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World History Essentials S 2013 1) Define History. A chronological record of significant events, often including an explanation of their causes; cause and effect. 5) Define BC/AD & BCE/CE • BC: Before Christ • AD: Anno Domini • BCE: Before Common Era • CE: Common Era 6) Use dates to measure time • Hint—Add or subtract to calculate using the following formulas: (BCE - BCE), (CE – CE), (BCE + CE). • 1. Constantine’s rule was from 312 CE to 337 CE. Lasted_________________ years • 2. The Augustan Age was from 30 BCE to 14 CE. Lasted_________________ years • 3. The Middle Ages lasted from 500 CE to 1350 CE. Lasted_________________ years • 4. The Pax Romano lasted from 27 BCE to 180 CE. Lasted_________________ years 7) Explain the Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution • Domestication • Systematic Agriculture • People abandon nomadic lifestyle • Food Surplus • Population Boom • Changes environment • Artisans • Civilization Develops! 8) Describe the reason people settled and formed civilization around river valleys. • Transportation • Farming • Fertile Soil • Irrigation • Trade 9) Persia TLC for Mesopotamia • Political: Theocracy. Hammurabi's code • Economic: Agricultural, Traded (via Tigress and Euphrates) • Religious: Polytheistic; gods were violent and unpredictable. • Social: Patriarchal, gender roles/jobs differed • Intellectual: cuneiform, plow • Artistic: Ziggurat • T: wheel, sail boats, plow, calendar • Leadership: Kings • Conflict: Warring common between civilizations 10) Explain what laws can tell us about civilization. • Laws define a society and tell us about the civilizations culture. • Ex: Hammurabi’s code: – Adults > Youth – Men > Women – Rich > Poor (Slaves) 11) Persia TLC for Egypt • • • • • • • • Political: Theocracy, Economic: Trade via Nile River Religious: Polytheistic, Atum (Re), Mummification Social: Slavery widespread, Artisans, Scribes, Intellectual: Hieroglyphics, Artistic: Pyramids T: Bronze, Chariot L: Pharaohs lead Egypt, Old, Middle, New Kingdoms • C: Invaded by Hyskos peoples, Then conquered by Alexander the Great 12) Persia TLC for India • • • • • • • • • P: Cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, E: R: Hinduism, and Buddhism S: Women subservient to men (Suttee), men could take second wife. Aryans brought Caste System (Brahmins, Warriors, Vaisyas, Sudras, Untouchables, I: Galahad Gita, The Vedas, Sanskrit A: T: Sewage Systems, Trash Chutes, water wells, L: Brahmins C: Aryans brought decline to Ancient India 13) Persia TLC for China • P: Dynasties (Xia, Shang, Zhau, Qin, Han) ruled through ‘Mandate of Heaven’, Legalism (replaced by Confucianism) • E: Monetary System • R: Oracle Bones, Ancestor Worship, Confucianism, • S: (King > Royal Advisors > Aristocrats > Merchants / Artisans > Peasants/Farmers > SLAVES), Filial Piety, Patriarchal. • I: Pictographic and ideographic writing • A: Terra Cotta burial Pit • T: Road System, Bronze, Silk, Tea, Gunpowder, crossbow, Paper, Steel, • L: Dynastic Leaders • C: Mandate of Heaven gave right to overthrow Dynasty (Revolution). Mongols to the north. Peasant suffering, 14) Analyze the impact geography had on the development of the ‘Greeks’. • Greece is a small peninsula surrounded by many islands. Greece is 80% mountainous, which isolated Greeks from each other causing them to develop their own ways of life and become fiercely independent. 15) Examine the similarities between the Minoans & Myceneans Minoans • From Crete • Fishing, Trading • Peaceful • Knossos Palace • Language unknown Myceneans • From mainland Greece • War-loving civilization • Barbaric warriors • Spoke Linear-A / B ; earliest form of Greek. 16) Analyze the consequences of Greece in the Dark Age • Food production dropped > population declined. • There are few records of this time, little is known about the Greeks during this time period. • Iron replaced bronze, improving weaponry and farming. • Adopted Phoenician alphabet, making all words with a combination of 24 letters. This made learning to read and write simpler. 17) Analyze the differences between Athens and Sparta. Athens • Democracy (direct, males only). • Women had few rights Sparta • Oligarchy • Warrior civilization; based around war 18) Examine the various systems of government of Greece • Democracy- all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. – USA, Germany, etc… • Oligarchy- a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people – Communist Countries • Tyranny – Gov’t system with a ruler of a cruel and oppressive character who is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution. – North Korea, Nazi Germany, USSR Examine…a) Persian Wars and b) Peloponnesian Wars on Greeks • Persian Wars – Greece fought Persian Empire, Marathon, Thermopylae. By defeating the Persians, Athens became the leader of the Greek world and created an empire. • Peloponnesian Wars – Fought between Greek Superpowers, Athens & Sparta. Athens defeated. weakened the Greek city-states and ruined cooperation among them. For the next 66 years Sparta, Athens, and Thebes struggled for domination. 20) Analyze the importance of Alexander the Great • He modeled himself on Achilles, the Greek hero of the Trojan War featured in Homer’s Iliad. • Through conquering much of the ancient world, Alexander created a new age, called the Hellenistic Era. • Hellenistic means “to imitate Greeks.” After Alexander’s death, four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egypt. 21) Examine the role geography played in the development of people on the Italian Peninsula. • The Italian peninsula juts out into the Mediterranean, making it a natural stopping point for trade and travel. • Greeks settled in southern Italy in search of better farmland. 22) Analyze the transitions from Etruscans to the Creation of the Roman Republic • Etruscans had more impact on early Rome’s development. • In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic. – Patricians – Plebians – Punic Wars with Carthage – Civil Wars 23) Describe the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire • Following civil wars that inundated Rome, Three men emerged victorious - Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar -and combined their power to form the First Triumvirate in 60 B.C. • Caesar becomes 1st consul, assassinated, and replaced the 2nd Triumvirate. • The Senate awarded Octavian the title of Augustus, or “the revered one.” 24) Compare & Contrast… Roman Republic Roman Empire • The Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and set up a republic • The Roman Senate made the laws • The First Triumvirate was formed and ended • Julius Caesar became a dictator • The Twelve Tables were written • Patricians and Plebeians were the two main social classes • The Punic Wars took place between Rome and Carthage • Octavian was the first Roman emperor • The emperor made laws for Rome and the Senate had little power • The Romans built roads to connect their territory • The Romans constructed aquifers to supply fresh water • Patricians and Plebeians were the two main social classes • Fell due to outside and inside invaders 25) Explain what it means to be “Jewish”. • Developed in the Middle East around 1500 BCE • Trace ancestry back to Abraham • Established by Moses when he made a covenant (formal agreement) with YHWH (God) • First monotheistic religion in the world • Torah, Five Books of Moses, The Talmud • Synagogue • Yom Kippur, Rosh Hashanah , Hanukkah 26) Explain what it means to be “Christian” • Developed in the Middle East around the 1st century CE (300’s). • Extension of Judaism • Originated while the Kingdom of Judah was under Roman control . • Trinity • The Bible, Old Testament, New Testament • Christmas, Easter, Lent • Roman Catholic, Orthodox Catholic, Protestant, Etc… 27) Explain the differences… Judaism • See Previous two slides Christianity • See previous two slides 28) Explain what it means to be “Islamic”. • Developed in the Middle East around 600 CE. • Tied to Judaism & Christianity by tracing their roots back to Abraham. • Monotheistic; considered last revelations of Allah to the prophet Muhammad. • Qur'an • Five Pillars of Islam • Ramadan • Mosque 29) Analyze the similarities and differences between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. • See previous slides. 30) Explain what it means to be “Hindu” • Hinduism originated around the Indus River about 4,000 years ago • There is no single founder of Hinduism • The religion formed out of practices of the Aryans • Monotheistic / Polytheistic • Main Gods – Brahma (creator), Vishnu (sustainer), & Shiva (destroyer) • Karma, Dharma, The Vedas, • good karma & dharma = higher level in caste system in next life 31) Explain what it means to be “Buddhist” • Originated in modern-day Nepal, Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a prince, Started around 500 BCE • -Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha, was born into a royal family; they were very wealthy. • Atheistic = belief in no god. • Existence is endless – reincarnation over and over again until achieving nirvana (being freed from this cycle) • The Four Noble Truths & The Eightfold Path 32) Compare… Hinduism See Previous Slides Buddhism • See Previous slides 33) Examine the similarities and differences between African Kingdoms • North African Kingdoms (Nubia / Kush, Aksum, Ghana • • • • Centered on trade Gold Salt Had governments with Kingdom Rulers…Kings. South African Kingdoms • Stateless societies…local rulers. Overall Differences: Many societies were matrilineal, meaning they traced descent through mothers, rather than patrilineal, tracing descent through fathers. 34) Explain the major advancements during the Sui Dynasty. • Reunited China • Grand Canal, linking Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. 35) Explain the major advancements during the Tong Dynasty. • • • • Gave land to peasants Civil Service Examination Silk Road revived Wu Zhao (China’s first and only female empress) 36) Explain the major advancements of the Song Dynasty. • • • • • • Restores order…once again Gunpowder Fire-lance Steel Cotton Silk Road Revival contained…once again 37) Apply Persia TLC to Medieval China. • P: Chinese dynasties, • E: economy grew b/c farming techniques improved and the Chinese began making steel, cotton, gunpowder, Silk Road, tea, silk, and porcelain. • R: Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism • S: ‘Scholar-Gentry’ were a new social class who controlled land. Women less valued. • I: Gunpowder • A: Poetry • T: Landscape paintings (nature scenes) • L: Sui, Tong, Song Dynasties • C: Wait for it…THE MONGOLS 38) Identify who the Mongols are and where they originated from. • The Mongols were pastoral people who came out of the Gobi in the 13th century and took control of much of the known world. • The Mongols existed in clans until they elected Temujin as Genghis Khan (“strong ruler”). 41) Describe the geography of Japan & explain how it shaped the development of the Japanese people. • Geography - Japan is a chain of many islands, mountainous, only 11% of the land is good for farming. • Isolation caused the Japanese to develop a unique culture. • Because of this, they see themselves as having a special destiny, separate from the rest of Asia. 42) Analyze the Japanese social structure and the role of women. Women in early Japan had more rights than in many other areas at the time. -For example, women who were abandoned by their husbands could divorce and remarry. On the other hand, a man could divorce his wife if she did not produce a son, if she talked too much, or if she had a serious illness. 43) Explain the importance of the Samurai & Bushido. • As the centralized government fell apart, local clans took matters into their own hands by hiring samurai (“those who serve”) to protect them and their land. • Samurai were expected to live by a strict coded known as Bushido (“the way of the warrior”). • Samurai’s practiced Zen Buddhism. 45) Explain the main cause of the fall of the Roman Empire. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Barbarian invasions A. Empire too large to protect B. Not Roman citizens Increased military spending A. More soldiers needed to protect borders B. Took money away from other areas of need Inferior technology A. Lack of funding led to lack of technology B. Too busy with fighting wars to improve way of life Political corruption A. Immoral leaders could be bought B. Raised taxes to improve their own wealth Inflation A. Money’s worth greatly declined B. People traded goods rather than buying them 46) Describe how western Europe changed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. • The W.R.E. was replaced by the development of Barbarian Kingdoms. 47) Identify what the Carolingian Empire was and explain why it was unique in Europe at that time. • Started by Charlemagne; a driven, ambitious, intelligent, strong warrior, and a Christian. • He wanted to promote learning and education…which led to the Carolingian Renaissance • The empire spanned most of Western and Central Europe. 48) Examine the impact of the Viking invasion in Europe. A. Vikings invaded from the north 1. They were fierce warriors 2. Sacked towns & villages – raped, burned, plundered 3. Ships allowed them to sail extensively – including up rivers 4. Some people chose to give the Vikings land to build permanent settlements so they would stop attacking 5. Northwestern France, the region of Normandy, is one example 6. Many Vikings converted to Christianity and assimilated into the native cultures 49) Illustrate the Feudal System. • • • • kings dukes and earls counts and barons merchants and artisans (bourgeoisie) • serfs and peasants 50) Explain the benefits of the feudal system. • Fear of invaders (like the Vikings) forced Europeans to turn to nobles for protection. • Stability • System of land distribution • Protection 51) Describe the advancements in agriculture during the Middle Ages. • Wind and Water power. • Iron tools • Shifted from a 2-field system to a 3-field system; which yielded more food. – More food = better health = population boom 52) Explain how the grown of cities is both a… Positive • Trade • Culture Diffusion Negative • Overpopulation • Poor Sanitation • Disease (Black Death, Plague) 53) Explain what the inquisition was and determine its affect on Europeans. The Catholic Church created a court called the Inquisition to find and try heretics, people who denied basic Church doctrines. If someone was suspected of heresy and they… 1. Confessed – they were publicly punished. 2. Refused to confess – they were tortured. 3. Refused to confess after torture – they may be executed. 54) Explain the major reasons for the 100 Years War and the Impact of Joan of Arc. • Took place between England and France from 1337 to 1453. • It began because England controlled some territory that France wanted. • A young French woman named Joan of Arc inspired the French army with her religious visions. • The French were so inspired they were able to defeat the British, who captured Joan and gave her to the Inquisition which condemned her to death for heresy. 55) Describe how the Bubonic Plague affected the population and economy of Europe. • 38 million people died in four years (1/3 to 1/2 of Europe’s pop.) • Labor shortages caused economy to crash • Jews Blamed (Anti-Semitism) 56) Explain the positive contributions made during Medieval Europe. • Innovations of Medieval Europe – Architecture – Romanesque – Gothic • Universities – emerged in Bologna (Italy), Oxford (England), and Paris (France); only men allowed to attend. The Goal: To create a well-rounded individual with many talents • Literature – Written in the vernacular – every day language of the region (English, French, Italian, etc.); not in Latin 57) Describe why the Byzantine Empire was very prosperous. • Location! Mediterranean, Black Sea, Connected the East and the West. • Constantinople was the largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages and was the center of trade between east and west. • Also…it had avoided much of the plague that wiped out northern Europe. 58) Explain the causes and effects of the Crusades. Causes • Religious conflict between Christians and Muslims. • In 1071 a Turkish army defeated Byzantine forces, so Emperor Alexius I asked Europe for military aid. • Military campaigns to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. Effects • Money- Italian cities made $$$ from the trade • Attacks on Jews - The first widespread attacks on Jews began during the Crusades (not Christian – seen as the enemy) • End of Feudalism – Led to strong kings that ruled without aid or assistance from Lords; the “King’s Army”. • Cultural Diffusion - Crusaders returned to Europe with many ideas from the Islamic world, which was more technologically and culturally advanced at the time. 59) Determine the Importance of Religion to the people living in Medieval Europe • Deeply religious • Afterlife is of all importance, so people were willing to sacrifice in their worldly life. – The Crusades – Monks / Nuns 60) Explain the religious conflict between the RCC and the EOC. • Byzantine Emperor’s power was absolute b/c he was seen as chosen by God; also had political control b/c he appointed Church leader (patriarch) – Tension grew between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. • Byzantines refused to recognize the Pope as head of Christianity; the Pope refused to recognize the Byzantine Church. – Their refusal to work together created a schism, or separation, between the two branches of Christianity 61) Describe the Italian Renaissance • A period of great cultural change and achievement* that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. • *Artistically, Educationally, Humanism, Individualism, • “Rebirth” of Greek and Roman culture. • Effected the wealthy living in Italian citystates. 62)Explain how the Northern Renaissance differed from the Italian Renaissance. • Northern European artists, especially those in the Low Countries, portrayed their world realistically, but in a different way than Italian artists. • Less secular, More religious. • More scenes of daily life. 63) Examine the effects of the Renaissance movements in Italy & Northern Europe. Italy • Humanism – focus on living full and complete live on earth. Focus on this life, not afterlife. • Individuality – Education, importance of self. Well Rounded Man“Renaissance Man” • Secularism – Separation of Religion and Government. • Age of Reason Northern Europe 64) Define Protestant Reformation • The 16th-century schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. 65) Explain why individuals were unhappy with the RCC. • RCC more interested in income then souls – Selling Indulgences – Popes acting like political (government) leaders instead of providing spiritual leadership – Priests acting improperly – Church ignoring calls from Christian Humanists for return to simple Christian ethics. 66) Describe the effects of the Protestant Reformation. • A schism of inside the western church and creation of Protestantism and protestant churches (Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Calvinist Reformist Churches). • Decreasing power of the RCC and the Pope. • The Counter-Reformation from the RCC. 67) Explain the causes of the English Reformation. • • • • Henry VIII wanted a son. Wife past child-bearing years. Henry and wife are Catholic = No Divorce. Annulment of marriage not granted due to political reasons. • Henry VIII breaks free from Catholic Church, creates his own church (The Anglican Church…which he is the head of), and makes divorce legal in his church. 68) Describe how this Reformation was different from the others we studied. • Rather than a social movement, the English reformation was simply for the personal reasons and desires of one person…Henry VIII. 73) Describe the Triangular Trade. • Also known as the transatlantic slave trade • Operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers. • The use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. • European goods, in turn, were used to purchase African slaves, which were then brought on the sea lane west from Africa to the Americas, the so-called middle passage. 74) Identify and explain the Middle Passage. • The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. • The "Middle Passage" was considered a time of in-betweenness for those being traded from Africa to America. 75) Identify the costs and the benefits of the Triangle Trade System. Benefits (Positives) • Spread European resources • Increased Trade • Culture Diffusion • Globalization • Huge Profits for European Countries Costs (Negatives) • Human Rights • Africans mistreated, kidnapped, slavery. • Native populations ravaged by disease. • Transplant of species to foreign areas is dangerous for the environment. • Decrease of plant and animal life worldwide • Tobacco use widespread 76) Describe how the Triangle Trade system helped European monarchies prosper. • The Triangle trade created markets to sell European cheaply produced goods, and also the cheap raw materials to produce them. • Mercantilism = more money in treasury, more power. 77) Define Absolutism • A political system in which there is no limit on government power (no constitution). • Based on the ‘Devine Right of Kings’ • The only check to one Government’s power is the power of another government. 78) Explain at least three reasons Louis XIV is considered the best example of an absolute ruler. • Palace of Versailles • Believed in the Devine Right of Kings… “I am the State”. • Increased his own power at the expense of the Estates General; which never met. • Bankrupted France on Wars and on personal luxuries. • Religious intolerance • Ordinary people were starving. 79) Define the Scientific Revolution. • The emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. • • • • • 80) Investigate one person who made discoveries during the scientific revolution. Copernicus Kepler Newton Galileo Rene Descartes – Rationalism – “I think, thererfore, I am”. Father of Modern Philosophy. • Bacon • Locke • Montesquie 81) Explain the consequences (+ and -) of the Scientific Revolution. 82) Define the Enlightenment • 18th c. philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed by the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. • Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method. It promoted scientific thought, skepticism and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition, intolerance and some abuses of power by the church and the state. • DARE TO KNOW! 83) Explain how the ideas of the Scientific Revolution led to the Enlightenment. • Intellectuals were greatly impressed and inspired with the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. • They thought they could apply reason and the scientific method to understand life. 84) Describe the consequences (+ and -) of the Enlightenment. + • New Ideas of how to structure society • Human Rights • Natural Rights • Separation of Powers • Popular Sovereignty • Popular Revolution • Women’s rights • Social Contract • Baroque • Music • Conflict with Catholic Church • Conflict with status quo and Absolute ruling Kings. • Fuel for Revolution. 85) Identify and Explain the new ideas of the Enlightenment. • Rationalism – reason is the chief source of knowledge. • Separation of Powers – branches of government • Checks and Balances – limits to government power • Popular Sovereignty • Social Contract • Popular Revolution • Laissez-Faire Capitalism 86) Identify the Enlightenment Ideas that are present in the American Revolution. • • • • • • Natural Rights Social Contract Popular Sovereignty Popular Revolution Checks and Balances Three Branches of Gov’t 87) Explain the Impact of these ideas. • • • • • • Natural Rights Social Contract Popular Sovereignty Popular Revolution Three Branches of Gov’t Checks and Balances 88) Describe the rights guaranteed to all American citizens. • The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, includes natural rights guaranteed to citizens and protections against the abuse of government. • • • • • • • • • • I - RAPPS II – RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS III – NO QUARTERING IN TIMES OF PEACE IV - NO UNWARRENTED SEARCHES OR SEIZURES V – DSIDE (PROTECTIONS IF ACCUSED OF CRIME) VI - JWAC (PROTECTIONS IF ACCUSED OF CRIME) VII - $20 CIVIL CASE VIII – NO EXCESSIVE BAIL / CRUEL OR UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT IX – SILENT RIGHTS X – STATES RIGHTS 89) Examine the Causes of the French Revolution Long Term: • Absolutism • Unfair socio-political system (Old Regime) • Poor Harvest which left peasant farmers little money for taxes • Influence of Enlightenment Philophes • Influence of other Revolutions – Glorious Revolution – American Revolution Short Term: • Bankruptcy • Rejected financial changes • Third estate silenced • Famine > hunger > starvation • Estates General meeting for first time in over 100 years 90) Summarize the events of the French Revolution • Meeting of the Estates General • Tennis Court Oath • National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, Convention, Directory. • Storming of the Bastille • King and Queen leave Versailles, for Paris. • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Marat Assassinated • Reign of Terror • Committee of Public Safety • Etc… 92) Identify and explain the new technologies of the 19th century. • The spinning jenny - allowed one person to do the work of eight people using spinning wheels. • Steam Engine –used to supply power in factories . • Steam Locomotive - powered by steam on steel rails, moved people quickly, cheaply, & reliably • Steam Boat – Transportation of goods/people 93) Analyze how these changes affected Europe and other areas of the world. Europe • • • • • • • • • Ordinary people had access to a large variety of goods Cities grew as people left their farms and went to work in factories. Workers spent less time with their families as they worked 12-18 hrs. a day in factories. The Industrial Revolution changed society in that it created a middle class. Managers who ran the factories and merchants who sold the many new goods created a middle class. The middle class had money to buy products that could make life easier. Pollution Disease Child Labor Other Parts of World • Exploited for natural resources for European finished goods. • Slavery 94) Analyze the social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution. Social Population grew rapidly: -Europe 1750 = 140 million -Europe 1850 = 266 million Effects -terrible living conditions -urban reform movements New middle class – factory owners, owners of natural resources, railroad owners New working class – factory workers Factory conditions: -12-16 hours/day -6 days/week -30 min. for lunch & dinner -no job security -no minimum wage • Factory Act of 1833: • -9 minimum age to work • -9-13 work only 9 hours/day • -13-18 work only 12 hours/day • Women employment grew – making up 50% of the workforce Economic • Labor Unions formed to fight for worker’s rights. • Middle Class found easier way of life. • Ordinary people had access to goods 95) Examine the artistic effects of the Industrial Revolution. Romanticism • reaction to ideals of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution; emphasis on feelings, emotions, and imagination (not reason). Realism • Realism – belief that the world should be viewed realistically; against Romanticism. • 96) Describe the Difference between direct and indirect rule. Direct Rule Direct Rule = Rulers were appointed by the imperial powers; goal of assimilating locals into European culture. Indirect Rule Indirect Rule = Allowed local rulers to stay in power, as long as they enforced imperial rules; didn’t disrupt local customs. Explain why European nations were interested in Africa & India • natural resources – to make finished goods in European factories. 98) Describe the rise of Nationalism in Africa. • Western-educated leaders in Africa called for independence. • They had learned ideas of freedom and nationalism from the imperialists who educated them • People throughout Africa began to protest against imperial rule in the 1920s. • Africans were influenced by the ideas of Pan-Africanism, which stressed the need for the unity of all Africans. 99) Describe and analyze the methods used by Gandhi in his fight for India Independence. •Nonviolent resistance known as “civil disobedience” (the refusal to obey unjust laws). •He wanted the British to improve the lives of poor people and to grant Indian independence. •Gandhi advised Indians not to pay English taxes or buy English goods. When the British increased taxes on salt in 1930, Gandhi led a march to the sea to gather salt illegally. He and other INC member were arrested. Eventually Gandhi’s efforts led to Indian independence. 100) Describe the Factors that led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty. Internal • Government Incompetence • Corruption • Peasant Unrest • Population Boom > Food Shortage > Starvation External • The Opium War • Tai Ping Rebellion • Boxer Rebellion • The Revolution of 1911 101) Explain the Significance of the Opium War • War between China and Great Britain concerning the British importation of opium into China. • China is defeated by British. • In the Treaty of Nanjing, China loses territory …ports, Hong Kong. • Marked the beginning of Western Influence in China. 102) Define “spheres of influence” and “Open Door Policy”. Spheres of Influence • Areas were the imperial power had exclusive trading rights. • …when a imperial country claims that they have the sole right to trade with a specific region. Open Door Policy • Policy in 1899 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China (…after fall of Qing Dynasty), with none of them in control of that country. 103) Describe Sun Yat-sen’s plan for reforming China and explain why it failed. Policy: • Three State Reform Process: 1st Stage: Military Takeover 2nd Stage: Transitional Phase; Sun’s own revolutionary party would prepare the people for democratic rule 3rd Phase: Establishment of a constitutional democracy Failed Because… • No military strength • No political strength • Lack of Knowledge of Western Ideas trying to impliment • Newly formed parliament dissolved > people launch rebellion. 104) Describe the government system in Japan prior to the rise of Imperialism. • Tokugawa shogunate - hereditary military dictators of Japan; favored strict isolationism. • Kept formal relations only with Korea, Dutch, and China. 105) Describe the Japanese reactions to the end of Isolationism. • • • • • • • • Samurai warriors didn’t want Japan to interact with foreigners. They staged a rebellion, which was defeated, then they attacked the shogun’s palace. The shogunate system ended and power was restored to the emperor. Mutsuhito became the emperor. His reign was called the Meiji, or “Enlightened Rule.” Liberals – wanted parliament (the legislative branch) to have authority • Progressives – wanted executive branch to have authority • Progressives won and the Meiji constitution was adopted in 1889. 106) Explain how Japan became imperial world Power. • Japan wanted colonies and managed to defeat China, Korea, and Russia and take some of their territories. • These victories made Japan a world power. 107) Describe the power struggle in Latin America prior to the revolutions. • The Spanish Crown - so, as far as Spain was concerned, the job of the colonies was to produce revenue in the form of a 20% tax on everything that was called “the royal fifth.” The Catholic Church- even more than royal officials, the church exercised influence over people's everyday lives. • Patriarchy-like much of the world, husbands had complete control over their wives . 108) Summarize the changes brought in Latin America Prior to the revolutions. • Slavery abolished. 109) Describe the U.S.’s interest and involvement in Latin America. • United States Protectionism – The Monroe Doctrine was a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. Puerto Rico was annexed by the USA Panama Canal, built on a 10 mile strip of land granted to USA (because US involvement in rebellion that allowed Panama to separate from Columbia. 110) Describe the fall of the Ottoman Empire. • The Ottoman Empire had been declining since the late 1700s.Reformers created a constitution in 1876 which was adopted in 1908. The reformers lacked popular support and several countries declared their independence. • Ethnic Cleansing of Christian Armenians. • ***The remains of the Ottoman Empire collapsed after WWI and were divided up by Britain and France.*** 111) Explain the escalation of foreign involvement in Iran and Saudi Arabia. 112) Explain the cause of tensions in Israel/Palestine. • Jews had lived in ancient Israel, but were forced into exile. • By the late 1800s, Muslim Arabs made up about 80% of the population of Palestine (formerly Israel). • Starting in 1890s, the Zionist movement worked to establish Palestine as a Jewish state. The nationalism of Jews and Arabs came into conflict. • The British government issued the Balfour Declaration in support of a Jewish homeland. • Many Jews fled to Palestine after anti-Semitic policies emerged in Europe. • Violence between Muslims and Jews flared due to conflict over the land. 113) Describe Conservatives, Liberalism, and Nationalism and explain the role of each during and after the Congress of Vienna. • Conservatism - political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions. (dislikes revolution, individual rights) • Liberalism - political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. • Nationalism - believes that each nationality (group with shared language an customs) should have its own government. • The Congress of Vienna was based on conservatism, so liberalism and nationalism led to revolutions in several European countries in the mid-1800s. 114) Identify the members of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entante Triple Alliance Triple Entate Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance in 1879 for protection against France. In response, France, Russia, and Great Britain formed the Triple Entente (French for “alliance”). 115) Identify the long-term and short term causes of World War I. Long-Term • Militarism • Alliances • Nationalism • Imperialism Short-term • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 116) Describe trench warfare. • Trench warfare is a form of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. The most prominent case of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It has become a by word for stalemate, attrition and futility in conflict. 118) Identify and describe the new technologies of WWI. Tech: • Tanks • Airplanes • Artillery • Chemical Warfare • Machine Guns Why: • All were invented to try to break the stalemate of trench warfare on the western front. 119) Describe the impact of these new technologies on the battle field + • Higher Death toll 120) Explain how the actions of the Czar and the event known as the March Revolution led to the Russian Revolution. Czar’s actions • Failures in the war; people unhappy with him. • WWI unpopular in Russia • Left Wife/Rasputin in charge of running country while off at WWI. March Revolution • • • • Causes: 1. Peasants were hungry 2. Women wanted equal pay in the factories 3. Angry over the war • Results: 1. Czar sent out army to disperse the crowd • 2. Some troops opened fire (known as Bloody Sunday) • 3. Other troops laid down weapons and joined demonstrators • 4. Czar’s power was diminished and many despised him 121) Describe the Bolshevik’s rise to power. • Provincial Government (P.G.) replaces Czar, but is unpopular because it decided to stay in WWI. • Angry workers join soviets; led by V.I. Lenin (Leader of the Bolshevik Party). • On November 6, the Bolsheviks seized the Winter Palace and the leaders of the P.G. stepped down. 122) List the advantages the Red Army had over the White Army. • • • • -Better trained -Common goal -Unified effort -Leon Trotsky (leader) 123) Describe the purpose of the Treaty of Versailles. • The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement signed after the Great War ended in 1918. • Deal with Germany and Post-WWI European Relations. 124) Explain the goals and motives of the victorious powers in drawing up the Treaty of Versailles. • USA – Peace in Europe • Great Brittan & France- Handicap Germany for the long term…Make Germany sign the 5 R’s. 127) Identify & Describe the “5 Rs” of the Treaty of Versailles. • 1. Responsibility: Germany and Austria had to take responsibility for starting the war. • 2. Reparations: Germany had to pay for all the damage the war had caused. • 3. Reduction: Germany had to reduce its army and navy and eliminate the air force. • 4. Return: Germany had to return all of the territory it won during the war. • 5. Rhine River: To protect France from Germany, the Rhine became a demilitarized zone 128) Describe how the Treaty of Versailles affected the German economy. • Germany suffered from high inflation (a general rise in the price of goods), causing their money to lose its value. 129) Examine the causes and effects of the Great Depression. Causes 1. Overproduction Effects • 1. High unemployment 2. Crash of the U.S. stock market • 2. Governments lowered wages and raised taxes 3. Removal of funds from European banks • 3. Governments took control of businesses • 4. Desperate people turned to strong leaders to lead them out of crisis 130) Explain why some people turned to authoritarian leaders to bring them out of these crises. • Totalitarian governments aimed to control every aspect of their citizens’ lives. Individual rights were less important than the good of the state, as defined by the government. 131) Mussolini • One form of totalitarianism is fascism. Fascism glorifies the state (nation) above the individual. In Italy, in the early 1920s, Benito Mussolini set up the first fascist movement in Europe. Italy had severe economic problems after World War I. Inflation grew and workers held strikes. The middle class began to fear a communist takeover. • Mussolini’s Blackshirts (private militia) attacked socialist offices and newspapers. They used violence to break up strikes. In 1922, Mussolini threatened to march on Rome unless his Fascists were given power. King Victor Emmanuel III gave in and made Mussolini prime minister. • Afterwards, the Fascists outlawed other political parties and established a secret police. Fascist youth groups promoted military activities and values. 132) Stalin • • During Russia’s civil war, Lenin controlled industries. He took grain from peasants to feed the army. By 1921, people were starving. Lenin adopted a New Economic Policy (NEP). It let individuals sell farm produce and run small businesses. The government kept control of heavy industry, mines, and banks. The NEP prevented total disaster. In 1922, the Communists created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union). Lenin died in 1924. A struggle for power followed among members of the Politburo, the communist policy-making body. As general secretary of the Communist Party, Joseph Stalin appointed local and regional officials. He used that power to gain control of the party. Stalin ended the NEP and launched a series of Five-Year Plans. They set economic goals to industrialize Russia. They emphasized production of weapons, heavy machinery, oil, and steel. Cities did not have enough housing for the workers. Real wages (actual earnings) fell. In agriculture, Stalin forced peasants to work on collective farms instead of having farms of their own, a system known as collectivization. Food production fell. To keep personal control, Stalin arrested and executed Bolsheviks from the pre-Stalin era, as well as any other individuals he deemed a threat to his power 133) Hitler • Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He formed his basic beliefs of racism, antiSemitism, nationalism, and Social Darwinism while in Vienna, Austria. • He joined a small, nationalist party in Munich in 1919. It soon became the National Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazi (from the German word Nazional) for short. The party had an armed force called the SA, the Storm Troops, or Brownshirts. In 1923, he led an unsuccessful revolt called the Beer Hall Putsch. In jail, he wrote his ideas in the book Mein Kampf (My Struggle). • Hitler decided to bring the Nazi Party to power through legal means. He built its membership nationwide. He appealed to national pride, honor, and militarism. Germans suffering from the Great Depression wanted a strong leader. The Nazis became the majority political party in Germany. • In 1933, President Hindenburg agreed to appoint Hitler chancellor of Germany. The Reichstag, or legislature, authorized the government to ignore the constitution for up to four years. This was called the Enabling Act. The Nazis took complete control. They removed Jews from government jobs. They put their opponents into large prisons called concentration camps. When Hindenburg died in 1934, they abolished the office of president, combined the jobs of the President and Chancellor into a new office and named Hitler the Fuhrer or leader of all of Germany. 134) Describe some of the Nazi antiSemitic policies. 1935- Nuremberg Race Laws Jews are not allowed to: Marry or have sex hire Aryan women with Aryans as maids have rights of citizenship 1937 - Jews are not allowed to be accountants or dentists 1939- Jews must hand over all gold and silver - Forced labor decree issued and all Jews must wear yellow stars - German Jews are deported to Poland 135) Explain how Germany ended up at war with Europe. • Territorial Demands: – Rhineland – Austria – Sudetenland – Czechoslovakia – Port of Danzig – Invasion of Poland 136) Explain how Japan became involved in WWII. 137) Analyze the effects of WWII on civilians. • WWII became a total war; which required all civilians to be a part of the war effort. • Major cities were attacked and bombed. • High casualties. • Japanese Internment Camps in USA 138) Describe the effects of WWII on Soldiers. • Prisoners of War • Conscription (The Draft) 149) Japanese Internment Camps. • Japanese American internment was the World War II internment in "War Relocation Camps" of about 110,000 people of Japanese heritage who lived on the Pacific coast of the United States. The U.S. government ordered the internment in 1942, shortly after the Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. 140) Describe the event known as the Holocaust. • Also known as the ‘Final Solution’, the Holocaust was the Nazi’s plan to carry out genocide on the approximate 11 millions Jews living in Europe. • The campaign last from 1941-1945 and murdered over 6 million of Jews. 141) Outline the Major Events of the Cold War • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Truman Doctrine to support containment (of communism) in Greece. Marshall Plan Berlin Blackade / Berlin Airlift USSR issues COMECON NATO formed Creation of West Germany Nuclear Arms Race Koran War Warsaw Pact USSR launches Sputnik I / Space Race Bay of Pigs Invasion Construction of Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War USSR Invades Afghanistan Perestoika movement begins under Gorbachev in USSR Fall of Berlin Wall German Reunification Dissolution of the USSR