Download Napoleon - Xavier High School

Final Review
• 60 Points:
– 70 Multiple Choice (.75 points each)
– 10 Map Identifications (.75 points each)
• 40 Points:
– 15 DBQ Questions (1 point each)
– DBQ Essay (25 points)
Napoleon
1799-1815
Napoleon
• Born in Corsica (1769)
• Made a name for
himself through military
ability
• Became a war hero
• Why was he so
appealing to the
French in 1799?
• Symbol of strength,
leadership
From Directory to First Consul
• Assists in coup d’etat
(1799)
• Establishes himself as First
Consul
• Soon proclaims himself
Consul for Life
• 1804 Emperor of the
French
– At this point he becomes
very active militarily
throughout Europe
Napoleonic Era - Domestic
• Concordat of 1801
– Peace with the Pope;
Catholics practice
freely but Napoleon in
control of church
appointments
– Peasants satisfied
• Police State
– Joseph Fouche
– Use of propaganda
and censorship
Napoleonic Era - Domestic
• Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
– Written code of law; women lose power
– Reasserts moderate principles of the Revolution:
• 1) equality of all male citizens before the law
• 2) absolute security of wealth and private property
• Bank of France
– Confirmed the gains of the peasantry and reassured
the middle class while still serving the financial
oligarchy
• The Lycee
– Education for future leaders
Napoleon’s Foreign Policy
1800-1807
• Napoleon vs. Austria, Britain, Prussia & Russia
– Gains Austria’s Italian possessions & German territory
on the Rhine
– Assumed the Italian crown
– Gains some Prussian territory (Treaty of Tilsit)
– Abolished the Holy Roman Empire and created the
Confederation of the Rhine
EMPEROR OF EUROPE
Continental System
• Britain serves as an obstacle to
Napoleon’s goals of Grand Empire
• Attempts to restrict trade through a
blockade
• Forces conquered territories and satellites
to follow suit
• Major Failure
Grand Empire
• Part I: expanded France; By 1810
included Belgium, Holland, parts of
Northern Italy, and much German territory
on the east bank of the Rhine
• Part II: dependent satellite kingdoms on
the thrones of which he placed the
members of his large family
• Part III: Independent but allied states of
Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Rebellion
• He brought revolutionary ideas with him as he
conquered
– NATIONALISM
• Spain revolts in 1808
• Alexander I refuses to honor Continental System
– Napoleon goes into Russia 1812 – beginning of the
end
– Underestimated the length of time it would take and
the severity of the Russian winter
– Scorched-earth policy of Alexander I
Goya: The Shootings of
May Third 1808
Napoleon’s Downfall
•
•
•
•
Coalition defeats Napoleon
Attempts a comeback – Hundred Days
Final Defeat – Waterloo
Metternich Restores Stability – The Congress of
Vienna
– Balance of power, containment, legitimacy
AGE OF CONSERVATIVISM;
Liberalism and Nationalism are alive and well though!
Congress of Vienna
• Ten month meeting of almost all European
leaders (except the Ottoman Empire)
– Castlereagh (Britian)
– Hardenburg (Prussia)
– Alexander I (Russia)
– Talleyrand (France)
– Metternich (Austria)
• Dominates negotiations
• Wartime unity (the Coalition) dissolves
Congress of
Vienna
• Issues:
– Status of France
– Political boundaries, lost territories
– Displaced monarchs
• Traditional approach taken
– Ignored democratic, liberal, nationalist ideals
– Conservative political groups gain most
control
Congress of Vienna
• 4 main principles followed by Congress:
– 1. Legitimacy – old royal families power is
restored
– 2. Encirclement of France – creates strong
neighboring states
– 3. Compensation – land exchanges to
balance gains, losses
– 4. Balance of power – prevent any one
country from becoming too powerful
Congress of Vienna
• Effects:
–
–
–
–
–
Holy Roman Empire officially dissolved
German Confederation dominated by Austria
Bourbon monarch restored in France (Louis XVIII)
40 years of general peace followed
No major war in Europe until 1914
• Congress of Vienna suppresses Spanish and
Italian revolts in 1820s – restores monarchies
• Congress System weakens over time
– Britain largely isolates itself
– By 1825, Congress little more than Austrian-Russian
alliance
France
• The Bourbon Monarch returns
– Louis XVIII is new king (1815-1824)
• Weak, inefficient
• Tried to please both political extremes
(unsuccessful)
– Charles X (1824-1830)
• VERY conservative and oppressive
• 1830 – Rebellions begin, Charles flees
– Louis Philippe (1830-1848)
• Not really a “Citizen King”
• Favored the wealthy
• Endured many protests
Revolution Spreads
• Germany (1819)
– Austria (Metternich) dominates German Confederation
– Nationalism movements – students protest
– 1819 – Carlsbad Decrees limit press, organizing, academic freedom
• Belgium (1830)
– Congress of Vienna placed Belgium under Dutch rule
– Belgians riot for independence, Belgium established in 1839
• Leopold I new king
• Poland (1830)
– Congress of Vienna place under Russian rule with some selfgoverning powers: “Congress Polan”
– Unsuccessfully rebel for independence
• Italy (1830)
– Divided by Congress of Vienna (Bourbon, papal, Austrian rule)
– Revolutions in 1820-21 suppressed
– Mazzini leads revolution in 1830
• founds “Young Italy” (political group pushing for unification)
1848: Revolutionary Year
New round of revolutions in Europe
(Political and social pressures across Europe at an alltime high…)
France’s 2nd Republic
• Feb 1848 – Paris erupts in violence
– Provisional government set up
– Universal manhood suffrage proclaimed
– Louis Philippe flees
• Second Republic (1848-1851)
– Gov’t soon splits to moderates v. radicals
• Moderates want existing social order
• Radicals want social and economic revolution
– Radicals create national workshop program set up to
guarantee employment for all – fails
– “June Days” – workers rebel, soon crushed
– 1851 - France returns to Empire
Germany
• French riots influence German Confederation
• Rebellion breaks out
– Prussian King – Frederick William IV promises
constitutional government and civil rights
• Frankfort Assembly (1848)
– Meeting of German states, Austria, Bohemia
– Issues: Unify Germany? Who leads Germany?
– Creates “Declaration of the rights of the German
people”
– Constitution approved
– King William refuses the crown, movement
dissolves
Italy
• Inspired by French and German
revolts
• Rebellion breaks out in Northern Italy
– King Charles Albert promises new
constitution
• Influences other Italian states
– Austria retakes Northern Italy
• Papacy – Pope Pius IX had begun
reforms
– Pius refuses to help fight off Austria
• Counter to unification
• Forced to flee
– Mazzini takes over and declares a
Roman Republic
– France sends in an army to defeat
Mazzini
• Pius returns
The Habsburgs
• Reformers in Habsburg lands
influenced by revolutions
(Hungary especially)
– Lajos Kossuth (nationalistic liberal
politician)
• Demands parliamentary government
• Students join Kossuth’s cause –
rebellion starts
• Metternich forced to resign
– New Hungarian constitution
– Political division weakens
movement
• Austrians crush Hungarian
independence movement
After 1848
• Two responses to the failed revolutions of
1848:
– “Realpolitik”
•
•
•
•
Machiavellian notion
The ends justify the means
Do whatever necessary to strengthen your nation
Germany, Italy, France
– Reform
• Efforts to change political structure and governments
to fit the changing times and movements
• Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary
Out Loud Cool Down
• Do you think that if a revolution fails, it is a
complete failure? What can be gained
from a failed revolution? What can be lost?
• Discuss with a partner and be prepared to
share in a class discussion.
Warm Up
• Nationalism – A belief that one’s greatest loyalty
should not be to a king or an empire but to a
nation of people who share a common culture
and history.
• Nation-State: When that nation also has its
own independent government
• Is nationalism a major force in our world?
Where? How is it a force of unification &
division?
Latin American Society
• Social Division based on place of birth:
– Peninsulares: men who had been born in Spain
• Role: Could hold high offices in government
– Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America
• Role: could not hold high office but could be army
officers
– Mestizos: persons of mixed European and Indian
ancestry
– Mulattos: persons of mixed European and African
ancestry
– Indians: provided little economic value to the
Spaniards
WHO IS MOST LIKELY TO LEAD
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS?
Napoleon Invasion of Spain 1808
• Napoleon put his brother on the throne
• Creoles might support a Spanish king but NOT a French
one
• Creole rebellion begins to break out in Spanish colonies in
1810
• Napoleon is gone in 1814 – Powerful armies can be
defeated!!!
Creoles Charge Forward!!
Libertadores: Bolivar & San Martin
• Simon Bolivar
– Wealthy Venezuelan creole
– Won independence for
Venezuela in 1821
– Took over command of Martin’s
forces and won independence
for Peru
• Jose de San Martin
– Born in Argentina
– Won independence for Chile
and Argentina
• Helped by Bernardo O’Higgins
Mexico – Unusual Leadership
• Padre Miguel Hidalgo
– Grito de Dolores
– Spanish army and creoles
defeated him in 1811
• Padre Jose Morelos
– Led revolution for four years
but defeated in 1815 by a
creole officer
• Augustin de Iturbide
– A creole officer who finally
declared Mexican
independence from Spain in
1821
Brazil – Freedom from Portugal
• 1807-1815 years of
independence
• 1815 monarch restored in
Portugal wanted Brazil as a
colony again
• 1822 Peaceful Independence
– Brazilians called for the son of
the Portuguese king to rule
– Bloodless Revolution
Haiti- Freedom from the French
• Toussaint L’Ouverture
– An ex-slave - Slaves realized
there was power in numbers
– Freed the slaves in 1802
– Sent to prison and died April
1803
– Independence continued and
completed by Jean-Jacques
Dessalines in 1804
Impact of Independence
•
•
•
•
Wars disrupted trade
Devastated cities and countryside
Dream of a united Latin America fell apart
Split into several republics:
– Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, El Salvador,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras
Political Ideologies
• Conservatism:
– Who? Wealthy property owners
and nobility
– What? “status quo,” restore
legitimate monarchies, God &
History, government run
institutions to keep control,
emphasis on community,
government controlled economy
– Example: Metternich
Liberalism
• Who? Middle-Class business leaders &
merchants
• What? Freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, representative government, emphasis on
the individual, laissez-faire economics
Do this mean that if you were a liberal you
supported democracy?
Radicals
• Most liberals didn’t really want to change things
all that much.
– Example: Voting restrictions, only the educated could
lead
• Radicals favored democracy
• Liberalism and radical democratic ideas will
merge in the late 1800s
What is going on in Europe that is changing the
social structure throughout the 1800s?
Nationalism
• Nationalism and liberalism often get linked
together but…
– Just because you were a nationalist didn’t
automatically mean you were a liberal
– Nationalism is liberal in that it believes in the ability
for individuals to cause change
– Nationalism is conservative in that it emphasizes
the community rather than the individual. Identify
yourself as part of a group.
– Extreme nationalism will lead to totalitarian states in
the 20th century: Hitler, Stalin
Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
• Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe
– Why did they come into power? How did they
rule? What were the
– Repercussions of their ruling style? Why?
• Know which countries had revolutions.
Know why they had revolutions. Which
were successful? Which were not?
Latin American Revolutions
• Know the social structure of Spanish America
(Peninsulares, Creoles, etc) and know each
group’s role in society.
• Know leaders of Latin American Revolutions
(Who were each, where did the start rebellions,
were they successful?)
• Know the impact of Latin American Revolutions
– how did they influence the future of the
region?
• Know the definition and examples of
“nationalism”.
Reading Question #1
•
What influence did Napoleon have on
French and European history?
–
–
–
–
Napoleonic Code
Concordat of 1801
Nationalism
Congress of Vienna
Reading Question 2
•
How successful were the diplomats at
Vienna in negotiating a peace settlement
that prevented another continental war?
– Monarchs put back in place
•
Legitimate rule
– Put down revolts in Spain, Italy
– No major war for 100 years
– Relative peace for decades
Reading Question 3
•
What forces led to the destruction in
1848 of the international created at the
Congress of Vienna in 1815?
– Monarchies put back in place
•
•
•
Goes against democratic wants of the people
Monarchs favored the rich, oppressed the poor
Nationalism leads to desire for unification and
independence in Germany, Italy, Hungary
(Austria)
Reading Question 4
•
What effects did the Spanish and
Portuguese have on their New World
colonies?
– Mix of cultures, food, materials, ideas,
diseases
– Disease, war, slavery destroy native
populations
– Encomienda
– Importation of African slaves – new races,
social class system
Reading Question 5
•
How did Napoleon’s wars in Europe
influence events across the ocean in
Latin America?
– Takes over Spain and Portugal → Latin
American colonies now owned by French →
revolutions
– Ideas of nationalism
Industrial Revolution
1790s – 1860s
Goals of this Unit
• Why and how did the Industrial Revolution start?
And why in Great Britain?
• Why and how did it spread to the rest of
Europe?
• What was the industry like? What was it like for
the workers in places like Manchester, England?
• Why did Socialism develop during this time?
• What were the science, technology, and cultural
responses to the Industrial Revolution?
Introduction
• Western Europe and America dominated
globe in 19th century
• Individuals improved tools, adopted better
methods
• Industrialization brought greater productivity
• Scientists made advances, businesses
discovered new opportunities
• Middle classes dominated, controlled
industrialization, economic transformation;
benefited from social, legal reforms in
France, Britain, U.S.
The British Phase
The Revolution in Making Cloth
• Changes in agriculture → less people needed
for farming
• Demand for more cloth → output increased
• “Putting out system” → subcontracting system
– Example: cotton merchant makes contract with village
to produce certain amount of cotton
The Revolution in Making Cloth
• Solving of practical problems in cloth
making set pattern for all industrial
revolutions
• Practical people solved these practical
problems
– Through invention (and enhancements and
redesigns)
Key Inventions
•
•
•
•
•
John Kay (1733): the flying shuttle
James Hargreaves (1764): spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright (1769): water frame
Samuel Crompton (1779): water mule
Edmund Cartwright (1785): power loom
Key Inventions
• Eli Whitney (1793): the cotton gin
Key Inventions
• James Watt (1775): Perfects steam engine
– Used to make cloth, drive ships, locomotives
Effects of New Inventions…
More efficient inventions
→ Increased industrialization
↓
Transition from rural life to urban life
Britain’s Advantages
• Sufficient population, hardworking, inventive
• Risk-taking private sector, government
support
• Good communications, transportation, ports,
merchant fleet
• Flexible, merit-based social structure, stable
society
• Bank of England provided money, financial
stability
Britain’s Advantages
• Profited from need for
industry during Napoleonic
Wars
– Continental system…
remember?
• Expanded efficiency to iron,
steel
• “Bessemer process”
produced hard, malleable
steel in 1850s
– Steel prices drop 
production soars
Britain’s Advantages
• By 1850, Britain produced:
– 67% of world’s coal
– 50% of world’s iron and cloth
• By 1850, half of British population lived in cities
The Continental Phase
Warm Up
• Why do you think it took longer for the rest
of Europe to catch up to England? What
factors might have lead to this?
The Continental Phase
• Industrialization and banking changes across
Europe
– Eastern, southern Europe more limited
– Nobilities, political boundaries, tariff barriers block
growth of industry
Belgium
• By 1850, only one to compete with British
– Why?
• Belgium had favorable:
– Government policies
– Stability
– Good transportation
• Other countries and businesses used spies to
copy Britain’s secrets
• By 1850, whole continent caught up
– New banking systems allow modern investment
banks
– Many small investors in new banks rather than a few
great families
The “Zollverein”
• Customs union of German states (1819)
– Managed trade and economies between all
German Confederation
– Eliminated tolls, tariffs
– Stimulated trade, commerce
– Germany begins to thrive
The Continental Phase
• Euro population grows during era
– 175 million  435 million
• Problems with this?
– Thomas Malthus (British economist)
• Predicts food supply won’t keep up with pace of
population growth
– Malthus didn’t account for…
• Improved technology increases production of food
• Why does population grow?
–
–
–
–
Decline in death rates
Better sanitation
More food
Earlier marriages
Communication and transportation systems
vastly improve
• Better roads
• New canals
– Bridgewater, Suez, Panama
Communication and transportation systems
vastly improve
• Railroads linked markets, brought nations together,
carried people efficiently
– U.S. transcontinental (1869)
– Russian Trans-Siberian (1903)
Communication and transportation systems
vastly improve
• Urban rail lines, trolleys, subways
• Clipper ships, steamships
Communication and transportation systems
vastly improve
• Better postal systems, telegraph, telephone, typewriter
The Workers of the Industrial
Revolution
The New Type of Labor
• Labor force went from…
– Agrarian work:
• Work 2/3 of year, 8 hours a day
• Seasonal, less demanding
• Factory labor
– 14 hours a day, 6 days a week, 52 weeks a
year
– No holidays
– Intense, demanding, dangerous
The Factory System
• Dangers of factory work:
–
–
–
–
Bad lighting
Poor ventilation
Dangerous machines
No safety standards, no health or disability
insurance until late 1800s
– No job security
• Owners vs. Workers
– Owners hold power, workers only have power
in numbers
Child Labor
• Children often worked the
worst jobs
– Mills, mines, etc
– Smaller size benefits factory
and mine owners
• Toughest jobs
that can’t be
done by adults
– Harder for kids
to organize and
protest
Women Labor
• Women laborers work in
factories
• More organization led to
numerous strikes and
workers’ rights
movements
• Protested against factory
owners for:
– Better wages
– Better working conditions
– Better hours
– Etc
Labor Movement
• Both men and women protest
and strike
– Attack machines as protest
– Frustrated skilled craftsman out
of work
– Peterloo Massacre (1819)
• Combination Acts prohibited
worker’s associations
– Repealed in 1825
– Paved way for unions
• Become stronger throughout 19th
century
Poor Urban
Conditions
• European cities grew massively
during Industrial Revolution
• Rapid increase causes many
social problems
• Political leaders could not keep up
with problems and demands
– Factory system dangerous, spread of
diseases
– Bad health conditions, alcoholism,
prostitution
– Had to provide security, sanitation
services, schools, housing
– Problems could not be fixed for first
generation of workers
• Haussmann implements city
planning, urban renewal in Paris
• Not until 1900 did most cities start
to fix problems
Socialism
• System in which the factors of production are
owned by the public and operate for the welfare of
all
• Industrialization is leading to selfish individualism
and is breaking down community
– Optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress,
concern for social justice
– Planned Economy – competition is evil
– Rich & poor should be more equal
– Private property restricted or abolished
– Capitalism increases the misery of the working classes
Ex. Charles Fouray, Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen
Utopian Socialism
• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
– Shocked by misery and poverty of working
class
– Factory owner who wanted to improve
conditions for his workers
– Created a Cooperative Community:
• No children under ten could work
• Free schooling
• Built houses for his workers
Karl Marx and Communism
• Karl Marx (1818-1883)
– German economist, philosopher
• Meets Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
– Engels had experience in hardships of factory life
– Life-long partnership
• “Communist Manifesto” (1848)
• “Das Kapital” (1867)
• Problems with Capitalism:
– Factory system exploits the worker – “surplus value”
– Capitalist system leads to greater division in society
Communism (Marxism)
• Ideas:
– Economy biggest and recurring force in history
– Human societies have always been divided into
warring classes
• Based off philosopher Freidrich Hegel’s theory
“haves” (bourgeoisie)
vs.
“have nots” (proletariat)
“The proletarians have nothing to lose
but their chains.
They have the world to win.
Workingmen of all countries, unite.”
Marx’s New World Order
• Proletariat is much larger and would use its numbers to
revolt
• Workers would create a “dictatorship of the proletariat”
• Period of cooperative living and education, then the state or
government would wither away and a classless society
would be developed
• This allows for “Communism”
– Elimination of private property, all goods and means of production
owned by the community – everyone equal
The Labor Movement
• Marx and others create “First International” in
1864
– Large meeting in London of labor activists,
anarchists, German theorists
– Unsuccessful due to arguments, too many
different factions
• Ferdinand Lassalle forms Social Democratic
political party
– Successful in Germany
• France too divided, England had Fabian
Society or influence of Christianity
The Labor Movement
• The Second International (1889-1914)
– “Golden age of Marxism”
– 12 million members, more cohesion
• Goals:
– 8 hour workday
– Welfare state
– Universal suffrage
The Socialist Labor Movement
• Successes:
– Strengthened labor unions
– Helped workers gain labor and living
improvements
• How?
– Sometimes gained some political power in
government legislatures
– Sometimes caused fears of a revolution
General Topics:
• Causes, effects, results of the Industrial
Revolution
• Inventors and inventions
• Economic ideologies – capitalism vs.
socialism
• Karl Marx’s ideas and theories
• The factory system – labor, hardships,
unions, etc
Terms and names
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Laissez-faire capitalism
Zollverein
Thomas Malthus
Saint-Simon
Charles Fourier (Fouray)
John Kay
Adam Smith
James Hargreaves
Frederick Engels
Robert Owen
James Watt
Henry Bessemer
Unit Assignment / RQ 1
•
Why did industrialization begin in Great
Britain?
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Henry VIII’s naval conquest
Napoleonic Wars
Sufficient population, hardworking, inventive
Risk-taking private sector, government support
Good communications, transportation, ports,
merchant fleet
Flexible, merit-based social structure, stable society
Bank of England provided money, financial stability
Unit Assignment / RQ 2

How did the Industrial Revolution Spread
from Britain to the rest of Europe?
– Political and economic reforms
•
•
•
•
•
Increased government support, banking systems
improve to favor industrialization
Zollverein
Bribed British industrialists, inventors, scientists
Industrial espionage
Eventually transportation and communication
improved
RQ 3

Why did the industrialization fail to bring
a decent standard of living to the first
generation of industrial workers?




Factory system favored owners, not workers
Competition for jobs – no job security
Brand new labor, lifestyle
Urban population explodes – city officials,
planners can’t handle large populations
efficiently
Unit Assignment 3 / RQ 4

What is the relationship between socialism and
industrialization?



Industrialization caused the birth of socialism
Socialism is a response to the factory
system/industrialization/capitalism
Industrialization (capitalism) –
•
•
•

Factory owner owns all the property, production, and
wealth
Factory workers overworked, underpaid, own none of the
property and gain no wealth
Rich keep getting richer, poor getting poorer
Socialism –
•
•
•
Calls for the public to own all the property, production, and
share all the wealth evenly
Better wages, worker rights, working conditions, living
conditions, etc
Minimize divide between rich and poor
Isms – Response to Industrialization
• Capitalism
– Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations; Economic liberty guarantees progress
• In Practice? Little to No government intervention…at first
• Liberalism
– Freedom of the individual, equal rights for all, fair competition (heavily supported
by the middle-class)
• Utilitarianism
– Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill; The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number
• In Practice? Not a very direct road map for legislation but rooted in socialism
• Socialism
– System in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate
for the welfare of all
• In Practice? Government involvement of economy through the existing political
structure
• Communism
– “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have the world to
win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.”
• In Practice? Overthrow existing structure; Dictatorship leads to no government
Utilitarianism
• Utilitarianism - People should judge ideas,
institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility
– Jeremy Bentham
– The greatest good for the greatest number
– John Stuart Mill led the movement
• Cooperative system of agriculture, women’s rights,
reforms in legal and prison systems, education, do
away with great wealth differences
Cultural Responses:
Romanticism 1800-1850
Realism
1850-1880
Impressionism 1880-1905
Romanticism - Movement of Revolt
• Heart vs. reason; emotion vs. intellect;
mysterious vs. rational; individual vs. set
formula; senses and imagination vs.
everything else
“the heart has its reasons which
reason does not know.”
Romanticism
• Varied from country to country; reacts to movements
– Britain: industrial society
– France: glory of man and liberty
– Germany: promotion of national unification
– Spain: reaction against Napoleonic rule
– Artists: Goya, J.M.W. Turner, Constable,
Delacroix
– Authors: Emily Bronte, Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe, Victor Hugo, Wordsworth, Coleridge,
Byron, Keats, Shelley
– Composers: Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin,
Liszt
Realism
• Went against Neo-Classicism and
Romanticism
• Life as it was – stripped of idealism
• Impact of industrialization
• Focus on working class
Realism
• Reaction to the fluffy, bizarre, and unrealistic
Romantic era
• Demonstrated life the way it was
• Fit with Marx, Bismarck, and critics of bourgeois
society
– Artists: Millet, Courbet, Ford Madox Brown
– Writers: Emile Zola, Honore de Balzac, Charles
Dickens
Impressionism
• Color and light become the subject of the
painting
• Free brush strokes
• Impacted by development of photography
- daguerrotypes
• Artists: Degas, Manet, Monet, Renoir,
Pissaro
Unit 8: Unification & Politics of
the 19th Century
(1815-1914)
Germany Before Unification
• 39 States: The
German
Confederation
• Two dominant states
– Austria & Prussia
• Prussia’s advantages
– Mainly German
population
– Powerful Army
– Industrialization
Early Action towards Unification
• Zollverein (1834): German customs union
– Purpose was to stimulate trade, increase revenues of
member states
• Left out Austria – why?
• Wanted to weaken Austria’s power over German states
• Relationship between Austria and other states deteriorate
Prussia
• Frankfurt Assembly (1848)
– Movement for German
unification (excluding
Austria) fails
• Olmutz (1850)
– Major European powers
afraid of German unification
– Prussia forced to give up
unification plan and accept
the renewed German
Confederation, still
dominated by Austria
• Prussians refer to it as
“Humiliation of Olmutz”
• Move towards more liberal
government under King
William I (ruled 1861-1888)
William I & Bismarck
• William I: Conservative
– Supported by Junkers (nobles)
– Allowed liberals and moderates in
government
– Wanted to strengthen army and unify
Germany
– Liberals refused to approve army buildup
• Calls upon Otto Von Bismarck for
assistance in 1862 stalemate over
budget
– “Realpolitik” – politics through sheer
force and power
• To gain practical results, make no moral or
ideological considerations – just do it
Bismarck’s •
Realpolitik
Bismarck urges king to
ignore the liberals in
government
– Enforce taxes, build army
• Bismarck becomes leader
of unification movement –
named Prime Minister by
William
• Bismarck a master politician
– Would wisely assess a
political scene, used
cleverness and force to
accomplish goals
“The great questions of the day will
not be decided by speeches and
resolutions, that was the blunder of
1848 and 1849 – but by blood and
Bismarck’s Main Goal:
UNITE GERMAN
STATES
Bismarck unites Germany in three
STEP ONE
• Create alliance with
Austria
– 1864 – Went to war with
Denmark over bordering
regions of Schleswig and
Holstein
– Prussia & Austria win in six
weeks
• Prussia got Schleswig
• Austria got Holstein
– Bismarck knew this
arrangement would cause
tension – Just what he
wanted…
STEP TWO
• Create conflict with
Austria
– Border conflicts
between Prussia
and Austria over
Schleswig &
Holstein
– With war looming,
Bismarck isolates
Austria from allies
• Convinces France
to stay neutral
• Promised Italy
control of Venetia
(still owned by
• Lures Austria into war
• Austro-Prussian War
– “Seven Weeks War”
• Prussia defeats Austria
at Battle of Sadowa
(July 1866)
• Results of war:
– Austria lost Venetia to
Italy (who helped
Prussia)
– Prussia gained control
of northern German
states
STEP TWO
STEP THREE
• Needed the Catholics
in the South to feel a
sense of German
nationalism
• France was isolated by
Bismarck’s diplomacy
• “Ems Dispatch”
– Bismarck altered a
telegram sent from
Prussia to France –
outrages both nations
• France declares war
(1870)
STEP
THREE
• Franco-Prussian War
(1870)
• France launches attack
on southern German
states
• Outside attack stirred
nationalism in south,
desire for protection
• Prussia sweeps down
and defeats French at
Battle of Sedan, Siege of
Paris
Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)
• France owes compensation, forfeits
Alsace and part of Lorraine
• Second Reich proclaimed
– (First Reich refers to Holy Roman Empire)
• William I crowned emperor of German
Empire
Mission Accomplished: Germany is
United
The Second Reich
• King William I (AKA Kaiser
Wilhelm I) from House of
Hohenzollern
– Hohenzollern monarch
had ruled in Prussia and
parts of Germany for
centuries
• Kaiser headed federal
union, 26 states, 41
million in population
• Bicameral legislature:
– Bundersat (upper house)
– Reichstag (lower house)
– Legislature does not
have power over
Chancellor…
Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck
• Bismarck believes effective
states have one faith, one law,
one ruler
• Distrusted Catholic Church,
Socialist party
– Launched: “Kulturkampf” –
persecution against Catholics
– Tried to suppress socialists,
Socialist Democratic Party
• Despite Bismarck’s anti-socialists
laws, party gains popularity
– Eventually compromised on both
• William I dies in 1888
• His son, Frederick III is crowned
new Kaiser
– More open to socialist and liberal
movements
– Plans to apply more liberal ideas
in Germany…
– Dies of cancer after 3 months of
ruling
• His son, William II (AKA Wilhelm
II) crowned new Kaiser rules from
1888-1918
– Will be last of the Hohenzollern
rulers by 1918
New
Kaisers
Kaiser
Wilhelm II
• New emperor lacked finesse,
intelligence of father and
grandfather
– Resented Bismarck’s power,
pressured him into retiring
• Germany still progressed
flourished
– Highly competitive industry
against Britain
– Dominated world market in
chemicals, electrical industries
– High literacy, vocational
training, government supported
The Austrian Empire:
What is a big problem here?
Decline of Austria
• Nationalism rising throughout
empire
– Problem for Austrians?
– NOT Austrian nationalism: Hungarian,
Polish, Romanian, German, Czech,
Italian, Slovakian, etc.
• Hungarians demanding equality
with Vienna
– Revolution for independence in 1848
fails
• 1864 – Defeat in Austro-Prussian
War
– Afterwards, King Franz Joseph I
(Habsburg) offers Hungary equal
power
Dual Monarchy of AustriaHungary
• Both Austria and Hungary had own
constitution, language, flag, economies,
etc
• Ethnic crises in both parts of the empire
• 8 different nationalities, languages, cultures,
etc…
• Hungarians try to force “Magyarization”
• Forcing diverse citizens to practice only one
language and culture: Hungarian
• Complete disunity and disorganization
• Chaotic, weak and inefficient empire would
last until 1914
Italy Before Unification
• Italy reorganized at
Congress of Vienna
in 1815
• Austria ruled
Lombardy & Venetia
• Spanish ruled
Kingdom of Two
Sicilies
• Piedmont-Sardinia
was the most
powerful of the Italian
States, ruled by King
Charles Albert – an
Early Action
• Revolutions of 1830
– Giuseppe Mazzini attempts to
organize a movement
– Takes power from fleeing
Pope Pius – forms a Roman
Republic
– France invades, restores
Pope’s power
• Revolutions of 1848
– Many states granted
temporary liberal constitutions
• Both Mazzini and Giuseppe
Garibaldi involved in this
movement
Piedmont-Sardinia Takes Control
• King Victor Emmanuel II
– Monarch of Sardinia
• Prime Minister Camillo
Cavour aristocrat
– Liberal, uses diplomacy
against Austria
– Gains support of Britain &
France
– Uses “Realpolitik”
• Together will lead unification
– Goal at first: strengthen
Sardinia’s power, not to
necessarily unify Italy
– Focused on Northern Italy
What empire was in their way in
Austria Out Of Italy!
• Made secret arrangement with
Napoleon III to provoke a war
with Austria
• 1858 – Austria is lured into
attacking Sardinia, France
comes to defense and Austrians
are driven out
– France will get Nice and Savoy
– Italians get part of Northern Italy
but not Venetia
• They will get Venetia later by helping
the Germans fight Austria in 1866
Things worked out well so Cavour
sets his sights on southern Italy.
…Unification?
Meanwhile in the South…
• Garibaldi & his Red Shirts
captured Sicily in 1860, inspiring
Sicilians to join the cause for
unification
• Cavour secretly supports
Garibaldi
– Why is he helping?
• Garibaldi marches north toward
Rome and the Vatican
– Cavour afraid of implications, calls
for vote in conquered territories
• Voted to unite southern areas
with Sardinia
Italy Unified!
…almost.
What’s the
problem?
Italian Unification
• Ruled by Victor Emmanuel II
• 1866 – added Venetia as a result of
the Seven weeks War (also called
the Austro-Prussian War)
• 1870 – added Papal States
– Pope still governed Vatican City
Challenges:
• Regional conflicts
– Industrialized north vs. agricultural south
– Peasant revolts, economic problems
• Political conflict leads to violence
• Mass emigration to United States
Italy enters 20th century a
poor and struggling nation
France’s Second Empire
and Third Republic
1848-1870
Napoleon III (1808-1873)
• No experience in politics
• Nephew of Napoleon I
• 1848 elected to four year term;
share power with National
Assembly
– Somewhat influenced to Marx’s
ideas
– Still suppressed workers &
peasants who opposed him
– Strengthened his power
• 1851 illegally dismissed
Assembly; people voted to
make him president for ten
years
• 1852 – declares himself
The Second Empire of France
(1852-1870)
Successes:
• Improved
industrialization
• Helped build the Suez
Canal
• Improved railways
• Allowed for some local
government
• Legalized labor unions
– Right to strike guaranteed
• Haussmannization –
The Second Empire of France
(1852-1870)
•
•
•
•
Failures:
Rigged elections
Secret police
Failed puppet regime
in Mexico through
Maximilian I
1870 – Defeated In
Franco-Prussian War
– Ends Napoleon III’s
rule and Second
Empire
Third Republic of France
• Bismarck imposes harsh peace terms
– The French bankrupt & in disarray – humiliated
• Assembly of wealthy royalists formed
• Paris Commune (1871)
– Coalition of resistance – lower classes wanted better
rights & a republic
– Commune savagely repressed,
• Assembly can’t agree on king, facing pressure
from lower classes
– Choose a republic as least disagreeable compromise:
• The Third Republic of France (1871)
– Constitution approved by 1875
• Despite weak Republic, France stable and
prosperous by 1914
Reform in Great Britain
Legislation can solve problems
19th Century England:
Undemocratic?
• What was going on in England in the 1800s?
– Industrialization – many problems for poor
• Problems need to be fixed by government
• What type of government was ruling in England?
– Parliament – representative democracy
• “Power to the people”
• Politically, who ruled in Parliament?
– The Conservatives – “The Tory Party” (since 1770s)
• Led by Duke of Wellington
• Severely repressed poor with laws and harsh tactics
• Unfair representation:
– Manchester & Birmingham had no representation in
government
Reform in England
• Problems growing, not being fixed:
– Tories forced out by 1830
• Whig Party takes over – more liberal
– Led by Lord Charles Grey
– Help lower classes
• “Chartism” – movement to reform:
– Ends capital punishment, modern police force
– Labor union restrictions removed, right to strike,
worker insurance
– Reforms in public housing, education
– Voting reforms:
• Universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, end to property
requirements, pay for members of Parliament
• Working class men 1867, rural workers 1884, women 1919
Names of British Reform
• 1820s – Robert Peel and George Canning
• Reforms increased in 1830s and 40s
– Chartist movement, regulation of working conditions
and hours, repeal of the Corn Laws
• Corn laws (1815) – prohibited imported grain, benefit
landowners
• Reform Act of 1832 – Middle class gains voting rights
• 1867-1880 Gladstone & Disraeli
– Alternated as Prime Ministers of England
– Gladstone was a Liberal; Disraeli a Conservative
– Both achieved immense reform during reigns
• 1900 – The Labour Party
– Political party demanding social and economic
reforms
– Both Liberals and Conservatives felt threatened
– Pushed through a number of social insurance
reforms as a result
What direction did the reforms
move in?
• 1828 & 1829
Protestants
• 1832
• 1833
• 1847
• 1848
• 1830s & 40s
• 1870s
• 1875
Catholics and non-Anglican
Middle class suffrage
Abolished slavery
Women and children
Public Health
Chartists
Education
Strikes allowed
“The Irish Dilemma”
• England ruled Ireland since 1603
• Oppression of Irish Catholics
• Irish Economic hardships
– Potato famine of 1845
• “Chartism” brings small reform:
– Some protection from eviction
– No longer pay dues to Anglican
Church
• Irish nationalism causes
independence movements led by
Charles Parnell:
– Gladstone agrees to home rule
(1914)
• Postponed when WWI begins
– Easter Uprising (1916)
– Ireland gains independence by 1921
Anti-Semitism & Europe
• Anti-Semitism has been nurtured by periods of
social instability and crisis. Anger is deflected
onto scapegoats such as an available, isolated
minority such as the Jews
• Ancient Rome
– Devotion of Jews to their religion and special forms of
worship were used as political discrimination; denied
Roman citizenship
• Crusades & Middle Ages
– Jews massacred in great numbers; segregated into
ghettoes and required to wear identifying garments
Modern Anti-Semitism
• 18th & 19th centuries – Enlightenment & FR
– Increasing separation of church and state, rise of
modern nation-states; Jews experienced less
persecution and gradually integrated
– Legal reforms changes things but racism persisted;
political party platforms
• Eastern Europe
– Medieval traditions isolating Jews as an alien
economic and social class solely for reasons of
religion were never broken
– Pogroms – a product of deliberate gov’t policy aimed
at diverting the discontent of the workers & peasants
in Russia
The Dreyfus Affair 1894-1906
• Who was Dreyfus?
– Captain in the French
army; one of the few
Jewish officers
– Accused of selling secrets
to Germany
How can nationalism
contribute to the
growth of antiSemitism?
Key Events & Players
• 1894 – charged with passing
military secrets to the Germans
based on handwritten evidence
– Found guilty and sentenced to life in
prison
• Major Esterhazy was the real
author; tried and acquitted in 1898
• Emile Zola brought international
attention to the case with
J'accuse! in 1898
• Case reopened in 1899 with new
evidence
– A hasty trial found him guilty again;
sentenced to 10 years; pardoned by
the President
– Wasn’t officially exonerated until 1906
Impact
• Strength of Anti-Semitism
– Persecution of Jews was
actually much worse in
Eastern Europe
• Zionist Movement 1890s
– The movement to work for a
separate homeland in
Palestine
– Theodor Herzel was the
leader
Dreyfus Affair Wrap Up
• How did Nationalism affect Anti-Semitism?
• What effects did this have on France?
• Political split:
– Conservatives, Army, Church
• Anti-Dreyfus
VS
– Liberal and Moderates
• Dreyfus supporters
• Leads to…
– Separation between Church and State (1905)
– Eventually more cohesion between political factions
The Modernization of Russia
• What event highlighted the backwardness of
Russia in the 1850s?
– The Crimean War – battle for power of Eastern
Europe
• Russia v. France, Britain, Sardinia, Ottomans
• Unable to supply their armies on the Crimean peninsula
• Russia needed railroads, better armaments, and to
reorganize the army
Russia: Tsarist Autocracy – The
Romanovs
• Alexander I (1801-1825)
– Congress of Vienna
• Nicholas I (1825-1855)
– Decembrist Revolt: failed attempt at a
constitution
• Alexander II (1855-1881)
– Reformer: abolished serfdom
– Crimean War
• Alexander III (1881-1894)
– Reactionary (restored power);
pogroms
– Sergei Witte – Finance Minister
• Nicholas II (1894-1917)
– Russo-Japanese War
– Revolution of 1905; Russian
The “Great Reforms” of Alexander
II
1. Freeing of the Serfs 1861
•
Problem: Land owned collectively
2. Establishment of the zemstvo
•
•
Local assembly elected by towns, peasant villages &
noble landowners
Very little autonomy
3. Reform of the legal system
•
Independent courts, equality before the law
4. Censorship relaxed, education & policies
toward Jews liberalized
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH
REFORMS IN AN AUTOCRACY??
Industrialization
• Political changes limited but
economic changes working
– 1860 –1,250 miles of railroad; 1880
–15,500
– Sergei Witte – Encouraged foreign
investment in Russian industry
– By 1900, steel production 4th;
producing half the world’s oil;
exported grain
Russo-Japanese War 19031905
• Again, a major defeat led to turmoil at home
• This defeat combined with separatist nationalist
movements (Poles, Ukrainians), liberals in the
business & professional classes, disgruntled
factory workers…all led to demands for change
• Bloody Sunday
– Nicholas II losing popularity fast
• October Manifesto
– Nicholas II granted full civil rights
and an elected Duma
• Duma
– VERY limited by the
“Fundamental Laws” (Russian
Constitution)
– Dismissed twice; landowners
assured seats
In 1914, Russia was partially
modernized, a conservative
constitutional monarchy with a
peasant-based but industrializing
Revolution of
1905
Unit 9: Imperialism
1880-1914
Imperialism
• The takeover of a country or territory by a
stronger nation with the intent of
dominating the political, economic, and
social life of the people of that nation.
Goals for Unit 9:
• To know the economic and territorial gains
Europeans made during this era.
• To be able to explain how Europeans ruled in
their newly conquered lands and how they
varied.
• To understand the impact of Imperialism on
Europe and the world
• To become better at using maps to observe the
changing face of the world due to European
expansion.
• To be able to explain why the once powerful
Ottoman Empire declined during this time.
Goals for Unit 9:
• To understand the impact of Britain’s rule over
India.
• To realize the influence of Europeans on the
nations of China, Japan, and Southeast Asia
• To develop an understanding of why the once
powerful China declined during this time, and what
role European nations played in China’s downfall.
• To understand why Japan eventually became
stronger in response to Imperialism and European
influence
• To develop an understanding of the Asian nations.
• To further understand the effects of geography
upon history.
Why Imperialism?
• National Pride
• Economic
competition
– France vs.
Germany, Britain
vs. Germany,
Britain vs. France
• Social Darwinism
– “Survival of the
fittest”
– Used as justification
Africa Before Imperialism
• Demographics
– 1,000 different languages
– Hundreds of ethnic
groups
• Religion
– Traditional beliefs,
Christianity, Islam
• Politics
– Large empires to
independent villages
Why is this important
information?
Europeans Arrive
• Explorers, missionaries,
humanitarians, reporters at first
Why not until the late 1800s?
• Industrial Revolution
– Needed new markets and raw
materials
• Technological superiority
– Maxim Gun
• Medical Breakthroughs
– Quinine to battle Malaria
What did Africa Have to Offer?
• Mining:
– Congo: copper and tin
– South Africa: gold and diamonds
• Agriculture: Cash-crops
– Peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber
• More colonies means more power
Pre-Conquest of Africa
• French in Algeria by
1830s
• Portuguese had
Angola & Mozambique
• British took Cape
Colony during
Napoleonic Wars
• European powers only
controlled about 10%
of continent until
1870s
The Scramble for Africa
• King Leopold II of
Belgium (1876) in Congo
– Forms International Africa
Association (IAA)
• Influences Otto Van
Bismarck
– Economic/power reasons
– Wants to divert French
hostility toward Germany
– Calls for Conference
Berlin Conference 1884-1885
• Headed by Bismarck
– Germany’s entrance into the
game changed the rules
• European claims to African
territory had to rest on
“effective occupation” in
order to be recognized
– Also agreed to work to stop
slavery and the slave trade
– No firearm or liquor sales in
certain areas
– Missionaries free to spread
Christianity
Africa’s Response to Colonization
• European technology
outmatches most African
armies – Maxim gun,
gunboats, etc
• Europeans susceptible to
disease
– Solution?
– Recruit rival African tribes to
help fight each other
• African leaders weigh
options:
– Build alliances with
Europeans, other tribes?
– Make accommodations?
Negotiate?
Africa’s Response to Colonization
• Samori Toure – Western
African leader
– Created powerful Islamic
Kingdom
– 30,000 man army
– Fought with invading French in
1881 and lost, moved east
– After internal rebellions, and
imposing British forces from the
west…
– Captured and exiled in 1898
African Response to Colonization
• Religious leaders more effective in
uniting – why?
– Religion unites, politics divide
• Muhammad Ahmad (1844-1885) in
Sudan
– Muslim “shaykh” (head of tribe, village,
religious order)
– Proclaimed himself the “Mahdi” (1881)
• Muslim messiah, savior of the faith
• Establishes “jihad” and successfully takes
back British controlled land until 1898
• The “Shona” tribe rises up against
British in South Africa in 1890s
African Response to Colonization
• Ethiopia only area to
successfully keep European
powers out…
• Menelik II becomes emperor
and unites the region
– Starts to modernize and expand
Ethiopia
– Makes agreement with Italians for
Red Sea coast
• 1896 – Italians break treaty
• Battle ensues at Aduwa
– 100,000 Ethiopian soldiers vs.
20,000 Italian soldiers
• Italians make numerous
mistakes in battle, are
embarrassed in defeat.
The Mineral Revolution
• Diamonds discovered in 1867 in
Southern Africa and thousands
(both black and white) flocked to
area to mine
• 1873 – European diggers lobby
for British to establish laws
prohibiting Africans from owning
claims – sets tone for future laws
• European mine owners employ
Africans
• Compound system controls labor
The Mineral Revolution
• 1886 – Gold discovered in
Transvaal
– Transvaal is Afrikaner territory – led
by President Paul Kruger
– New discovery renews British
interest in controlling the Transvaal
– Kruger determined to protect
Transvaal from “uitlanders”
• 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and Barney
Barnato join to found De Beers
– De Beers comes to control 90% of
diamond production
– Rhodes becomes prime minister of
Cape Colony in S.A.
– Expands British borders in S.A.
The Boer War – South Africa
(1899)
• Rhodes attempts invasion of Transvaal and
fails
– Rhodes forced to resign – invasion is seen as
“reckless”
– Afrikaners and Orange Free State ally and
modernize army– “Boers”
• Alfred Milner replaces Rhodes
– Gave Kruger a list of demands that could not be
met, war breaks out
• First modern “total war”
– Boers used guerilla tactics
– British burned Boer farms; imprisoned women &
children in disease-ridden concentration camps
– 30,000 Afrikaners and 15,000 blacks died in the
camps
• 1902 Union of South Africa created, controlled
by the British
– By 1907 a self-governing dominion of the UK
After the War
• British try to Anglicize Afrikaners but fail
• Afrikaners controlled the government (first three
Prime Ministers were Afrikaner) and gained
official recognition of language
• English speakers controlled the civil service and
dominated the business sector
• They did work together to preserve white
dominance over the black majority
– 70% of population controlled on 13% of land
– “Civilized Labor” policies of the 1920s
• Low-level civil jobs blacks held were given to large
population of poor, unskilled whites
• Paves the way for…
Map Quiz Next Class!
Identify the following on the map:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Egypt
Libya
Sudan
Ethiopia
Angola
Mozambique
Algeria
Democratic Republic of
the Congo
• South Africa
• Nigeria
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kenya
Botswana
Malawi
Rwanda
Uganda
Mali
Chad
Somalia
Tanzania
APARTHEID (1948-1994)
• Apartheid (separateness) – a system of legal
racial segregation
– Rights of the majority black inhabitants of South
Africa were curtailed
– Minority rule by whites was maintained.
• Racial segregation in South Africa began in
colonial times but Apartheid now an official
policy in 1948
• New legislation classified inhabitants into
racial groups, and residential areas were
segregated – sometimes forced removals
– 1958 – Blacks deprived of citizenship of S.A.
– Now citizens of one of ten tribally based selfgoverning territories called “bantustans”
– Segregated education, medical care, and other
public services
– Black services were made inferior to white ones
Forms of Colonial Control
• Colony
– A country or region governed internally by a foreign
power
• Protectorate
– A country or territory with its own internal gov’t but
under the control of an outside power
• Sphere of Influence
– An area in which an outside power claims exclusive
investment or trading privileges
• Economic Imperialism
– Independent but less developed nations controlled by
private business interests rather than by other
governments
Imperialist Management
• Indirect Control
– Relied on existing
political rulers
– Legislative council that
included colonial
officials as well as
local merchants and
professionals
– Councils trained local
leaders
• EX: Britain
• Direct Control
– Africans are unable to
handle power –
paternalism
– Brought in their own
officials and did not
train local people
– Assimilation: local
populations would
become absorbed into
culture
• EX: French & Belgians
The Ottoman Empire
(1300-1923)
• Anatolia – descendants of
nomadic Turks
• Militaristic & Invading
• No strong central power
• Government organized by
“ghazis”
– Broken up independent states,
warriors for Islam
• Osman (Othman) build strong
state until his death in 1326
– His dynastic successors expand
territory and create the
“Ottoman” empire
The Islamic Empires
The Islamic Empires
• Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
–
–
–
–
–
Present day Iran (Persia)
“Squeezed” between Ottomans and Mughals
Forced to become militaristic
Shi’ite Muslims
Persecuted by Ottoman Sunni Muslims
• Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
– Present day Northern India
– Islam forced on partly Hindu population
– Overexpansion, poor leadership weakens empire by
1800s
• Enter England
Ottoman Empire: Notable Sultans
• Mehmet II (1444-1481)
– Captured Constantinople in 1453
– Ends Byzantine Empire, renames city Istanbul
• Selim the Grim (1512-1520)
– Defeated Safavids
– Swept through Syria, Palestine and into North Africa
• Suleiman (1520-1566)
– Reached its peak size
– Dominated Eastern Med., controlled coastal cities of
Africa as well as interior trade, pushed into Europe
– Only Charles V rivaled his power
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire in Decline
• 17th and 18th centuries – Ottoman
empire in decline
– Weak army – janissary corps
– Not industrializing
• Selim III (1789-1806) attempted to
modernize
– Restructured army
– Set up foreign embassies
• Mahmud II (1808-1839)
– Restored central authority
– Established new army (Euro trained)
– Restructured government
Nationalism Dividing
• Nationalism stirring in Ottoman lands
– Serbs revolted in 1804
– Greeks in 1821
– Romanians in 1850s
– Bulgarians in 1870s
• All supported by Western Europe – why?
Geopolitics: an interest in or taking of
land for its strategic location or products
Western Europe wanted a balance of power
European Involvement
• Crimean War 1853
– Russia vs. Ottomans
– France & Britain help Ottomans win
• Egypt
– Ottoman control since 1517
• French briefly took over 1800
• Ottoman and British end French
occupation
– Muhammad Ali in power (1801)
• Westernizes Egypt – Reforms
military, economy, agriculture,
education
– Under Muhammad Ali broke away
from Ottomans
– Grandson Ismail constructed the
Suez Canal
• Opened 1869
• 1882 British controlled it
Young Turk Revolution
• Abdulhamid II (1876-1909)
– Reformer and autocrat
• 1889 – students form
Committee for Union and
Progress
– Want to combine Islamic
culture with Euro ideas and
technology
• Young Turk Revolution
(1908)
– Constitution and assembly
instated
– End of Ottoman monarchy,
CUP in control
Ottoman Empire By 1914
British in India
• British present since
1600s
• Mughal Empire
collapsing in 1700s
• 1757 East India
Company the major
power
– Had an army made up
of “sepoys”
Sepoy Rebellion 1857
• Cartridges of rifles sealed with
beef and pork fat
– Offends both Hindus and Muslims
• Mughal emperor reluctantly
heads rebellion
• British use total war tactics
• The British took direct
command: The Raj
– Direct rule - paternalism
– Indians could not overcome their
religious differences: Hindu vs.
Muslim
– Sikhs remained loyal to the British
• British direct rule 1757-1947
– Cabinet minister in London »
British Viceroy in India » Local
Councils made up of Indians
Indian Nationalist Movement
• Ram Mohum Roy (1772-1833)
– Began a campaign to move India
away from traditional practices;
these practices were allowing
foreigners to control them
• Widow suicide, child marriage,
caste system
• Indian National Congress 1885
– Made up of both Indians and
Britons
• The Muslim League 1906
– Form after the partition of Bengal
– Both groups begin to call for selfgovernment
– After Gandhi’s death the Muslim
League will create Pakistan
British & Malayan Peninsula
British in Malaysia
• 1796
• Gained Singapore as well as most of
Malayan peninsula
• Geopolitics – trade
• Tin, rubber
• Gained Burma (present day Myanmar)
• Encouraged Chinese immigration
– Conflict still exists between Malaysians
and Chinese
Dutch in Indonesia
Dutch
•
•
•
•
Indonesia referred to as Dutch East Indies
Dutch East India Company present since the
early 1800s
Sugar, tobacco, coffee, tea
Created a rigid social class system
1. Dutch
2. Wealthy & Educated Indonesians
3. Plantation workers
1. Forced production, poor working conditions, little rights
gave way to independence movements
French Indochina
• Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
• Protectorates
• Did not encourage local
industry
• Paternalism, assimilation
• Rice production went up
• Siam (Thailand) – neutral
zone under King Mongut
• Modernized Thai
economy
• Warded off foreign rule
Experience of Southeast Asia
• Products: sugar cane, coffee, cocoa,
rubber, coconut, bananas, pineapple
• Europeans encouraged immigration from
other Asian nations
– Why?
– To diversify the population – no unity
– Southeast Asia became a melting pot of
Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists
– Many problems still exist between these
groups today in this area
U.S. in the Pacific
• U.S. involved in
imperialist activity
– Purchased Alaska in 1867
– Overthrew Hawaiian
Queen in 1893
• Spanish American War
– 1898
– Gained Puerto Rico, and
Guam, and Philippines
– Promised to prepare them
for self-rule
– Economic exploitation
– American-Philippine war
• 400,000 killed or imprisoned
China
China
• Led by Manchus of Qing
Dynasty
• Strong agriculture, mining,
manufacturing
– Rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts,
salt, tin, silver, iron, silks,
cottons, porcelain, maize
• Tribute system – states
subordinate to China and
receive gifts and protection in
return
• Self-Sufficient
– They didn’t need anything the
West had to offer
– Had more people than any
empire in the world
Opium
• Foreigners only allowed in one port
• They earned more from their exports than
they spent on their imports – trade
imbalance
– The British were determined to even out the
balance
• Smuggled in Opium for non-medical use
• By 1835 12 million Chinese addicted
Opium War –Turning Point
• 1839 Chinese vs. British
• Superior British Navy humiliated the Chinese
• Treaty of Nanking 1842
– Britain gained Hong Kong
– 1844 Treaty gave US extraterritorial rights
Internal Problems
• 430 million people by 1850
– Hunger widespread; Huang He flooded
regularly
• Government Inaction
– Dikes in disrepair, granaries empty, bribery for
jobs
– Many begin to turn against Qing Dynasty
CHINESE NATIONALSIM GROWING
Taiping Rebellion
• 1850-1864 Led by
Hong Xiuquan
• “Heavenly Kingdom of
Great Peace”
– all would share China’s
vast wealth; there would
be no poverty
• Imperial troops, local
militias and British &
French forces fought to
put down rebellion
– 20 million dead
DEMAND REFORMS!
• Taiping Rebellion put down
• Western Ways or Chinese
Traditions?
• Dowager Empress Cixi 18611908
– Supported some reforms but
generally conservative
• Sino-Japanese War 1894
– Leads to renewed aggression of
West
• Open Door Policy 1899
– China’s doors are open to all
nations
– China never becomes a colony but
it is at the mercy of foreign powers
Chinese Nationalists hate the
presence of foreigners!
Boxer Rebellion 1900
• Reforms being suppressed
• Society of Harmonious Fists
(referred to as Boxers)
– Peasants and workers who
resented foreign privileges;
resented Chinese Christians
• “Death to the Foreign Devil!”
– Surround European section of
Beijing
• Begin to imprison and kill
Europeans
– Soldiers from Britain, France,
Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia,
Japan & the US defeated the
Boxers
Rebellion a failure but
Nationalism is not dead!!
JAPAN
• Prior to 1867 ruled by the
Tokugawa Shogun
– Tightly ordered society cut off
from the West
– Traded with China and Dutch
traders in Indonesia; contact
with Korea
– Commodore Matthew Perry
arrived in 1853
• Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 opened
up two ports to American ships
• 1860 foreigners allowed to trade in
all treaty ports
• 1863-1864 Imperial naval fleets
bombard two rebel-prone cities
The Meiji Era: 1867-1912
• Japanese annoyed with
Tokugawa for giving into
foreigners
• The Meiji Restoration
– Peaceful coup by young
samurais
– 1867 – End of military
dictatorship of the Tokugawa
– Restructures government
– Ruled for 45 years
– “Enlightened Rule”
Emperor Mutsuhito
The Meiji Government
• Japanese sent to study foreign
ways
– Liked Germany’s centralized gov’t, the
skill of British Navy, and American
system of public education
• Industrialization
– By 1914 – 7,000 miles of railroad
– Coal production grew, factories built,
developed shipbuilding, weapons
production as well as local industries
• Who is left behind as Japan
modernizes?
• Satsuma Rebellion 1877
– Now irrelevant samurai rebel – over
30,000 are killed
Iwakura Mission (1871)
Japanese Imperialism
• By 1890 strongest military
power in Asia
– Build an empire to secure
their interests
• War with China over Korea
– 1895 Sino-Japanese war
– Within a few months the
Chinese were driven from
Korea and Japan began to
move into Manchuria
– Peace treaty gave Japan its
first colonies
Europeans very surprised
that Japan won
Russo-Japanese War 1905
• The two major powers in
East Asia
• Went to war over
Manchuria and Korea
– Japan easily defeats the
Russians (really bad for
Russia)
• Treaty of Portsmouth:
forced Russia to withdraw
from Manchuria and stay
out of Korea
Japan is THE power in
East Asia
Korea & Japanese Imperialism
• After the Russo-Japanese War
the Japanese don’t hold back in
Korea
• 1905 – made a protectorate
• 1910 – Japan annexed Korea
• For the next 35 years brutal
Japanese rule
–
–
–
–
–
Forbade public protest
Shut down newspapers
Took over schools
Replaced the Korean language
Took away land
KOREAN NATIONALISM GROWS!!
RQ 1
• What were the motives of European colonizers
for conquering most of Africa in the last
nineteenth century?
– Economic competition (Industrial Rev.)
• Rare natural resources & new markets
–
–
–
–
–
More colonies = more power
Geopolitics
National Pride
Social Darwinism
Spread of Christianity
RQ 2
• What difference did the discovery of gold
and diamonds have on the relations
between the British and Afrikaner and
African states?
– Afrikaners = Gold in the Transvaal region
• Led to Boer War between British vs. Afrikaner
– Africans = Diamonds in South Africa
• British take over South Africa mines (De Beers)
• Compound system
• Laid foundation for Apartheid
RQ 3
• How did Europeans administer their
African colonies?
– Indirect rule vs. Direct rule
RQ 4
• In the 19th century, what were the
pressures for change inside and outside
the Ottoman Empire?
– Inside:
•
•
•
•
Failing centralized gov’t
Janissary Corps weakening, bankrupting empire
Nationalism
Not modernizing, industrializing
– Outside:
• Geopolitics: western Europe supporting internal
revolutions, etc.
RQ 5
• How did British colonialism inspire a
subcontinent of fractured principalities to
develop a sense of nationalism?
– India: very divided culturally, religiously
– British economically and politically dominate
India – growth of unity against common
enemy
– Through reform, improving infrastructure,
working for more self-government, Indians
gain nationalism
RQ 6
• What combination of local and
international factors determined the fate of
Southeast Asian countries in the face of
European imperialism?
– Southeast Asia very diverse: ethnicity,
religion, culture, etc.
• Also not modernizing economies, armies, etc.
– Allows for European takeover
• Forced cross-immigration, direct rule tactics
RQ 7
• What domestic and foreign pressures brought
about China’s decline from being the world’s
economic engine in the 18th century to being a
failing monarchy, hobbled by unequal treaties, in
the early twentieth century?
– Imperialist powers wanting to even out trade
imbalance
– Not modernizing
– Government inaction
– Numerous revolts
RQ 8
• What was the meaning of “modernity” and
what did the Japanese do to attain it in the
late 19th century Japan?
– Japan realized it was overpowered by
imperialist countries
– Iwakura mission sent out to learn foreign
ideas and technology
• Government, education, army all modernized
• Resulted in becoming world power
Unit 10: World War One
Goals of Unit 10
• To be able to explain the system of alliances in
Europe and their influence upon the War.
• To understand the technological advances made
possible due to the war.
• To recognize the impact of the war upon Europe
and the world.
• To understand the rise in power of the
Bolsheviks in Russia and how it changed the
traditional Russian government.
• To further develop the skills of using maps by
examining the changing face of Europe during
the war years.
Britain in 1914
• Strong, stable,
prosperous
• Led by King George V
in 1914
– Prime Minister David
Lloyd George
Germany by 1914
•
•
•
•
Unified in 1871
Progressed fast
Very strong army, industry, economy, etc.
Led by Kaiser Wilhelm II
Italy by 1914
•
•
•
•
United in 1861 (fully by 1870)
Poor, struggling nation
Regional and political conflicts
Led by King Emmanuel III
– (Grandson of King Victor Emmanuel II)
France by 1914
• Weak republic, but stable and prosperous
by 1914
• Led by elected president Raymond
Poincare
Russia by 1914
• Partially modernized, slowly industrializing
• Conservative constitutional monarch
• After Revolutions of 1905
• Peasant-based population
• Led by Nicholas II
Japan by 1914
• Meiji era quickly and efficiently
modernized Japan’s military, economy,
government, etc
• Sino-Japanese War (1895) and RussoJapanese War (1905)
• Quickly become strongest power in Asia
• Led by Emperor Taisho
– Son of Meiji (Mutsuhito)
Ottoman Empire by 1914
• Weak and dwindling
• Constitution and Assembly created after
Young Turk Revolution in 1908
• Led by Committee of Union and Progress
– (Sultan Mehmed V had no real power)
Austria-Hungary by 1914
• 1867 – Dual Monarchy created
• Complete disunity and disorganization
• Chaotic, weak and inefficient empire would
last until 1914
• Led by Franz Joseph
– His nephew & heir to the throne is…
• Franz Ferdinand
• What major
incident led to the
break out of
World War One?
• How can “one
bullet” cause a
whole world war?
• There were four
M.A.I.N. causes
of WWI…
June 18, 1914 – Archduke
Franz Ferdinand assassinated
by Bosnian-Serb assassins
Militarism (Arms Race)
• Definition: Making your
military bigger and better
than other countries.
• Symbol of national
prestige, Social
Darwinism, arms race
• What problems can arise
when countries compete
against other countries for
military strength?
Militarism
Country
Defense Expenditures (mil)
1890
1914
Germany
144
554
British Empire
157
384
Japan
24
96
France
186
287
Russia
145
442
US
67
314
Source: W.S. Morton. Japan: Its History and Culture., 3rd ed. (New York:McGraw Hill, 1994), p. 182.
Alliances
• An agreement between two or more
countries to help each other. It can include
military help, money or providing of
weapons.
• Late 1800’s many countries in Europe
made various alliances, Triple Entente
(Britain, Russia and France) and The Dual
Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
• How can complex alliances cause a
problem?
Imperialism / Industrial Revolution
• During the 1800’s the Industrial Revolution was
happening in Europe.
• Competition for colonies, economic rivalries
• With the invention of factories, weapons were less
expensive to produce allowing countries to improve and
buy them in mass quantities.
• Countries were also experimenting with new weapons
such as airplanes, tanks, chemical warfare.
• How can imperialism cause a problem among competing
nations?
Nationalism
• Devotion to the interests or
culture of one's nation
• Excessive pride in one’s
nation
• How can excessive
nationalism be a
contribution to WWI?
Goal of Today Met?
What were the “MAIN”
causes of World War
One?
Ottoman Empire
• North and South of
Ottoman Territory are
the independent
states of Romania,
Serbia, Greece, and
Bulgaria
• The Austro-Hungarian
Empire
– Included states of
Croatia and Slovenia
– Occupied Bosnia and
Herzegovina since
1878
Pan-Slavism
• Pan-Slavism : A movement advocating the political
and cultural union of Slavic nations and peoples.
– Serbia desired to create a Slavic state
• Greece and Romania are not Slavic
• Movement to unify Slavic states into a single
nation: Yugoslavia
– Slavic people look towards Serbia as possible center
of this new nation
– Serbia and Bulgaria conflict over Slavic leadership
Crisis in Eastern Europe
Conflict
• Bosnian Crisis of 1908
– Russia & Austria vs. Ottomans, France & Britain
• First Balkan War 1912
– Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, & Serbia vs. Ottoman
– Fight over Macedonia and size of Bulgaria
• Second Balkan War 1913
– Austria intervenes over Albania; Russia comes to
Serbia’s aid
• “Third Balkan War” 1914
– Austria-Hungary wanted a “local war” but that was
impossible
Declarations of War
• June 28, 1914 Archduke
Francis Ferdinand
assassinated
• Ultimatum to Serbia delivered
July 24th
• Austria declares war on Serbia
July 28th
• August 1st Germany declares
war on Russia
• August 3rd Germany declared
war on France
• August 4th Britain declares war
on Germany
• By the end of August, Japan
declares war on the Central
Powers
• By 1915, the Ottoman Turks
join the Central Powers
Taking Sides
• Allied Powers:
Russia, France,
Great Britain, Japan,
Serbia, Italy
– Italy claimed its
membership in Triple
Alliance was a
defensive strategy,
changed sides
• Central Powers:
Germany, AustriaHungary, Ottomans,
Bulgaria
– Bulgaria and the
Ottomans hoped to
regain lost territories
Germany Strikes
• Schlieffen Plan:
• Attack France in the
West first, then turn
around and attack
Russia in the East
– March through
unfortified Belgium to
take France quickly
– Russia’s lack of
railroads would make
it difficult to mobilize
their troops
Battle of Marne
• First Battle of the Marne
(Sep 1914)
– French and British stop
and push back surging
German army
– Schlieffen Plan fails
– Allies win battle
– Problem…
– Allies are slow to chase
retreating Germans
– Results in “trench
warfare” and the
formation of the Western
Front
The Western Front
New Technology
• Machine Guns
• Flamethrowers
• Poisonous Gas
• Tanks & Planes
• Land Mines
• Mortars
Consequences of Trench Warfare
• By Dec 1914
– 1.5 million dead
– Single battles claiming
100,000+ lives
– Borders on the Western
Front hardly moving
– “War of Attrition”
• A war in which there are no
decisive, conclusive battles.
The two sides grind away at
each other until one side is too
exhausted and gives up
Propaganda
• Information, ideas, or rumors spread
deliberately to harm or influence a person,
group, movement, institution, nation, etc
The Home Front – “Total War”
• 1914: Enthusiasm
– Nationalism
• Support of the masses
leads to an energetic
war effort
– Demand for Men &
Weapons
• Economic life and
organizations had to
change
Home Front - Economics
• Free market Capitalism
abandoned
• Government decided what was to
be produced and consumed
– Rationing, price and wage controls
– Effective and destructive
• Soldiers on the Battlefield & the
Home Front
– “…there are entire nations armed.
Thus the men (and women) who
remain to till the soil and man the
factories are not less a part of the
army than the men beneath the
battle flags.” - Woodrow Wilson
Home Front – Social Impact
• Poverty & Unemployment
were the norm prior to
1914….But now
– Full employment
– Labor unions part of policy
making (socialist ideal)
– Women: equal pay for equal
work
– Blurred lines between rich
and poor
Home Front - Politics
• 1914-1916 popular support for
the war
• After 1916 there is a shift
– Soldier morale declining
– Easter Uprising in Ireland
– Public opposition to the war
• Government Attempts to
Control This
– Widespread censorship;
propaganda
– Good news overstated; Bad news
avoided
Goal of Today:
What helped the Allies survive
this “war of attrition”, and how
did the unstable political and
social conditions of the Central
Powers, help turn the tides of
WWI towards an Allied victory?
Battle of Gallipoli
• 1915
• British wanted control of
Turkish owned
Dardanelles Canal to ship
supplies to Russia
• Australia and New
Zealand (Anzacs) provide
army
• Fails miserably, over
200,000 die
• Central Powers win battle
Russia on the Eastern Front
• 1915
• Russia’s military
tactics, technology,
and leadership
outmatched
• Russian forces
defeated in Poland
• 1.2 Million Russians
killed, 1 million more
imprisoned
• Central Powers win
battle
Battle of Verdun
• Allies plan:
– Deny Germany badly
needed supplies
– Fewer, but bigger
attacks
• Feb 1916
– Fought over strategic
location
– Lasted months
– French regain lost
forts, no clear winner
– 700,000 dead
Battle of Somme
• July 1916
• British attack German
lines along the Somme
River
• British lose 60,000 in
the first day
• Lasts until November
• 1.2 Million dead
• No clear winner
• Western front
New Alliance
• 1917 enter US, exit
Russia
– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Lenin-controlled Russia
backs out of war, signs treaty
with Germany
– German unrestricted
submarine warfare
– Lusitania
• German subs sink passenger
ship – 1,000 die, 100
American
– Zimmerman Note
• Germany urging Mexico to
attack U.S.
The War Ends
• July 1918 Second
Battle of the Marne
– Last German attempt
– United States adds much
needed strength to Allies
– Bulgaria and Ottomans
surrender; AustroHungarian Empire falls
apart; Turn against Kaiser
Wilhelm
– Germany is forced to
surrender
– Allies win battle, war
The War Ends
• November 11, 1918
– Armistice Day
– Complete surrender
in Paris
– Allies victorious
Treaty of Versailles
• Decision-makers
– The Big Four
•
•
•
•
Woodrow Wilson – US
Georges Clemenceau – France
Lloyd George – Great Britain
Vittorio Orlando – Italy
• Problem: All are going to have
very different agendas and
visions for post-war Europe.
Goals of the Treaty of Versailles
USA:
– Wilson’s aim was to
achieve a just and
lasting peace
• “The 14 Points”
• The League of
Nations
Europe:
– But, France and
Britain wanted to
punish Germany
and strip it of its war
making power
– Italy wants
compensation
Wilson will have to compromise…
Treaty of Versailles
• War Guilt/Reparations
– The Allies forced
Germany to sign a war
guilt clause and pay
reparations
• Military Restrictions
– The agreement limited
the size of the German
army and prohibited
Germany from importing
or manufacturing war
materials
Treaty of Versailles
• Territorial Changes
– German territories in
Africa and the Pacific
and Ottoman lands were
declared mandates
– Austria, Hungary,
Poland,
Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, Finland,
Estonia, Lithuania, and
Latvia were created as
independent nations
Treaty of Versailles
• Legacy
– Left a legacy of bitterness, betrayal, and
hatred that would erupt into a second world
war.
Aftermath of WWI
• Almost 20 million dead
• Four empires crumbled:
–
–
–
–
German Empire
Ottoman Empire
Russian Empire
Austria-Hungarian Empire
• Problem with crumbling empires?
– Empires replaced with broken up republics with shaky
leadership
• New political boundaries, trading patterns, etc.
• Colonial world in disarray
Aftermath
of
WWI
• European economies ruined
– U.S. owed more than $10 billion from
Europe
– Allies had borrowed from each other
• Bolshevik Russia renounces debts
– Weimar Rep. of Germany suffers massive
inflation
• Cannot afford war debts
• Causes tension, Euro countries occupy
Ruhr to collect – fails
– U.S. creates Dawes Plan (1924) to
handle German reparations
• Bends rules of Treaty of Versailles
• Followed by Young Plan (1929)
– European economies begin to improve…
• U.S. Stock Market Crash (1929)
– Leads to the worldwide “Great
Depression”
Day 8: Russian Revolutions of
1917 (RQ8 Due)
WARM UP:
• Karl Marx was a German
philosopher and ideologist who
called for a violent and
overwhelming social revolution
of the working class (proletariat)
• What do you think works better:
– One big, immediate revolution and
overthrow
OR
– Gradual change over time (various
reforms, protests, etc)
• WHY?
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
The Russian Revolutions
of 1917
But first: a quick reminder… remember 1905?
Revolution of 1905
• Russia not modernizing, falling
behind other world powers
– Loss of Russo-Japanese War
(1905) humiliating defeat
• Russians upset with
oppression, no democracy, loss
of war
• Bloody Sunday
– Nicholas II losing popularity fast
• October Manifesto
– Nicholas II granted full civil rights
and an elected Duma
• Duma
– VERY limited by the
“Fundamental Laws” (Russian
Constitution)
– Dismissed twice; landowners
assured seats
The March Revolution (1917)
• Russia did not have the
resources to fight a
modern war - WWI
– Nicholas II failing at the
frontlines
• Spontaneous revolution
of striking men and
women led to abdication
of Nicholas II
• March 12, 1917 The
Duma declared a
provisional government
• The end of Tsarist
Autocracy
The Provisional Government
•
–
•
Alexander
Kerensky
Made a number of reforms
Equality before law; freedom of
religion, speech, assembly; right of
unions to organize and strike
New Government split in two:
1. Liberal bourgeoisie and moderate
socialists (Kerensky) who were
technically in power
2. Petrograd Soviet: urban workers,
soldiers, and radical intellectuals
(Lenin & Trotsky)
Vladimir
Lenin
Leon
Trostky
Their Differences
• Provisional Gov’t (Kerensky): wanted to
continue fighting WWI
• Bolsheviks (left-wing Marxists – Lenin and
Trotsky) were opposed to the war
– Military power essentially in the hands of the
Bolsheviks under the leadership of Trotsky
Lenin (1870-1924)
• Leader of the Bolsheviks
• Marxism-Leninism:
– Lenin argued that the revolution
had to be led by a small
conspiratorial elite of
revolutionaries
– Waiting for the so-called
proletarian revolution in
agricultural Russia would be
futile.
– Urban workers would only
develop a trade-union
consciousness and lose their
vigor and determination for
social reform
November Revolution
• Lenin arrived in Russia in April 1917
• Red Guards: workers’ armed forces
– There was little bloodshed when the Guards began to seize
gov’t property
– Take over, exile Kerensky
• Council of People’s Commissars
– Redistribution of land
– Worker control of factories through workers’ committees
– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
• Had to give up some
Russian territory with 1/3
of Russian population
(Poles, Lithuanians, Finns)
• Russia is out of WWI
Civil War
(1918-1920)
• “Whites” (Anti-Bolsheviks)
vs. the “Reds” (Bolsheviks)
• Allies support the Whites
• Lenin turned to a one-party gov’t: Communists
– Encourage worldwide revolution based on the
principles of socialism
• Trotsky led the Reds to victory
– War Communism: Bolshevik policy to…
• Nationalize banks and industries; seize grains & introduced
rationing; and they reestablished the Cheka (secret police) to
exterminate foes – prison camps, harsh rule, fear
• Now the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics) AKA Soviet Union
New Economic Policy
• War Communism is failing and the USSR is facing
economic collapse after the civil war
• N.E.P. (New Economic Policy)
– Designed to restore Russian economy
– Introduced some aspects of private ownership among the
peasants
– They could sell surpluses in free markets and buy from
private traders and manufacturers
– Is this true communism?
Lenin compromised his Marxist ideals in order to survive
RQ 1
• What were the specific causes of WWI?
– Balkan Wars
– Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
– Ultimatum given to Serbia by Austria-Hungary
RQ 2
• What were the effects of WWI on the
home front?
– Free-market capitalism abandoned
• More government intervention
• Rationing, price, wage controlled
– Full employment – women take up jobs in
factories
– Less class conflict, less wealth gap
– Propaganda keeps morale good
RQ 3
• Why was it so difficult for Allied leaders to
achieve lasting peace in Europe?
– Different motives and agendas at treaty talks:
– US: Lasting peace, less punishment
– England, France, Italy: Compensation and
punishment of Germany
RQ 4
• In what ways did the First World War
destroy global economic equilibrium?
– 20 million dead, some land and cities
destroyed
– Europe spent millions on war effort
• All in debt to each other
• Germany punished with financial compensation
– Leads to economic chaos in Germany, Europe
– Colonial world in disarray
RQ 5
• How did the revolutions of 1917 transform
Russia?
– Overthrow of Nicholas II leads to end of Tsarist
Autocracy
• Russians now have representation in government (Duma)
– Bolsheviks transform Russia into Communist society:
• Redistribute land, workers own factories, Russia leaves WWI
– forfeit land
• “War Communism” – nationalize banks, industry; seize and
ration grains
• “War Communism” fails, N.E.P. created
– Infuses some capitalist ideals into Communist Russia
Stalin’s Russia
1925-1953
Totalitarian Dictatorship
Stalin Video Terms
• Five Year Plans
– Series of plans to increase industrial output
• Collectivization
– System Stalin put in place to steal crops and agricultural
resources from farmers
• Kulaks
– Wealthiest farmers who owned most land, resources, laborers,
machinery – harshly exploited during collectivization
• Famine in the Ukraine
– Over 1 million die of starvation, many in work camps
• Great Purge
– Stalin systematically “eliminating” any threat to his power so he
can gain total control
• Propaganda/Censorship/Secret Police
“Man of Steel”
• By 1928 in total command of the Communist
Party
• Aspects of Totalitarian Rule
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Dictatorship and one party rule
Dynamic leader
Ideology
State control over all sectors of society
State control of the individual
Dependence on modern technology
Organized violence
Dangerous Leaders Rise
• Post WWI political and
economic chaos, Great
Depression lead to rise of
totalitarian and/or fascist
regimes:
–
–
–
–
–
Joseph Stalin (USSR)
Francisco Franco (Spain)
Benito Mussolini (Italy)
Hirohito (Japan)
Adolf Hitler (Germany)
• Totalitarianism focuses all
efforts on empowering the
state
Fascism
• Extreme Nationalism +
Militarism = Fascism
• Emphasized loyalty to the
state and obedience to its
leader
• Revive economy, restore
national pride, punish those
responsible for hard times
• Nations must struggle –
peaceful nations get
conquered
• Wore uniforms, used special
salutes, and held mass
rallies
Fascism & Communism
•
•
•
•
•
Similarities
Both ruled by dictators
One-party state
Denied individual rights
The state is of utmost
importance
No democracy
Differences
• Fascists did not seek a
classless society
• Fascists parties didn’t
focus on working class;
Instead aristocrats,
industrialists, war
veterans, lower middle
class
• Communists were
internationalists; Fascists
were nationalist
Italy
• What was going on in Italy
that allowed a Fascist
dictator to come to power?
– Bitter disappointment over the
Treaty of Versailles
• Didn’t get the territory they
wanted
– Rising inflation &
unemployment
– Upper and middle classes
feared a communist revolution
Mussolini
• Newspaper editor &
politician
• Founded the Fascist
Party in 1919
• As conditions
worsened he gained
more popularity
• Played on the fears of
a workers’ revolt
Mussolini Gains Power
• October 1922: 30,000 Fascists
“March on Rome”
• King Victor Emmanuel III put
Mussolini in charge of the
government
• “Il Duce” – The Leader
– Abolished democracy & all other
political parties
– Used a secret police, censored
radio and publications
– Outlawed strikes
– Allied with industrialists and large
landowners
Franco in Spain
• Spain had been a monarchy
until 1931; a republic was
declared and it was run by
liberals and socialists
– The Fascists staged a revolt in
1936 under Francisco Franco’s
leadership
• Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
– Franco was assisted by Hitler
and Mussolini
– Other Western powers did little
to help the Spanish Republic to
fight back against Franco
Franco
• 1939 – Franco became
Spain’s Fascist dictator
– Rules until his death in 1975
• Royal family turned power
over to the Spanish people
• Spanish Republic was created
Post-War Germany
• Germany’s new
Weimar Republic
failing after WWI
– unstable, war guilt,
inflation,
unemployment
– 1923-1929 –
economy recovering
– 1929 – Great
Depression starts
Hitler Rises to Power in
Germany
• Little-known political
leader
• Fought in World War I
• 1920 joined the
National Socialist
German Workers’
Party – Nazi Party
• Supported by middle
and lower middle
classes
Hitler
• Attempted to seize power in
1923
– He spent nine months in jail; wrote
Mein Kampf which summarized his
ideas:
• Blond and blue-eyed Germans,
“Aryans,” were a “master race”
• Jews, Slavs, Gypsies etc. were
subhuman
• Versailles Treaty an outrage;
regain German lands
• Lebensraum: living space; to be
gained by conquering eastern
Europe and Russia
Nazi Party
• Not very popular until
the Depression was in
full swing
• By 1932, the largest
political party
• January 1933 –
President Paul von
Hindenburg named
Hitler chancellor
Hitler Consolidates his Power
• Reichstag Fire
– Six days before an election, a fire
destroyed the parliamentary
building
– Blamed on the communists
– Nazis won the majority in that
election; Hitler then demanded
absolute power for four years
• Banned all other political parties
• Created the SS to get rid of
opponents
• The Gestapo – secret police – use
terror to guarantee obedience
• Government took over business &
labor; strikes and labor unions
outlawed
So much terror – Why did
people like him?
• Germans constructed factories, built
highways, manufactured weapons,
and served in the military
– Unemployment dropped from 6 million to
1.5 million by 1936
• Hitler molded public opinion
– He used the press, radio, literature,
painting and film as propaganda tools
– Book burnings in public squares
– Churches forbidden to criticize the
government
– Children had to join the Hitler Youth
Racial Science and Propaganda
Hitler & the Jews
• Less than 1% of German
population
• Nazi’s used them as
scapegoats for Germany’s
troubles since the war
• Anti-Semitic laws began to
be passed in 1933
• November 9, 1938
Kristallnacht
– Signaled the real start of
eliminating the Jews
The Holocaust
• Anti-Semitic laws began
to be passed in 1933
• 1935 – Nuremberg laws
passed
– Took away German
citizenship
The Holocaust
• 1935-1942
– Germany starts to invade and
occupy Austria, Czechoslovakia,
Poland (Millions of Jews reside)
– Deportation and resettlement in
ghettos
– Work camps starting to be opened
• Produce weapons for war, materials,
etc
• Worked to death
• 1942-1945
– “Final Solution”
– Auschwitz, Dachau, etc – death
camps
• Approx. 6.5 Million Jews killed
– 2 million non-Jews killed
Turning a Blind Eye
• Martin Niemoller was a Protestant pastor and head of the antiNazi Confessing Church. Arrested for 'malicious attacks
against the state', he spent seven years in the Dachau and
Sachsenhausen Released in 1945 by the Allies. He penned
the moving and oft quoted poem:
In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't
speak up because I wasn't a communist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I
wasn't a Jew.
Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up
because I wasn't a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because
I wasn't a Catholic.
Then they came for me -- and by that time there was nobody left
to speak up.
-Martin Niemoller
Appeasement
• What do you think the word
“appeasement” means?
• Appeasement – giving into demands to
avoid conflict
• Why do you think the idea of appeasement
is going to be a crucial factor in WWII
starting?
Japan Invades Manchuria
• 1931 – Japan invades
Manchuria region of China
– For economic benefit
• Clearly strong nation
bullying a weaker one
• League of Nations does
very little:
– Threaten trade boycott
• Not enforced, countries trade
with Japan anyway – why?
– Economic depression – nations
need trade
Italy Invades Ethiopia
• October 1935 – Mussolini
invades Ethiopia with
Hitler’s support
– Revenge for humiliating
defeat of Italians by
Ethiopia in 1896
• League of Nations again
does nothing
Hitler Militarizing
• Treaty of Versailles
forbids and restricts
German armament
• 1935 – Hitler announces
German rearmament
• 1936 – German armies
move in unopposed into
the demilitarized
Rhineland
• League of Nations again
does nothing
Spanish Civil War
• Spanish Civil War breaks out
(1936-1939)
– Fascist government vs. republican
government
• Germany and Italy help fellow
fascist General Franco
• Franco and Spanish Fascists
win control
• Franco’s 40 year dictatorship
begins
• Democracy falls in another
European country
• League of Nations again does
nothing
Japan Invades China
• 1937 – Japan conducts
mass invasion of China
(1937)
– Second Sino-Japanese
War
– “Rape of Nanking” –
Japanese army murders
300,000 unarmed
Chinese civilians
• League of Nations again
does nothing
Appeasement
• League of Nation’s policy of
appeasement, past negligence, and
U.S. isolationism all lead to Hitler
gaining more power
• Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles:
– Builds up German military
– Remilitarization of the Rhineland region
(1936)
– Annexes Austria (1938)
– “Anschluss movement” (reunification of
Germany and Austria)
• Hitler convinced European leaders
each step of expansion would be his
last
• League of Nations appeased every
demand of his
• Hitler demands annexation of Sudetenland
(small bordering region of Czechoslovakia)
• Munich Conference called to discuss
(Sept. 1938)
– Tense talks lead to appeasement of Hitler’s
demand
– English Prime Minister Chamberlain: “I have
returned from Germany with peace in our
time.”
– All of Czechoslovakia annexed months later
• Russo-German Nonaggression Pact signed
(1939)
– Stalin and Hitler promise no military aggression
against each other
– This ensures Hitler will not fight a two-front war
like WWI and also allows for an easier invasion of
Poland
• Hitler’s motives clear – France & Britain
finally takes a stand
– Warns Hitler an invasion of Poland would merit
war declaration
• Hitler attacks Poland one week later (Sep 1,
1939)
• War declarations ensue – WWII starts
Belligerents as of
1940:
Allies: Britain,
France,
Poland
VS.
Axis:
Germany,
Italy, Japan
Battle Lines
Drawn
Causes of WWII?
• Too much negative aftermath from the
Treaty of Versailles
• Hitler’s imperialistic actions
• Failure of Appeasement policy
• Failure of the League of Nations
– Not all countries joined the league
– League had no power, no army, unable to act
quickly
Lightening Strikes
• Sept 1939 – Germany defeats
Poland
• Months of inactivity – some
suspected a “phony war”
– Hitler amasses & consolidates
military
• April 1940 – Hitler suddenly
launches “blitzkrieg” attack
– “Lighting warfare” using tanks,
planes, infantry simultaneously
– very effective
– Norway, Denmark, Netherlands,
Belgium all defeated instantly
Lightening Strikes
• France invaded and surrenders
by June 1940
– Italy joins and invades weakened
France before surrender
• Britain is last of the Allies left
standing in Europe
• America shocked – begins
immediate military built up
• Hitler begins bombing Britain with
planes
– All-air “Battle of Britain” ensues
– Britain temporarily fights off Germany
• U.S. begins loaning Britain
weaponry and supplies
– “Lend-Lease Act”
Atlantic Charter
• June 1941 – Paranoid Hitler breaks
pact with Russia and attacks
Moscow – Russia joins the Allies
– FDR sends $1 billion to help Russia
– Germany’s quick invasion fails by
December due to harsh winter
• August 1941 – “Atlantic Conference”
called as meeting between Winston
Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(and absent Stalin)
• “Atlantic Charter” created to discuss
aid to Soviets & layout plans for
postwar
– Main points similar to Wilson’s 14
Points:
• New peace-keeping organization
• U.S. rapidly moving away from
isolationism and neutrality
End of U.S. Neutrality
• Japan beating China badly in
since 1937
– Numerous massacres of
Chinese civilians and sinking of
USS Panay angered Americans
• July 1941 – In protest, U.S.
puts embargo on Japan who
heavily relied on U.S. oil
• Japan’s solution was to attack
• American code breakers
suspect possible Japanese
activity in the Pacific –
Philippines? British Malaysia?
Australia?
Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941 –
Japan launches all-out
sneak attack on U.S.
naval bases in Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii
• 3,000 Americans killed,
Pacific fleet of U.S.
Navy almost entirely
wiped out
• America declares war,
joins Allied Powers
War in Pacific
• Dec 7, 1941 – Japan
launches series of attacks on
American and British islands
in Pacific:
– Guam, Wake Island, the
Philippines, Hong Kong, Dutch
East Indies, coastal China, etc
• By March 1942, all islands
except the Philippines had
fallen to overpowering Japan
• Japan defeats Allies in Battle
of the Philippines
– 75,000 American and Filipino
POWs subjected to “Bataan
Death March”
• Japan seemed unstoppable
Battle of Midway
• Code breakers intercept messages of
surprise attack on Midway Island
• June 7, 1942 – Battle of Midway
• Japan’s surprise attack spoiled,
ambushed by waiting U.S. fleet
• U.S. routs Japan:
– 3,000 Japanese killed vs. 300 Americans
killed
– 4 Japanese carriers sunk vs. 1 American
carrier
– 250 Japanese aircrafts shot down vs. 150
American aircrafts
• Midway was the turning point of war
in the Pacific
• Japan’s fleet virtually wiped out
War in Pacific
• America’s new plan in Pacific:
“island hopping” AKA
“leapfrogging”
– Do not attack mainland Japan yet
– Attack the weaker islands around
the Pacific one by one
– Build airbases on each island
– Cut off resources to Japan
– Main islands of Japan would then
be bombed into submission
• Progress was being made, but
slowly and at great costs
Belligerents as of 1942:
Major Allies: Britain, Russia,
United States, France
VS.
Major Axis: Germany, Italy,
Japan
Turning Point
• 1940-1942: German
dominance
– Germany occupying most of
Europe
– Britain trying to hold off Hitler
– Controlling the seas with deadly
u-boat “wolf packs”
• 1942: turning point of war in
Europe (and Pacific)
– Germany’s “enigma code” broken
– Prowling u-boat wolf packs can
now be located
• Allies begin to win Battle of the
Atlantic
– Supplies can now easily be
shipped to Britain & France
Hitler Halted
• Britain bombs Germans
in Cologne, France
• Americans bomb
Germany
• Sept 1942 – Battle of
Stalingrad
– Russians stop German
offensive at Stalingrad,
begin successful
counteroffensive
Hitler Halted
• Oct 1942 – Battle of El
Alamein
– German Gen. Erwin Rommel
dominating North Africa
• Nicknamed the “Desert Fox”
– Stopped by the British from
gaining control of Suez
Canal
• Germany stopped in both
campaigns
– Endures heavy losses,
retreat ensues
The “Soft Underbelly”
• Burdened Soviet Union
urges Allies to open
second front
• FDR wants to invade
through France
• Churchill wants to
invade through Northern
Africa and Italy
– “Soft underbelly”
• “Soft underbelly”
approach chosen to lure
war away from Britain
The “Soft Underbelly”
• Nov 1942 – Gen. Dwight
Eisenhower leads successful
campaign in North Africa
– Jan 1943 – Casablanca Conference
• FDR & Churchill agree to seek
“unconditional surrender” of Germany
• Germans pushed out of Africa by
May 1943
• Sept 1943 – Allies invade south Italy
– Mussolini overthrown, Italy surrenders
– German soldiers keep fighting invading
Allies
– Invasion slow and bloody
– Allies finally take Rome by June 1944
• Campaign soon becomes just a
diversion…
D-Day Invasion
• Nov-Dec 1943 – Tehran
Conference
– FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet to
coordinate
– Plans of a new invasion of France
made
– Gen. Eisenhower chosen to lead the
operation
• June 6, 1944 – D-Day Invasion
– Over 150,000 Allied soldiers
successfully invade beaches of
Normandy region on French coast
• Largest amphibious assault in history
– Invading Allies spread through
France into different campaigns
Effects of D-Day Invasion
• Paris liberated by
1945
– Huge morale boost
for Allies
• Germany in full-on
retreat
– End was nearing for
Hitler and German
army
War in Europe
• Nazis make one last centralized
push at Ardenne Forest…
• Dec 1944 – Battle of the Bulge
– Surprised Americans pushed back
• Creating a “bulge” in the battle line
– Largest and bloodiest battle for
American Army
– Americans hold on to key city of
Bastogne until Allied reinforcements
arrive
– Germans eventually defeated,
resume retreat
• Both America and Russia
converging towards Berlin
Holocaust Discovered
• Holocaust had been just
an rumor and thought to
be embellished at most
• Retreating Germans
accelerate “final solution”
• Advancing Allies shocked
as they begin to discover
Nazi concentration camps
• German civilians forced to
march through camps
Katyn Massacre
• Poland, 1943:
• Katyn Massacre discovered by Nazis
– 22,000 Poles secretly executed in 1940
– Soviets blamed Nazis, Nazis blamed Soviets
– Evidence surfaces it was Stalin’s orders
– Helps cause tension between Allies and Russia
Germany Surrenders
• April 1945 – Russia
reaches Germany
– Hitler kills himself
• May 8, 1945 –
Germany officials
surrender
– V-E Day (Victory in
Europe)
War in the Pacific
• By 1945, U.S.
weakening Japan:
– U.S. subs destroying
Japanese merchant
ships
– U.S. bombers
devastating Japanese
cities with firebomb
campaigns
• Mar 1945 – Two day firebomb raid on Tokyo
– 1/4 of city demolished
and 80,000 deal
War in the Pacific
• Series of costly, hard-fought,
U.S. victories:
• Mar 1945 – Battle of Leyte Gulf
– Gen. MacArthur recaptures the
Philippines
• Mar 1945 – Battle of Iwo Jima
– U.S. takes small, but strategic
island
• June 1945 – Battle of Okinawa
– Last island before Japanese
mainland
– American victory
• But with 50,000 American casualties
The Atomic Bomb
• Japan refusing to surrender
– Seen as dishonorable to give up
– “Kamikaze” suicide missions increase
– Must protect their godlike emperor
• U.S. leaders know invasion of Japan
would be grueling and deadly
• Manhattan Project – Since 1940, U.S.
secretly began developing world’s first
atomic bomb
– Mostly worked on by ex-German scientists
– 1945 – Tested in New Mexico and ready
for use
• July 1945 – Potsdam Conference
– American, British and Russian officials
meet to give Japan final ultimatum:
“Surrender or be destroyed”
Japan Surrenders
• Japan refuses to surrender, continue
hostility
• American aircrafts drop leaflets
warning of atomic bomb, urging
evacuation of targeted cities
• Aug 6, 1945 – Atomic bomb dropped
on Hiroshima
– 70,000 die instantly, 200,000 casualties
overall
• Aug 8, 1945 – Russia declares war
on Japan
– Invades Manchuria
• Japan still refuses to answer
Potsdam Declaration,
• Aug 9, 1945 – Second bomb
dropped on Nagasaki
– 80,000 killed
War Ends
• Aug 19, 1945 – Japan
officially surrenders – WWII
ends
– V-J Day
Postwar Settlements
• Japan devastated
– Ready to return to democracy
• Europe
– Reconstruction
– Bitterness from conflicts
– “Denazification” of Germany
• Nuremberg trials – Nazi officials
tried for war crimes
– Yalta Conference (1945)
• Occupation zones established
• Germany divided
• Paved way for Cold War…
• United Nations established
Wrapping Up WWII
• War stops German, Italian,
Japanese aggression
• Unprecedented millions killed in
war
• Losses:
–
–
–
–
Germany: 4.2 million
Allies: 1.5 million
USSR: 25 million
Yugoslavia had highest per capita
deaths: 1 in 10
– Asian population drops by 55
million