Download Early America - Davis School District

OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
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American Communities: The
English and Algonquians at Roanoke
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American Communities: The
English at Roanoke
Colony off the North Carolina coast
founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585
Goal was to find wealth: furs, gold or silver,
and plantation agriculture
Conflict with Algonquians led to
abandonment of colony by English
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Seeing History A Watercolor from the
First Alonquian-English Encounter.\
Remember about this concept of
contact
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American Communities: The
English Roanoke
Conflicts occurred, leading to John White’s return
to England for support.
Three years later, White returned to Roanoke.
Found colony destroyed and no trace of colonists.
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Colonists may have created the
first mixed community of English
and Indians in North America.
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The Expansion of Europe
Majority of population Christian
Harsh living conditions: famine prevalent
Plague wiped out one-third of Europe’s
population, 1347–1353.
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Who is Prince Henry?
What was the Social Structure of Europe?
Who were Artisans and Merchants?
What powers did the Roman Catholic
Church have?
Why is it “King Isabella”?
What were some of the diseases and wars?
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MAP 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century By the middle of the century, the
monarchs of western Europe had unified their realms and begun to build royal
bureaucracies and standing armies and navies. These states, all with extensive Atlantic
coastlines, sponsored the voyages that inaugurated the era of European colonization.
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Columbus
Columbus
Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy
in 1451
He studied geography books, the Bible, Marco
Polo’s writings and Pierre d’Ally’s Picture of the
World, to gather all the information he could about
the world.
He became a chart maker because he believed he
world was a sphere (round) instead of flat.
He wanted to find a shorter route to Asia.
Spanish Involvement
After two failed attempts with King of Portugal, He
asked King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
In 1492, several years after his appeal, he received the
money for the trip.
Columbus Could only keep 10% of the wealth he brought
back.
Columbus bids farewell to the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand at the port of
Palos in August 1492, illustrated in a copperplate engraving published in 1594
by Theodore de Bry of Frankfort.
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Columbus’ Voyage
August 3, 1492 Columbus left
Spain to start his first
voyage
On October 12, 1492 he
discovered land- the island of
San Salvador
The Santa Maria was
destroyed on December 24,
1942
This image
accompanied
Columbus’s account
of his voyage, which
was published in
Latin and reissued
in many other
languages and
editions that
circulated
throughout Europe
before 1500.
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Columbus Reaches the Americas
Columbus voyages marked by slave raiding and
obsession with gold
Columbus died in 1506 still thinking that he had
opened the new way to the Indies.
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Columbus:
“I discovered many islands inhabited by
numerous people. I took possession of all of
them for our most fortunate King by making
public proclamation and unfurling his
standard, no one making any resistance,”
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MAP 2.2 The Invasion of America In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the
Caribbean and used it to stage their successive wars of conquest in North and South
America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic
coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific, mounted the last of the colonial
invasions in the eighteenth century.
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The Invasion of America
In 1517, Spanish under Hernan Cortes reached
Mexico, home of Aztec empire.
Aztecs dominated Central Mexico, extracting tribute and
sacrificing human captives.
Cortes allied with subject peoples and conquered Aztec
empire, aided by disease.
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This map of Tenochititlán, published in 1524 and attributed to the celebrated engraver
Albrecht Dürer, shows the city before its destruction, with the principal Aztec temples in
the main square, causeways connecting the city to the mainland, and an acqueduct
supplying fresh water. The information on this map must have come from Aztec sources,
as did much of the intelligence Cortés relied on for the Spanish conquest.
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The Destruction of the Indies
Spanish horses, guns, and steel overcame Indian
resistance.
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Cortes – Brilliant negotiator and
manipulator
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Spanish adventurers attack a native village on the Columbian coast of the
Caribbean in search of the gold said to be stored there, an engraving published in
1594 by Theodore de Bry.
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The three Gs!!
God
Glory
Gold
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The Destruction of the Indies
The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in
1519 to one million a century later.
By the twentieth century, native population had
fallen by 90 percent.
Diseases were the greatest killer of Indians.
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FIGURE 2.1 North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was
epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the
colonial population overtook North America’s Indian populations.
SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American
Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.
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This drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlán in 1520 is taken from the Florentine Codex, a post conquest history written
and illustrated by Aztec scribes. “There came amongst us a great sickness, a general
plague,” reads the account, “killing vast numbers of people. It covered many all over with
sores: on the face, on the head, on the chest, everywhere. . . . The sores were so
terrible that the victims could not lie face down, nor on their backs, nor move from one
side to the other. And when they tried to move even a little, they cried out in agony.”
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MAP 2.3 The Columbian Exchange Europeans voyaging between Europe, Africa,
Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries began a vast
intercontinental movement of plants, animals, and diseases that shaped the course of
modern history. New World corn and potatoes became staple foods in Africa and
Europe, while Eurasian and African diseases such as smallpox, malaria, and yellow
fever devastated native communities in the Western Hemisphere.
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The First Europeans in
North America
In 1519, first of several unsuccessful colonization
attempts failed in Florida.
Europeans were searching for slaves and the rumored
cities of wealth.
In 1539, Hernan DeSoto and Francisco de Coronado
traveled throughout South, spreading disease that
depopulated and weakened Indian societies looking
for gold.
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The Spanish New World Empire
By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a
powerful American empire.
250,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans
lived in Spanish colonies.
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The Protestant Reformation and
the First French Colonies
German priest Martin Luther began the
Protestant Reformation in 1517.
Protestant John Calvin followers in France
were called Huguenots.
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Sixteenth-Century England
King Henry VIII established the Protestant Church
of England.
“Bloody Mary” murdered hundreds of Protestants.
Queen Elizabeth I encouraged supporters to
subdue Irish Catholics to prevent any invasion
efforts by Spain.
Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of
Ireland, setting English pattern of colonization.
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The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, painted by an unknown artist in 1648. The queen
places her hand on the globe, symbolizing the rising sea power of England. Through the
open windows, we see the battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588 and the destruction
of the Spanish ships in a providential storm, interpreted by the queen as an act of divine
intervention.
SOURCE: “Elizabeth I” ,Armada portrait, c. 1588 (oil on panel), by English School (C 16th) Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library,
London/New York.
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Part One
Introduction
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American Communities: Communities
Struggle with Diversity in SeventeenthCentury Santa Fe
In Santa Fe, the Pueblos clashed with
Spanish authorities over religious practices.
In 1680, Pope, a Pueblo priest, led a
successful revolt that temporarily ended
Spanish rule.
In 1692, Spanish regained control,
loosening religious restrictions.
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New Mexico
Spanish came to Rio Grande valley in
1598 on a quest to find gold and save
souls.
Colony of New Mexico centered
around Santa Fe.
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MAP 3.1 New Mexico in the Seventeenth
Century By the end of the seventeenth
century, New Mexico numbered 3,000 colonial
settlers in several towns, surrounded by an
estimated 50,000 Pueblo Indians living in some
fifty farming villages. The isolation and sense
of danger among the Hispanic settlers are
evident in their name for the road linking the
colony with New Spain, Jornada del Muerto,
“Road of Death.”
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New France
In 1605, French set up an outpost on the Bay
of Fundy to monopolize fur trade.
French had society of inclusion,
intermarried with Indians.
Formed alliances with Indians rather than
conquering
Missionaries attempted to learn more
about Indian customs
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MAP 3.2 New
France in the
Seventeenth
Century By the late
seventeenth century,
French settlements
were spread from
the town of Port
Royal in Acadia to
the post and mission
at Sault Ste. Marie
on the Great Lakes.
But the heart of New
France comprised
the communities
stretching along the
St. Lawrence River
between the towns
of Quebec and
Montreal.
SOURCE: The New York Public
Library/Art Resource, NY.
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Fish and Furs
French were first to explore eastern North American
and established claims to lands of Canada.
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This drawing, by Samuel de Champlain shows how Huron men funneled deer into
enclosures, where they could be trapped and easily killed.
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This illustration, taken from Samuel de Champlain’s 1613 account of the founding of New
France, depicts him joining the Huron attack on the Iroquois in 1609. The French and their
Huron allies controlled access to the great fur grounds of the West. The Iroquois then
formed an alliance of their own with the Dutch, who had founded a trading colony on the
Hudson River. The palm trees in the background of this drawing suggest that it was not
executed by an eyewitness, but rather by an illustrator more familiar with South American
scenes.
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New Netherland
Upon achieving independence, the United
Provinces of the Netherlands developed a global
commercial empire.
Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India
Company
In present-day New York, the Dutch established
settlements, Dutch opened trade with the Iroquois.
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Jamestown and the Powhatan
Confederacy
King James I issued royal charters to establish
colonies.
In 1607, Virginia Company founded Jamestown
colony.
Depended on supplies and new colonists from
England
Seeking trade, Powhatans supplied starving
colonists with food, but soon abandoned that
policy.
.
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By 1609, Powhatan realized that the English
intended to stay
He knew that the English "invade my
people, possess my country.“
Indians thus began attacking settlers,
killing their livestock, and burning such
crops as they planted.
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This 1628 engraving depicts the surprise attack of Indians on Virginia colonists in 1622.
While it includes numerous inaccuracies (the Indians did not possess such large knives
and the colonists lived in far more primitive conditions) the image effectively conveys the
surprise and horror of the English.
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Tobacco, Expansion and, Warfare
Tobacco plantations dominated the economy.
Conflicts between Algonquians and English
occurred from 1622-1632 and again in 1644.
Defeat in 1644 was the last Indian resistance by
the Powhatan Confederacy.
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FIGURE 3.1 Population Growth of the British Colonies in the Seventeenth
Century The British colonial population grew steadily through the century, then
increased sharply in the closing decade as a result of the new settlements of the
proprietary colonies.
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In this eighteenth-century engraving, used to promote the sale of tobacco, slaves
pack tobacco leaves into “hogsheads” for shipment to England, overseen by a
Virginia planter and his clerk. Note the incorporation of the Indian motif.
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Seeing History John Smith’s Cartoon History of His Adventures in Virginia.
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Maryland
In 1632, King Charles I granted ten million acres
at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay to the
Calvert family, the Lords Baltimore.
Maryland was a “proprietary colony” and because
the Calverts were Catholic they encouraged
others of the same faith to migrate to America.
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Indentured Servants
Three-quarters of English migrants to the
Chesapeake arrived as indentured servants who
exchanged passage in return for two to seven years
of labor.
The first African slaves came to the Chesapeake in
1619 but were more expensive than servants.
In terms of treatment, there was little difference
between indentured labor and slavery.
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The Social and Political Values of
Puritanism
Because of Calvinist emphasis on enterprise,
Puritanism appealed most to merchants,
entrepreneurs, and commercial farmers.
Persecution of the Puritans and disputes between
the kings of England and Parliament provided
context for migration of Puritans to New England.
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MAP 3.3 European
Colonies of the Atlantic
Coast, 1607–39 Virginia, on
Chesapeake Bay, was the
first English colony in North
America, but by the midseventeenth century,
Virginia was joined by
settlements of
Scandinavians on the
Delaware River and Dutch
on the Hudson River, as
well as English religious
dissenters in New England.
The territories indicated
here reflect the vague
boundaries of the early
colonies.
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Plymouth Colony
The first English colony in New England was founded
by Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims.
In 1620, they sailed for American and signed the
Mayflower Compact, the first document of selfgovernment in America, before landing at Plymouth.
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The Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1629, a group of wealthy Puritans was
granted a royal charter to found the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Between 1629 and 1643, approximately
20,000 people relocated to Massachusetts.
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Governor John Winthrop, ca.
1640, a portrait by an unknown
artist. Winthrop was first elected
governor of Massachusetts Bay
Colony in 1629, then was voted
out of office and reelected a total
of twelve times.
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Dissent and New Communities
Puritans emigrated for religious freedom but were
not tolerant of other religious viewpoints.
In 1636, Roger Williams
In 1638, Ann Hutchinson
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The first map printed in the English colonies, this view of New England was published in
Boston in 1677. With north oriented to the right, it looks west from Massachusetts Bay, the
two vertical black lines indicating the approximate boundaries of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts. The territory west of Rhode Island is noted as an Indian stronghold, the
homelands of the Narraganset, Pequot, and Nipmuck peoples.
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The Mason Children, by an unknown Boston artist, ca. 1670. These Puritan children—
David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason—are dressed in finery, an indication of the wealth
and prominence of their family. The cane in young David’s hand indicates his position
as the male heir, while the rose held by Abigail is a symbol of childhood innocence.
SOURCE: The Freake-Gibbs Painter (American, Active 1670), “David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason,” 1670. Oil on canvas,39 ½ x 42 ½;
Frame 42 ¾ x 45 ½ x 1 ½ in. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3 rd to The Fine Art Museums of
San Francisco, 1979.7.3.
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The Salem Witch Trials
The cultural mistrust of women
manifested in public witch scares.
The Salem witch scare reflected social
tensions.
The crisis exposed a dark side of
Puritan thinking about women.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDvny9t
FBp0
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MAP 3.4 The Proprietary
Colonies After the
restoration of the Stuart
monarchy in 1660, King
Charles II of England created
the new proprietary colonies
of Carolina, New York,
Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey. New Hampshire was
set off as a royal colony in
1680, and in 1704, the lower
counties of Pennsylvania
became the colony of
Delaware.
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From New Netherland to New York
Competition with England caused a series of three
wars that transferred New Netherland to the
English.
King Charles II gave the colony to his brother the
Duke of York and renamed it New York.
New York boasted the most heterogeneous society
in North America.
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The earliest known view of New Amsterdam, published in 1651. Indian traders are shown
arriving with their goods in a dugout canoe of distinctive design known to have been
produced by the native people of Long Island Sound. Twenty-five years after its founding,
the Dutch settlement still occupies only the lower tip of Manhattan Island.
SOURCE: Fort New Amsterdam, New York, 1651. Engraving. Collection of the New York Historical Society, 77354d.
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The Founding of Pennsylvania
Penn was a Quaker and established his colony as a
“holy experiment.”
Penn purchased the land from the Algonquians,
dealing fairly with the Indians.
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The Delawares presented William Penn with this wampum belt after the
Shackamaxon Treaty of 1682. In friendship, a Quaker in distinctive hat clasps
the hand of an Indian. The diagonal stripes on either side of the figures
represent the “open paths” between the English and the Delawares.
Wampum belts like this one, made from strings of white and purple shell
beads, were used to commemorate treaties throughout the colonial period,
and were the most widely accepted form of money in the northeastern
colonies during the seventeenth century.
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Part Seven
Conflict and War
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MAP 3.5 Spread of
Settlement: British
Colonies, 1650–
1700 The spread of
settlement in the
English colonies in
the late seventeenth
century created the
conditions for a
number of violent
conflicts, including
King Philip’s War,
Bacon’s Rebellion,
and King William’s
War.
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King Philip’s War
Relations between the Plymouth colonists and
Pokanokets deteriorated in the 1670s.
The colonists attempted to gain sovereign authority over the
land of King Philip (Metacom).
After peaceful coexistence lasting forty years, the Indians
realized that the colonists were interested in domination.
King Philip led an alliance of Indian peoples against
the United Colonies of New England and New York in
King Philip’s War.
By 1676, in part due to an alliance between the
Iroquois Confederacy and the English, King Philip’s
War ended in defeat.
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Indians and New Englanders skirmish during King Philip’s War in a detail from John
Seller’s “A Mapp of New England,” published immediately after the war.
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Bacon’s Rebellion and Southern
Conflicts
Nathaniel Bacon demanded the death or
removal of all Indians from the colony.
The governor attempted to suppress
unauthorized military expeditions.
Bacon and his followers rebelled against
Virginia’s royal governor, pillaging the capital
of Williamsburg.
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