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Imperialism, Alliances, and War 1850-1900 Europe exercised influence over rest of world: emigrants streamed out almost all of Africa divided b/t European nations, dominance formed a world economy Fostered hostility and competition in Europe and a terrible war that undermined it’s strength peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the West, treated Germany harshly frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed Europe’s peace, prosperity and dominance Expansion of European Power and New Imperialism Explosive developments in science industry agriculture and military powered Europe allowed a few Europeans to impose will on others Europeans had another weapon: they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867 contradicted capitalism; After 1867 European states spread control over 1/5 world land area: New Imperialism The New Imperialism New Imperialism invested capital in less industrialized country transform local economy and culture and would loan money or intimidate local rulers Failing that dominant power would establish more direct political control full annexation Colony Protectorate ”spheres of influence” Motives for the New Imperialism: The Economic Interpretation Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism” European powers didn’t make full monopoly not many colonies formed Cultural, Religious, and Social Interpretations Justifications for imperialism duty to bring civilization to backward peoples tool of social policy Britain Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as source of profit to finance welfare some argued colonies would attract a country’s excess population most went to America) Strategic and Political Interpretations: the Scramble for Africa Great Britain Only power w/extensive overseas holdings on eve of the scramble Britain purchased major interest in Suez canal 1875 when Egypt troubled, British established control/advanced into Sudan North Africa Who took over N. Africa How was the take over of North Africa unique? What specific territories were taken over? Egypt Who took over Egypt How was the take over of Egypt unique? What issues made Egypt a complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken over? The Belgian Congo Who took over the Congo How was the take over of the Congo unique? What issues made the Congo a complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken over? France and Smaller Nations 1830 sent expedition to attack pirates in Algiers extended their control took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West Africa, Congo and Madagascar smaller states acquired new African colonies compelled Britain to expand political status equated with # of colonies Germany: Bismarck declared protectorates over Southwest East Africa Togoland Cameroons acquired only for diplomatic position The Irrational Element Germany’s annexations started scramble areas not profitable/strategic In Asia, Japan emerged as great power Frightened other powers interested in China Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of Liaotung Peninsula US proposed Open Door Policy 1899 By turn of century became informal protectorate for all of Western Hemisphere most of world came under industrialized West(except for Ottoman Empire fate closely tied w/European developments) Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-1890) German Empire revolutionized diplomacy Britain/Russia retained standings Austria severely weakened nationalism threatened disintegration France damaged by Franco-Prussian War afraid of new neighbor Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-1890) After 1871, Bismarck declared Germany satisfied didn’t want territory afraid of war cooled French resentment prevented alliance of France w/another nation War in the Balkans Bismarck established Three Emperors’ League: Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873) Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War in 1875 Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to rebel Russia joined fray Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace: Treaty of San Stefano:(1878) Russian victory got money/land, alarmed other powers, jingoism: superpatriotism The Congress of Berlin Disraeli sent fleet to Constantinople Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin under Bismarck Bulgaria reduced, Austria-Hungary given Bosnia/Herzegovina some territories divided up Balkan states annoyed by settlement resented Austrian occupation south Slavic question a threat to Europe German Alliances with Russia and Austria Bismarck made secret treaty w/Austria Would aid each other if attacked by Russia Frightened Russia into bargaining w/Germany Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans w/Austria The Triple Alliance Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria and Germany 1882 Bismarck negotiated the Reinsurance Treaty Russia would stay neutral if attacked William II gained German throne in 1888 Impetuous disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an empire Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907) Franco-Russian Alliance after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890 system of alliances collapsed succeeded by General Leo von Caprivi alienated Russia drove Russians toward France alliance against Germany signed 1894 Britain and Germany Germany became enemy in British eyes overtook British production William II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mind Barred British attempts to build railroad from Capetown to Cairo other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that Germany could make trouble for them Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, doomed to failure, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain, they abandoned friendship At first, Britain wasn’t concerned embarrassed from Boer war tried to make Alliance Germans refused, held out for greater concessions The Entente Cordiale British ended “splendid isolation” Allied w/Japan to defend against Russia, settled differences w/France after Russo-Japanese War of 1905 British apprehension toward Russia was lowered The First Moroccan Crisis 1905, William II tried instigating independence in Morocco challenge to France Germans demanded international conference to show power met in 1906 in Spain Austria sided w/Germans Spain sided w/Britain/ France: Germany overplayed their hand, pushed France/Britain together British Agreement with Russia With French support British made agreement with Russia like Entente Cordiale settled quarrels in Asia Triple Entente formed vs. Triple Alliance Germany felt encircled let up on Austria in Dual Alliance Bismarck’s alliances shattered The Road to War (1908-1914) Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Peninsula, mostly nationalist Slavs, wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia especially); Young Turks brought revolution in Ottoman Empire 1908 threatened to revive it and stop European powers from pouncing on its corpse 1908, The Bosnian Crisis Austria/Russia made deal: Russia would support annexation of Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria supported opening of Dardanelles to Russian warships Austria annexed 1st Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Britain/France; Serbs frustrated by annexation, Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s refusal The Second Moroccan Crisis Germany sent gunboat Panther to Morocco angered Britain turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto alliance War in the Balkans Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire, – in 1912, many states attacked empire/won easily forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan states to attack dispute over division of territory, 2nd Balkan War in 1913 Austria determined to suppress Slavs Serbs retreat Austrians got better results from brute force than diplomacy Causes of World War One Although it was the assassination of the Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand that led to the outbreak of world war one in August 1914, the actual causes of the war were more complicated Complicated Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Militarism Sarajevo and Outbreak of War Assassin killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Black Hand) supported by Serbian government Germany’s and Austria’s Response Germany promised German support on attack on Austria July 28- Austria declared war on Serbia Russia ordered partial mobilization against Austria July 30- Austria ordered mobilization against Russia Aug 1-3 Germany invaded Luxembourg and Belgium Triple Entente Response Aug 4- Britain declared war and Germany invaded France Strategies and Stalemate Allied superior in numbers and financial resources and command of sea Central powers advantages of communication and first attack New Weapons Machine Guns made cavalry redundant Later on Tanks -- after 1916 -- they made Trench warfare impossible in later wars. Chemical Weapons - Mustard Gas New Diseases - Shell Shock War in the West Schlieffen Plan- going around French defenses by going through Belgium and going south and east to crush against German fortresses Germany defensive war in east Schlieffen died and left to Moltke to execute plan Hesitant strategy and mistakes led to failure France and Britain stopped German in Battle of Marne Each side dug in behind a wall of trenches with machine gun nests and artillery War in the East Hindenburg captured/destroyed entire Russian army at Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes The Home Front Popular Support: Most people in the various countries saw the war in nationalistic/patriotic terms -- White Feathers (chicken/dove) were given to non-fighting men in Britain Total War and Economic Mobilization: Mobilizing for total war Factories Munitions Pub hours in England were shortened Rationing - especially harsh in Germany Total control of economic and social life to obtain a common goal strengthened socialist ideals. Labor shortages brought about benefits for organized labor. Role of Women Changes drastically as women entered labor force. Right to vote was granted after the war to women in Britain and Germany and Austria. Breaking the Deadlock Winston Churchill proposed to attack Ottoman Empire Falkenhayn failed at Verdun Germans responded to British Blockade with unrestricted sub warfare Americans angry after torpedoed Lusitania Battle of Jutland confirmed British control of sea Feb 1- Germany announces unrestricted sub warfare and U.S. breaks diplomatic relations Germany had won against Russia, but by 1916 morale had declined, The United States entered the war. The "Lusitania" 1915 1,200 die (inc. 118 Americans) Altered American public opinion. The Zimmerman Telegram America Enters the War 1917: Germany had to act quickly before the US forces built up. Spring Offensive by Germany -- March 1918 Russia Revolution Tsar adjourned Duma and ruled alone March 1917- Petrograd worker demonstrations Tsar abdicated on Mar. 15 Began to organize soviets, councils of workers and soldiers Lenin and the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks demanded all political power go to soviets Coup failure and Lenin fled to Finland, and Leon Trotsky imprisoned Trotsky organized coup on Nov.6 and Bolsheviks ruled Russia Communist Dictatorship Bolshevik gov. decrees that nationalized land turned over to peasant proprietors Bolsheviks took Russia out of War Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- treaty with Germany that Russia lost vast amounts of territory and pay much war reparations Last Push Germany pushed for one last offensive and got no further from Marne Prince Max of Baden asked for peace on 14 points End of the Ottomans Ottomans under the “Young Turks” had sided with Germany. Russian and British forces defeated the Ottomans British aided by the Arabs under the control of Hussein the sherif of Mecca. 1920 Peace treaty dismantles the Ottomans, large portions of the empire fell under the control of England and France. Turkish nationalists under Ataturk founds the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Settlement at Paris The Allies Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) The Fourteen Points Jan 8 1918 Self Determination - was it a good idea (think of problems with this in Eastern Europe) Aims of Other Allies Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) David Lloyd George (1865-1945, PM 1916-1922) Vittoria Emanuale Orlando, 1860-1952 Britain: France: Bowed to public opinion at home, and they wanted reparations. Wanted the destruction of German Threat and Reparations. Provisions - The New Europe Nine new "nation-states": Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary. France - gains Alsace-Lorraine Germany - loses territory Alsace-Lorraine Saarland A lot of Prussia to Poland Austria-Hungary: An Empire disappears Austria - a small state Hungary - (problem - many Hungarians in Transylvania, which was given to Romania). Czechoslovakia - the democratic success story -Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians (Problem - Germans in Sudetenland) Balkans Yugoslavia - Serbia grows and gains a little empire over Croats, Slovenes. Dalmatians, Macedonians, Bosnians, some Hungarians, and Montenegrins (Problem - Albanians.) Rumania - gains territory Transylvania + Moldavia + many Hungarians. Gypsies ignored. Bulgaria Loses land to Yugoslavia and Greece Russia -- loses a lot of land Finland Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Poland Moldavia to Rumania Colonies: German colonies are divided up. Britain gets African lands Japan gets Asian lands. Ottoman Empire Britain and France divided the Middle East. Britain renegades on promise made to Arabs. Greece tried to conquer Western Anatolia The New Turkey, under the leadership of Kemal Ataturk repulsed and drove out the Greeks Reparations Germany was to pay $5 Billion per year until 1921 Then a fixed sum which would be paid off over 30 years. Never paid, and could not be, Infuriated the Germans. League of Nations A League of Nations to be established to govern later disputes. Germany and Russia excluded. USA would not join. It never worked. Germany’s Surrender The War Guilt Clause – Germany was not instigator of the War, it was regard as main defeated power. "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies“ Not a complete defeat. Military Defeat not acknowledged by the army. Military insisted that the Civil Government bears the blame. Made things hard for the new postwar government. Led to UK and USA really leaving France to enforce the Treaty, - France was unable to this. Versailles settlement managed to set the scene for the next war within 25 years.