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Latin America
 The duration and isolation of early American cultures
 a)
kept them from developing many of the attributes of
civilization.
 b) prevented the formation of social classes and slavery.
 c) distinguished them from the world's other major
cultural regions.
 d) resulted in irreversible damage to the environment.
 e) protected them from the ills of civilization.
 Ans: c
 What plants were domesticated and formed the staple of the
Mesoamerican diet?
 a) Corn, beans, and squash
 b) Grapes, wheat, and olives
 c) Wheat, barley, and legumes
 d) Taro, plantains, and melons
 e) Rice, yams, and plantains
 Ans: a
 The staple food of Mesoamerica was
 a. squash.
 b. beans.
 c. fish.
 d. maize. *
 e. potato.
 The first society of Mesoamerica, which founded
traditions followed by all later societies, was the
 a. Maya.
 b. Olmec. *
 c. Teotihuacan.
 d. Mochica.
 e. Aztec.
 The makers of the “giant head” carvings in Mesoamerica
were part of which civilization?
 a) Olmec
 b) Toltec
 c) Zapatec
 d) Oaxacan
 e) Chavín
 Ans: a
 The only domesticated beast of burden in the Andean region
was the
 a) horse.
 b) llama.
 c) camel.
 d) bison.
 e) vicuña.
 Ans: b
 The Olmecs traded extensively in all of the following
items except
 a. horses. *
 b. jade.
 c. obsidian.
 d. small works of art.
 e. animal skins.
 Which Mesoamerican group practiced human sacrifice?
 a)
Maya
 b) Aztec
 c) Olmec
 d) Toltec
 e) All of these
 Ans: e
 Maya sacrificial victims typically consisted of
 a)
volunteers.
 b) drafted commoners who “lost” the lottery.
 c) slaves who were old or no longer valuable.
 d) captured nobility from other areas.
 e) prisoners of war.
 Ans: d
 Which of the following mathematical concepts,
essential for positional notation and the manipulation
of large numbers, was invented by Mayan
mathematicians?
 a. infinity
 b. zero *
 c. long division
 d. exponential notation
 e. negative numerals
 The most flexible and sophisticated system of writing
found in the ancient Americas was created by
 a. the Olmecs.
 b. the Maya. *
 c. the Teotihuacan society.
 d. the Chavin cult.
 e. the Incas.
 Which of the following groups was the earliest
Mesoamerican civilization?
 a) Toltecs
 b) Olmec
 c) Maya
 d) Aztecs
 e) Oaxacans
 Ans: b
 Aztec religion was
 a)
monotheistic.
 b) henotheistic.
 c) dualistic.
 d) agnostic.
 e) polytheistic.
 Ans: e
 The principal reason for human sacrifice among the Aztecs
was
 a) to punish enemies.
 b) to enhance the power of the emperor.
 c) intimidation and conquest.
 d) The god Huitzilopochtli required a diet of human
hearts.
 e) entertainment.
 Ans: d
 The capital of the Aztec empire was





a. Tula
b. Teotihuacan.
c. Cuzco.
d. Tenochtitlan. *
e. Chichén Itźa.
 Llamas and alpacas were valued by the Incas for
 a)
wool.
 b) food.
 c) transportation.
 d) all of the these.
 e) none of these; they were sacred to Incan religion.
 Ans: d
 Rulers of which group deliberated state policy in the
presence of the mummies of their predecessors?
 a. Inca *
 b. Aztec
 c. Chimu
 d. Pueblo
 e. Maya
 What two nations began a maritime revolution that
profoundly altered the course of world history?
 a) England and France
 b) Portugal and Spain
 c) Germany and Russia
 d) China and Japan
 e) Greece and Italy
 Ans: b
 Conquistador means
 a)
conqueror.
 b) lawgiver.
 c) bringer of Christ.
 d) convict.
 e) communist.
 Ans: a
 The motives that led to Iberian overseas expansion were
 a)
economic.
 b) religious.
 c) political.
 d) intellectual.
 e) all of these.
 Ans: e
 Columbus insisted that he had reached
 a)
the Indian Ocean.
 b) the West Indies.
 c) the New World.
 d) China.
 e) Malacca.
 Ans: a
 The most profitable and strongest colonization by Europe
was in
 a) Africa.
 b) China.
 c) India.
 d) the Americas.
 e) Newfoundland.
 Ans: d
 The first Amerindians to contact the Spanish were the
 a)
Aztecs.
 b) Arawaks.
 c) Maya.
 d) Incas.
 e) Cassava.
 Ans: b
 Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca Empire with
 a)
180 men.
 b) 1,800 men.
 c) 18,000 men.
 d) 180,000 men.
 e) The Inca Empire defeated Pizarro.
 Ans: a
 Death rates among Amerindian peoples during the
epidemics of the early colonial period were
 a) very high.
 b) average.
 c) very low.
 d) no higher than at other times.
 e) nonexistent; death rates ceased during this period.
 Ans: a
 What was the most deadly of the epidemics in the Americas?
 a)
Smallpox
 b) Syphilis
 c) Influenza
 d) Measles
 e) Cholera
 Ans: a
 What effect did European horses have on the Americas?
 a)
 b)
 c)
Increased military capacity and hunting efficiency
Decreased military capacity and hunting efficiency
No impact because religious prohibitions prevented its
use
 d) No appreciable impact because they already had the
horse
 e) The decline in the alpaca population
 Ans: a
 By the end of the sixteenth century, what country occupied
most of the Brazilian coast?
 a) Spain
 b) England
 c) Portugal
 d) France
 e) Austria
 Ans: c
 The most important agent for transmitting European beliefs,
language, and culture in Spanish America and Brazil was the
 a) Council of the Indies.
 b) Spanish and Portuguese armies.
 c) Catholic Church.
 d) plantation system.
 e) Lantern Council.
 Ans: c
 An encomienda was
 a)
a form of forced labor and tribute.
 b) a plantation for mining precious metals.
 c) a plantation for growing sugar.
 d) an agreement with Amerindians.
 e) a disease of the lower intestine.
 Ans: a
 In Brazil, the economic importance of Amerindian slaves was
eventually superseded by
 a) Asian slaves.
 b) European peasants.
 c) African slaves.
 d) better technology.
 e) animal power.
 Ans: c
 How did the English and French American colonies differ
from the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies?
 a) The Spanish and Portuguese forced their languages on
the population.
 b) The English and French used direct government control
to develop colonies.
 c) The Spanish and Portuguese ruled with “benign
neglect.”
 d) The English and French developed colonies through the
efforts of private companies.
 e) They did not differ at all in their policies.
 Ans: d
 Which new form of compulsory labor was first introduced by
the English in North America?
 a) Black slave labor
 b) Amerindian slave labor
 c) Indentured servants
 d) The mita and encomienda
 e) The chinampa system
 Ans: c
 Which of the following is not one way that the Amerindian
population reacted to the colonial economy?
 a) They provided furs and deerskins to European traders.
 b) Amerindian hunting and gathering and agricultural
practices were disrupted.
 c) They became dependent on European goods.
 d) The natural balance of plants and animals was
disrupted.
 e) They eventually grew wealthy from this contact.
 Ans: e
 Plantation economies grew all of the following labor
intensive crops except
 a) tobacco.
 b) cotton.
 c) rice.
 d) sugar.
 e) squash.
 Ans: e
 The French settlements in America resembled Spanish and
Portuguese colonies in that they wanted to
 a) draft Amerindians for military service.
 b) extract resources and convert the population to
Christianity.
 c) free the Amerindians from oppression by the Aztec
kings.
 d) protect the environment while preserving Amerindian
culture.
 e) do none of these; the French actually resembled the
English more than they did the Spanish or Portuguese.
 Ans: b
 The Enlightenment was the intellectual movement in which
 a)
the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution
were applied to human society.
 b) the methods and questions of the Confucian
examination system were applied to society.
 c) the methods and ideology of the Protestant Reformation
were applied to society.
 d) the ideas of the Renaissance were applied to society.
 e) the ideas of the absolutist rulers were applied to society.
 Ans: a
 The Enlightenment was the intellectual movement in which
 a)
the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution
were applied to human society.
 b) the methods and questions of the Confucian
examination system were applied to society.
 c) the methods and ideology of the Protestant Reformation
were applied to society.
 d) the ideas of the Renaissance were applied to society.
 e) the ideas of the absolutist rulers were applied to society.
 Ans: a
 Aside from the brutal conditions on Saint Domingue, the
island erupted in revolt because
 a) of the intervention of the English navy.
 b) of the turmoil in revolutionary France.
 c) all trade and exports were cut off.
 d) the planter elites started their own government.
 e) of the mystical visions of its leader.
 Ans: b
 Who was François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture?
 a)
The leader of a slave revolt in Saint Domingue
 b) The Caribbean delegate to the French Revolutionary
Council
 c) The great impressionist painter of the French Revolution
 d) The son of Robespierre and the Empress Josephine
 e) The French general who crushed the slave revolt in Saint
Domingue
 Ans: a
 Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, which unified
 a)
the peoples of all Spanish-speaking America.
 b) the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking territories.
 c) Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into one nation.
 d) Central and South America into one coalition.
 e) Haiti, Antigua, and Brazil into one nation.
 Ans: c
 The Mexican revolutionaries José María Morelos and Miguel
Hidalgo y Costilla were
 a) lawyers.
 b) priests.
 c) military officers.
 d) labor union organizers.
 e) physicians.
 Ans: b
 The two areas in Latin America that retained monarchy
(initially) were
 a) Mexico and Bolivia.
 b) Peru and Chile.
 c) Uruguay and Paraguay.
 d) Mexico and Brazil.
 e) Brazil and Argentina.
 Ans: d
 With the end of colonialism in the Americas, Amerindians
 a)
were no longer exploited.
 b) lost the protection of the colonial powers.
 c) could once again settle on their own lands.
 d) could control their own destinies.
 e) were deported from the continent.
 Ans: b
 Caribbean settlers were not enthusiastic about independence
from European imperial governments because they
 a) worried that disaster relief would not be provided.
 b) feared slave revolts.
 c) feared that trade would diminish.
 d) felt vulnerable to economic takeover by the United
States.
 e) feared the rise of Caribbean tourism.
 Ans: b
 France's support for slavery decreased after
 a)
the Haitian Revolution.
 b) the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
 c) Napoleon conscripted slaves to fight his wars against
Britain, promising freedom in exchange for military service.
 d) sale of the Louisiana Territory reduced its need for
plantation labor.
 e) the French economy focused more on wine production
and handicrafts than industrialized manufacture.
 Ans: a
 The term mestizo refers to

a. the coins that were used in the Aztec empire.
b. an individual of indigenous and European parentage.

*

c. the Spanish plantations on which millions of Central
and South Americans were enslaved.

d. the Aztec term for the mysterious disease that
devastated their population.

e. the percentage of silver that went to the Spanish
government.
 The most important factor in explaining the Spanish victory
over the Aztecs and Incas was

a. the overwhelming Spanish superiority in guns and
cannons.

b. the devastating loss of life caused by European-borne
diseases. *

c. the Spanish strength in numbers.

d. the military precision of the well-trained Spanish
troops.

e. the Spanish alliance with the Maya.
 Hernán Cortés was responsible for the conquest of the
 a. Tainos.
 b. Chimu.
 c. Inca.
 d. Aztecs. *
 e. Moche.
 The last emperor of the Aztec empire was
 a. Atahualpa.
 b. Motecuzoma II. *
 c. Itzcoatl.
 d. Topa.
 e. Motecuzoma I.
 The conquistador who conquered the Inca was
 a. Balboa.
 b. Cortes.
 c. Cabral.
 d. Magellan.
 e. Pizarro. *
 For the Spanish, the greatest attraction of the Americas was
 a. precious metals. *
 b. tobacco.
 c. a new class of trading partners to buy Spanish
manufactured goods.
 d. sugar.
 e. slaves.