Download Really Old Stuff 600 C.E. to around 1450

Not So Old Stuff
1750 - 1914
The Big Picture
1. How are the events of this time
period interconnected? Ex.
Industrial Rev. and imperialism
2. Why did nationalism grow
during this time period?
3. How and why does change
occur?
Industry and Imperialism
 Two Consequences of Industrialism
 Countries with industrial technology were
able to easily conquer those without the
industrial technology
 Factories needed access to raw materials
and markets to sell those products
(colonies)
 Industrial imperialists turned towards
Africa and Asia after the New World was
freed of European control
The Industrial Revolution
 Began in Britain and then spread to
Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, and
U.S.
 Agriculture Revolution
 Growth of food output
 New crops
 Crop rotation rather than 3-field system
 Mechanized technology for plowing,
seeding, reaping, fertilizing – used less
labor
Technological Innovations
 Before IR – inefficient domestic system
 Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, cotton gin – led to
the textile industry taken out of home and into the
mills
 Steam Engine – required coal
 Inventions:
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Telegraph
Telephone
Light bulb
Combustion Engine (car)
Radio
Airplane – Orville and Wilbur Wright
 Medical – x-rays, vaccinations, Darwin-natural
selection
Factory System
 Factories became highly efficient
 Interchangeable parts – Eli Whitney
 Assembly line – Henry Ford
 Factory workers worked long and hard
– 16 hour days – young children –
women worked hard, yet still expected
to fulfill traditional duties
 Charles Dickens
New Economic and Social
Philosophies
 New Industrialized Class system
 New Aristocrats – wealth from Industrialization
 Middle Class – managers, accountants,
ministers, lawyers, doctors
 Factory workers
 Adam Smith – Free Market System –
private ownership; products should be sold
in a free and open market; laissez-faire
capitalism – would lead to better
opportunities to everyone
 Karl Marx – German economist and
philosopher
 Wrote The Communist Manifesto –
foundation of socialism and communism
 Working class would eventually revolt and
take control of the means of production
 Believed that the government, courts,
police, church were on the side of the rich
and against the workers
 Luddites – British workers that revolted but
some were executed.
 People began to see the inhumane side
of the factory system
 Two Basic Opinions
 Capitalism is good, just needs reform to
minimize the bad effects – US, Britain
 Capitalism is bad and needs to be
replaced (with Socialism) – Russia
 Most of Europe mixed the two: Socialism
and Capitalism
 Capitalism and Enlightenment Combine
 Britain passes Factory Act of 1883 –
limited work hours, restricted child labor,
required safe work conditions
 Labor unions were formed
 Eventually improved standard of living and
social mobility
 Women left factories and returned to
traditional roles in the home
 Women’s suffrage movement
 Many however fled Europe to N. and S.
America looking for improvement or
escaping cruelties at home.
 In search of Natural Resources
 European countries exploited their
colonies for their natural resources;
Europe became extremely wealthy at their
colonies expense
 The rest of the world became exposed to
Europe and European ideas
 Limited raw materials depleted faster than
at any time in human history
 European Justification
 Europe was very ethnocentric and viewed
other cultures as barbarian and uncivilized
 Social Darwinists (Charles Darwin) - the
dominant race would rise to the top – “the
survival of the fittest”; since Britain was the
most powerful, then they were superior to
other races
 Rudyard Kipling wrote “White Man’s Burden” –
Europeans had a moral obligation dominate or
“teach” other people how to be more civilized.
European Imperialism in India
 India – Mughal Empire – in decline due to
fighting wars and religious conflict (Islam and
Hinduism); European traders already there for
tea, sugar, silk, salt and jute
 France and England – rivaled in N. America,
Europe and India (England wins all three)
 British East India Company defeat the French in
the Bengal region
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Continued to weaken Mughals
Set up administrative regions all throughout India
1798 – Ceylon (Sri Lanka) falls to Britian
Early 1800’s N. India fall to Britain
 Sepoy
 Indians who worked for British
 Became increasingly alarmed by the company’s
progression; did not respect the local customs
 Sepoys tried to rebel, but was crushed
 British parliament steps in and took control of
India away from the East India Company; all of
India became a crown colony; the last Mughal
emperor was sent into exile
 India became model of British imperialism;
upper castes were educated – dreamed of
freeing India from Britain
 Indian National Congress – began the path
toward independence (wouldn’t happen until
after WWII)
European Imperialism in China
 Britain introduced China to opium which leads to
a widespread and destructive drug habit
 Manchu emperor issued edict banning the sell or
use of opium; seized British Opium in Canton in
1839
 Opium War – Britain’s military overwhelmed
China; signed Treaty of Nanjing – Britain was
allowed to expand opium trade in China
 1843 – Britain declared Hong Kong as a crown
possession.
 2nd Opium War – China Defeated
 Britain fought more for trading rights rather than
the establishment of colonies
 The world realized that China was weak
 The Chinese knew that their government
was weak
 White Lotus Rebellion (failed)
 Taiping Rebellion (failed)
 Sino-French War – lost Vietnam to France
 Sino-Japanese War – gave Japanese
control of Taiwan and trading rights (Japan
also defeated Korea)
 Spheres of influence – France, Germany,
Russia, Britain all had a slice of China; not
quite colonies
 The Boxer Rebellion
 Boxers – anti-Manchu, anti-European, antiChristian; organized themselves in response to
the Manchu govt.’s defeats
 Used guerilla warfare tactics – slaughtered
missionaries and took over foreign embassies
 Foreign reinforcement quickly put down the
rebellion – Manchus were forced to sign Boxer
Protocol – formally apologize and pay
Europeans and Japanese
 Manchu Dynasty ended – a republic was
established
European Imperialism in Japan
 Commodore Matthew Perry shocked Japan
out of their isolationism with his steamboat
 Treaties that favored US
 Treaty of Kanagawa
 Japanese nationalists revolted against
shogun that signed these treaties and
restored Emperor Meiji to power
 Westernization – Japan would emerge as a
world power
 Universal Military Service of all men –
samurai warrior class was abolished
 After their own Industrial Revolution,
Japan could compete equally with
Europe and U.S.
 Became their own imperial power:
 Defeated China – controlled Korea and
Taiwan
 Russo-Japanese War – kicked Russia out
of Manchuria
European Imperialism in Africa
 Between 1807 and 1820 – The slave
trade was abolished (but slavery still
existed)
 Some former slaves returned to Africa
(US Slaves emigrated to Liberia)
 Europe would then turn to control Africa
 South Africa
 Dutch first established ports in Cape Town
 British seized Cape Town and the Boers
(Dutch) moved interior (Transvaaldiscovered gold and diamonds)
 Boer War – British wins and annexed S.
Africa and gains control over the resources
(gold and diamonds)
 1910 – Union of South Africa – had their
own constitution (only white men could
vote); African National Congress – effort to
oppose British colonialism
 Egypt
 Ottomans Ruled Egypt – very weak
 Napoleon tries to conquer – Muhammad Ali
defeats French and Ottomans and gains control
 Ali begins westernization and industrialization
 Suez Canal construction begins with help of the
French (connects Med. Sea with Indian Ocean)
 Egypt need money and started selling stock in
its canal – Britain bought it, and controlled the
canal and moved its way into Egypt (however
Egyptians remained in political power)
 France went to Nigeria and Italians became
interested in Africa as well
 Race of Colonization of Africa
 Berlin Conference – set up rules of
European colonization of Africa
 Almost entire continent was
colonized by Europe – had direct
control over colonies (except
Britain)
 Had no concern of boundary lines
as far as cultural groups and
disrupted traditional tribal boundary
lines
American Revolution
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France and Britain battle over lands in N.
America
French and Indian War (in Europe called the
Seven Years’ War) – Britain wins and pushes
France to the North and England’s territory
pushed Westward
Britain wanted colonists to help pay for the war
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Acts were passed to increase revenue for the war
No representation in England’s parliament
Thomas Paine – Common Sense – encouraged
colonists to support independence movement
France volunteers to help colonists (to avenge
the Seven Years’ War)
French Revolution
 Huge War Debt – needed to raise taxes
 Calls the Estates General meeting (hasn’t
met in 175 years)
 1st Estate – Clergy (church workers)
 2nd Estate – Noble families
 3rd Estate – everyone else; 95% of population
(peasants, middle class, etc.)
 3rd estate unhappy with no new
constitutional rights declared themselves
the National Assembly – storms the Bastille
(a huge prison); Anarchy begins
 The Declaration of the Rights of Man
 Abolished feudal system
 Right to worship
 Took king and his family to Paris so they
couldn’t interfere
 Creates first modern nation-state
 National Assembly ratifies a new
constitution (constitutional monarchy – kept
the king as executive power)
 Due to family ties, Austria and Prussia
invade France to restore the monarchy
 New constitution – Convention – abolished
monarchy, France is a republic, Jacobins
imprison royal family and beheads the king
 Reign of Terror
 Committee of Public Safety – led by
Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins
 Beheaded thousands of French citizens for
anti-revolutionary ideas
 France takes back the Committee and
beheads Robespierre; new constitution –
the Directory – Five man Govt.
 One of the men in the Directory was
Napoleon
 Napoleonic Code
 Made France an aggressor
 France (Napoleon) builds an empire
across Europe
 Invaded Russia but was forced back,
caused the demise of his army and
was forced to go into exile – tried to
return from exile and attempt to regain
power but was defeated at Waterloo
 Congress of Vienna
 Tried to rebalance European powers
 Restored Monarchs (what France had
worked so hard to overcome)
Latin America Independence
 Haiti – 1st independent nation
 90% of population were slaves;
Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture – a
former slave – leads a Haitian
revolt
 Yellow fever killed many French
 L’Ouverture was captured, but his
lieutenant Dessalines, declares
Haiti a republic
 South America
 Napoleon appointed his brother to
Spanish crown, however colonists
remained loyal to their Spanish
King
 Simon Bolivar – appointed leader
in Venezuela
 Formed national congress – declared
themselves independent from Spain
 Won freedom for Gran Columbia
 Wanted a huge S. American country
(like the U.S.)
 Jose de San Martin
 Argentina
 Creole Military officer in Spanish Army
 Joined O’Higgins of Chile and took the
revolutionary movement through Chile and Peru
(where he joined forces with Bolivar)
 Brazil
 Portuguese family fled to Brazil (Napoleon
invaded Portugal)
 Pedro – king’s son, considered Brazil his
home and when the family returned, he
stayed declaring them independent from
Portugal
 Pedro II – coffee exporter; abolished slavery
 Landowners revolted and established a
republic
 Effects of Independence
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Did not cause widespread freedom
Slavery and peasants still existed
No middle class
Catholic Church was very powerful and
supported the wealthy landowners
 Economies of LA was still dependent
on Europe (did not diversify and still
participated in Europe’s mercantilism)
 Chile, Brazil and Argentina were
exceptions
Unification of Italy and
Germany
Refer back to the packet
of Notes you have!!!
Other Political Developments
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Russia
 Czars had absolute power
 Most were serfs with no rights
 Secret police were used to squash
rebellion
 Alexander II – Emancipation Edict –
abolished serfdom – serfs were given
land but had to pay huge payments to
government to keep; some moved to
cities
 Small middle class begin to emerge
 Russian artists:
 Tolstoy – Anna Karenina and War and
Peace
 Dostoyevsky – The Brothers Karamazov
 Tchaikovsky – Swan Lake and The
Nutcracker
 Russian intellectual class begin to speak
against monarchy
 Forms The People’s Will and assassinate
Alexander II
 Alexander III – Russification – everyone
was expected to learn Russian language
and convert to Russian Orthodoxy
 Nicholas II – Socialists were
organizing; suffered loss of
Japanese-Ruso war (lost
Manchuria); Bloody Sunday – troops
fired on a peaceful protest
 Czar attempted reforms (created
prime minister and duma-a body
intended to represent the people);
reforms were too late
 Ottoman Empire
 Continuous fight with Russia over the
Balkans and the Black Sea.
 Greece, Egypt, Arabia – successful
independence movements
 Crimean War – Britain and France try
to keep the Ottoman Empire going so
that Russia would not overtake the E.
Mediterranean sea
 Russia is defeated in the Crimean War
 U.S. Foreign Policy
 Monroe Doctrine – President Monroe
wanted to ensure that Europe would not
recolonize the Americas; Britain backed up
in fear of Spain trying to recolonize
 Latin America saw this as a way of U.S.
imperializing against them
 U.S. built Panama Canal – after Panama
was encouraged to declare independence
from Columbia
 Spanish American War – U.S. helped Cuba
and Puerto Rico revolutionaries; US
defeated Spanish Navy and gained control
of Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines; Cuba
was given independence, in exchange the
US built two naval bases in Cuba
IMPORTANT:
Read Pulling It All
Together: pg 214-216