonization of Africa Berlin Conference – set up rules of European colonization of Africa Almost entire continent was colonized by Europe – had direct control over colonies (except Britain) Had no concern of boundary lines as far as cultural groups and disrupted traditional tribal boundary lines American Revolution France and Britain battle over lands in N. America French and Indian War (in Europe called the Seven Years’ War) – Britain wins and pushes France to the North and England’s territory pushed Westward Britain wanted colonists to help pay for the war Acts were passed to increase revenue for the war No representation in England’s parliament Thomas Paine – Common Sense – encouraged colonists to support independence movement France volunteers to help colonists (to avenge the Seven Years’ War) French Revolution Huge War Debt – needed to raise taxes Calls the Estates General meeting (hasn’t met in 175 years) 1st Estate – Clergy (church workers) 2nd Estate – Noble families 3rd Estate – everyone else; 95% of population (peasants, middle class, etc.) 3rd estate unhappy with no new constitutional rights declared themselves the National Assembly – storms the Bastille (a huge prison); Anarchy begins The Declaration of the Rights of Man Abolished feudal system Right to worship Took king and his family to Paris so they couldn’t interfere Creates first modern nation-state National Assembly ratifies a new constitution (constitutional monarchy – kept the king as executive power) Due to family ties, Austria and Prussia invade France to restore the monarchy New constitution – Convention – abolished monarchy, France is a republic, Jacobins imprison royal family and beheads the king Reign of Terror Committee of Public Safety – led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins Beheaded thousands of French citizens for anti-revolutionary ideas France takes back the Committee and beheads Robespierre; new constitution – the Directory – Five man Govt. One of the men in the Directory was Napoleon Napoleonic Code Made France an aggressor France (Napoleon) builds an empire across Europe Invaded Russia but was forced back, caused the demise of his army and was forced to go into exile – tried to return from exile and attempt to regain power but was defeated at Waterloo Congress of Vienna Tried to rebalance European powers Restored Monarchs (what France had worked so hard to overcome) Latin America Independence Haiti – 1st independent nation 90% of population were slaves; Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture – a former slave – leads a Haitian revolt Yellow fever killed many French L’Ouverture was captured, but his lieutenant Dessalines, declares Haiti a republic South America Napoleon appointed his brother to Spanish crown, however colonists remained loyal to their Spanish King Simon Bolivar – appointed leader in Venezuela Formed national congress – declared themselves independent from Spain Won freedom for Gran Columbia Wanted a huge S. American country (like the U.S.) Jose de San Martin Argentina Creole Military officer in Spanish Army Joined O’Higgins of Chile and took the revolutionary movement through Chile and Peru (where he joined forces with Bolivar) Brazil Portuguese family fled to Brazil (Napoleon invaded Portugal) Pedro – king’s son, considered Brazil his home and when the family returned, he stayed declaring them independent from Portugal Pedro II – coffee exporter; abolished slavery Landowners revolted and established a republic Effects of Independence Did not cause widespread freedom Slavery and peasants still existed No middle class Catholic Church was very powerful and supported the wealthy landowners Economies of LA was still dependent on Europe (did not diversify and still participated in Europe’s mercantilism) Chile, Brazil and Argentina were exceptions Unification of Italy and Germany Refer back to the packet of Notes you have!!! Other Political Developments Russia Czars had absolute power Most were serfs with no rights Secret police were used to squash rebellion Alexander II – Emancipation Edict – abolished serfdom – serfs were given land but had to pay huge payments to government to keep; some moved to cities Small middle class begin to emerge Russian artists: Tolstoy – Anna Karenina and War and Peace Dostoyevsky – The Brothers Karamazov Tchaikovsky – Swan Lake and The Nutcracker Russian intellectual class begin to speak against monarchy Forms The People’s Will and assassinate Alexander II Alexander III – Russification – everyone was expected to learn Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy Nicholas II – Socialists were organizing; suffered loss of Japanese-Ruso war (lost Manchuria); Bloody Sunday – troops fired on a peaceful protest Czar attempted reforms (created prime minister and duma-a body intended to represent the people); reforms were too late Ottoman Empire Continuous fight with Russia over the Balkans and the Black Sea. Greece, Egypt, Arabia – successful independence movements Crimean War – Britain and France try to keep the Ottoman Empire going so that Russia would not overtake the E. Mediterranean sea Russia is defeated in the Crimean War U.S. Foreign Policy Monroe Doctrine – President Monroe wanted to ensure that Europe would not recolonize the Americas; Britain backed up in fear of Spain trying to recolonize Latin America saw this as a way of U.S. imperializing against them U.S. built Panama Canal – after Panama was encouraged to declare independence from Columbia Spanish American War – U.S. helped Cuba and Puerto Rico revolutionaries; US defeated Spanish Navy and gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines; Cuba was given independence, in exchange the US built two naval bases in Cuba IMPORTANT: Read Pulling It All Together: pg 214-216