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A Brief History (Political Change):
France
VJ Servera, Nathaniel Dwarika,
and Zach Gunnz
Analysis of the Causes:
1848: Monarchy to Republic (After Napoleon’s Exile)
• Causes of the French Revolution:
• The French Revolution (1848) can be attributed to a number of causes.
- Louis Phillipe’s Favoritism
During his reign, several political parties came into existence in
France. These parties included the Constitutionalists, Royalists,
Republican and Bonapartists. Louis Phillipe’s role in all of this was to
act as a moderate between these parties. However, Phillipe instead
began to favor the Constitutionalists and became under their
influence. As a result, this angered the other political parties. Phillipe
also aided in the cause for the revolution because of his attempt to
create industries. In his attempts, he gave patronage to the uppermiddle class as well as the Constitutionalists. As a result, his favoritism
angered everyone else.
- Republican Anger
The goal for the Republicans of the previous revolution of 1830
was to establish a Republic and remove the monarch. The presence of
Phillipe angered the Republicans, and they thought it necessary to
have another revolution to expel the monarch.
- Reform Party
As a means to lower Royal power, the reform party demanded the extension
of the suffrage and limitation of Royal control. But Guizot, the King’s minister,
refused to accept any demands. Guizot was Louis Phillipe’s minister, and he
had made the French Government conservative and ran the government by
means of political corruption. The many people felt disgusted with the affairs
of the state and raised their voice for reforms.
- Growth of Trade Union and Working Class
The promotion of industries brought about the growth of working class and
trade union organization. Louis Phillipe failed to bring effective welfare
measures to the working class and also tried to suppress the growing working
class consciousness. His foreign policy was poor, and this brought the national
pride of France to a very low level.
- Birth of Socialist Party:
The Socialist Party came to birth as result of being dissatisfied with the
government policies. The members of the new party were called socialists and
their leader was Louis Blanc. Their demands included providing work to every
person, elimination of private capitalists, and free competition for economic
growth.
Mind Map of the Causes
The 5 Main Causes of the
French Revolution (1848)
Louis
Phillipe’s
Favoritism
Republican
Anger
The Rise of
the Reform
Party
Growth of the
Trade Union
and Working
Class
The Birth of
the Socialist
Party
Analysis of the Causes:
1871: 2nd French Empire to 3rd Republic
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Napoleon had suffered a great humiliation by having to bow before the threat of the
United States.
The French economy was also weakening as a result of the Mexican campaign, and this
also kept France outside of European affairs for five years, during which time Prussia rose
to power.
Napoleon tried to regain diminishing support by making liberal concessions, but the
openness of the opposition increased.
In 1869, the opposition obtained majority in Napoleon's party in the Legislative
Assembly, and as a result, Napoleon brought an entirely new liberal government.
French foreign policy was still diminishing and was suffering further humiliation from
Germany. They misjudged the Prussian strength in the Austro-Prussian War, were
humiliated over the Biarritz Agreement, and the Prussians even refused to compensate
France for neutrality.
In hopes to restore his diminishing prestige, Napoleon declared war in August 1870,;
however, his armies were no match against the Germans.
The Revolution broke out in Paris, the Empire was then overthrown and a 3rd Republic
was established.
France during the Third Republic was politically very unstable. This instability was caused
by rivalry between monarchists and republicans.
Also, peace was not forthcoming since territorial loss was unacceptable to the French.
Elections were held in February 1871, and France was weary of war and wanted peace.
Mind Map of the Causes
The Developing Causes Leading to the
3rd Republic (1871)
Military
Humiliation
Weakening
French
economy
Increasing
Internal
Opposition
Diminishing
French
Foreign
Policy
Increasing
Prussian
Power
German
Military
Superiority
French Revolution 1848: Monarch to Republic
Political:
Political:
•Bourbon dynasty was restored in France after the French
revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1789-1815) .
•France was a monarchy under Louis Phillipe.
•Louis Phillipe’s "Liberal" monarchy had few real
supporters. Elections were held on the basis of limited
suffrage. Many felt excluded from any possibility of gaining
wealth, and others felt that his "Bourgeois and Liberal"
monarchy compared unfavorably with earlier, "Glorious",
eras of French Monarchy or Empire.
•Sufferings from those poor, affected by unemployment,
decline in agriculture production led to radicals in politics.
•When the revolution began, Louis Phillipe dismissed
Guizot, his reactionary Prime Minister, who had been a
particular focus of the protestors anger, on the 23rd and
himself, reluctantly, abdicated on the 24th.
Society:
Economy:
•People were upset and felt that they had no chance of
becoming wealthy. They were tired of being poor while the
rich upper-class stayed rich.
•Weather across much of Europe in 1845-1846 affected
agricultural production which led to increasing food prices.
•Depressed economic conditions of widespread
unemployment occurred as a result of the decline in
agricultural production.
Facts:
Facts:
•Christianity was the main religion during the revolution of
France.
•Government became suspicious of any revolts and
banned any meeting or “banquets” containing 6 or more
people unless given permission.
•After a banquet was closed last minute, on February 22 nd
1848 there were some serious disturbances on the Paris
streets, which featured the building of some formidable
barricades by groups of protesting citizens.
•Protestors subsequently threw up a large number of
barricades in several areas of the city chopping down
thousands of trees and tearing up hundreds of thousands
of paving stones in the process.
The revolution had begun.
French Revolution 1848: Monarch to Republic
Political:
Political:
•During the revolution the Chamber of Deputies (gov’t.
before revolution) were invaded and replaced with the
establishment of Provisional Government of a French
Republic.
•This government was formed in a climate where power
needed to be exercised by a central authority but where
there was also a divergence of opinion as to the desirable
political and social outlook of that government..
•With the new French Government monarchy was
pronounced to be abolished in France "without possibility
of return".
•Important figures in the Provisional Government
administration included established moderate, liberal, and
middle class.
• Lamartine, who was something of a poet and orator later
self-flatteringly recorded his own refusal, as a notably
prominent member of the new government.
•Political:
Facts:
•Lamartine held considerable power in the new government
as the newly appointed Foreign Minister.
•Lamartine later developed “the Republican motto of
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity).
•The red flag during the revolution in 1848 was, symbol of
martial law and of order. The “people” wanted this.
•Lamartine who wanted to keep the tricolor flag conceded
the Republican motto of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, written
on the flag, on which a red rosette was also to be added.
Society:
•With the old government overthrown, many lower class
citizens were now finally content.
•Society wanted change and finally achieved it. As a result
monarchy style of government was replaced with a
republic.
French Revolution 1848: Monarch to Republic
Art/Architecture:
•A style of art developed during the 18th Century in
France, known as Romanticism.
•Romanticism involved violent colors and curves as found
in Eugene.
•During this period Romanticism stressed the importance
of feelings, imagination, self-expression and individual
creativity.
It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and
political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction
against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was
embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and
literature.
Intellectual:
•Due to the Enlightenment period, people began viewing
the government in a new way.
•Teaching from Enlightenment thinkers brought up
awareness that the ruler is not divine and is just as human
as everyone else.
•Enlightenment period was a factor that led to a
revolution.
Religion
•Before the revolution society lived among government
and religion intertwined.
•When society noticed the corruption of government they
want it to become increasingly more secular.
French Revolution 1871: 2nd French Empire to 3rd Republic
Political:
Political:
•France leader Napoleon III led the French government.
•Napoleon III full of confidence, decided to attack
Germany even though his military did not match up to the
strength.
•Attacked Prussia and ended up being embarrassingly
defeated and siege was laid to the city of Paris.
•With Prussians outside of Paris, the ineffectual national
government was in disarray.
•With the government being weak and making poor
decisions, people became enraged and began a
revolution.
•The government eventually lost to the people and a new
government was formed to be The Third Republic.
Political:
Economy:
•After months of attempts to break out, the French
Government signed an armistice on February 28th 1871
(The Treaty of Frankfurt) which ended the French-Prussia
war.
•Prussia came into Paris with a “symbolic” appearance
and remained there.
•Prussia briefly occupied Paris and left.
•After Prussia defeated France and marched toward
Paris, Cattle and grain were sent into the city in immense
Quantities.
•Economy was hurt during Prussia’s siege because they
Prussia prevented products from going into Paris or out.
•The French were to pay a war indemnity of 5 Billion
Francs.
Society:
Facts:
•Citizens were mad that Napoleon attacked Prussia. They
did not even want him to attack.
•Large numbers of hungry and/or poor people wandering
around in the streets of Paris
•Middle and lower class citizens began a new revolution in
France.
•Society wanted true freedom and equality.
•On 18 March 1871, the Commune of Paris was declared.
Until 28 May 1871, the Commune reigned in Paris, a
worker's insurrection whose red banners hinted at
worker's revolutions to come in the early 20th century.
French Revolution 1871: 2nd French Empire to 3rd
Republic
Political:
•The President was the head of state and had little
political power.
•He had the right to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies
with the support of the Senate.
•He had the right to nominate the new head of
government
•He played an important role in foreign affairs.
•The Senate was elected by mayors and councilors in
departments (counties) throughout France. It was
nicknamed the “Chamber of Agriculture” because the
countryside was over represented. Senators were elected
every nine years. Conservative, rural interests dominated
in the senate and were thereby able to block progressive
legislation in the areas of women’s rights and worker’s
rights.
•The Chamber of Deputies was chosen every four years.
It contained 600 members elected by universal male
suffrage. It chose the government or ministry. There was
no organized party system although there were four main
political groupings in the Chamber:
French Revolution 1871: 2nd French Empire to 3rd
Republic
Art/Architecture:
•A style of art developed during the 18th Century in
France, known as Romanticism.
•During this period Romanticism stressed the importance
of feelings, imagination, self-expression and individual
creativity.
It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and
political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction
against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was
embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and
literature.
Intellectual:
•Due to the Enlightenment period, people began viewing
government in a new way.
•Teaching from Enlightenment thinkers brought up
awareness that the ruler is not divine and is just as human
as everyone else.
•Enlightenment period was a factor that led to French
revolution.
•People increasingly realize their power in government
and how they can influence it.
Religion
•Before the revolution society lived among government
and religion intertwined.
•When society noticed the corruption of government they
want it to become increasingly more secular.
Chronology of the Changes
1804-1815: Napoleon is named Emperor; he reorganizes the French
administration and legal system, establishing the Napoleonic Code.
1815: The Monarchy is restored.
1830-1848: The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July
Revolution which saw the overthrow of King Charles X of France,
takes place. Also, during this time period, industrialization begins to
develop.
1848: Development of problems lead to the spark of The French
Revolution (1848), and the Monarchy becomes the Second Republic.
Also, slavery becomes abolished. In addition, Louis Napoleon wins
presidential election in France.
1852-1870: The Second Empire under Napoleon III is established.
Prosperity and growth reigns during this time period. Colonial
conquests begin to take place.
1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 resulted in the
defeat of France, and the overthrow of Emperor Napoleon III and his
Second French Empire. The second French Empire becomes the 3rd
Republic.
Comparison: Revolution of 1848
Before
After




 Established a Provisional Government of
a French Republic.
 Creation of the Second Republic.
 Was opposed to liberal viewpoints.
 Formed the Executive Commission which
was a body of state acting as Head of
State with five co-presidents.
Constitutional Monarchy
Council of Deputies
Moderately liberal state.
Controlled mainly by educated elites
The goal of the Revolution of 1848 was to expel the need of
a monarch and form the creation of a Republic. The state of
France before this revolution was a constitutional monarchy
with a Council of Deputies. Overall the rule was moderately
liberal which changed after the Revolution of 1848, in which
the Conservatives took over.
Comparison: Revolution of 1871
Before
After
 Provisional Government of a French
Republic
 Conservative
 Second Republic
 Executive Commission
 President was Head of State and had
little political powers but played an
important role in foreign affairs.
 Creation of the Third French Republic
 Had a Senate with overly represented
farmers.
 Conservative
 French National Assembly with
monarchist majority
The Revolution of 1871 was a direct result of the embarrassing
attack on Prussia which ended in defeat. The changes that took
place were mainly to please and cause peace with Prussia, as
France adopted a Parliamentary Monarchy. Though intended
for fairness and equality, the Senate became known for their
over representation of farmers.
Charts/Images
The emphasis of this chart is to show the contrast
in representation due to the composition of the
National Assembly in 1871.
Credits
• VJ Servera:
- Analysis of the Causes that Led to Each Revolution (slides 2-6).
- Chronology of the Changes (slide 13).
• Nathaniel Dwarika:
- Comparison and Images (slides 14-16).
• Zach Gunnz:
- PIRATES and pictures that reviews the effects of the revolutions
and government changes on the assigned country (slides 7-12).