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World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition Chapter 35 Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990-2010 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990-2010 I. The End of the Cold War II. The Spread of Democracy III. The Great Powers and New Disputes IV. The United States as Sole Superpower World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990-2010 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The End of the Cold War • Factors in Soviet Decline – disintegration – invasion of Afghanistan, 1979 • The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s – Forced industrialization – environmental problems – infant mortality up – disease World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Age of Reform • Mikhail Gorbachev – reforms, 1985 nuclear reduction missiles limited withdraws from Afghanistan – glasnost World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Age of Reform • Mikhail Gorbachev – perestroika foreign investment encouraged military spending down – new constitution, 1988 – re-elected, 1990 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The End of the Cold War • Dismantling the Soviet Empire –Eastern Europe Soviet troops out Bulgaria • free elections, 1989 Hungary, Poland • new governments, 1988 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The End of the Cold War • Dismantling the Soviet Empire –Eastern Europe Czechoslovakia • new government, 1989 East Germany • communist leaders out, 1989 Berlin Wall falls, 1991 Bulgaria, Romania • communists keep some power World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The End of the Cold War • Dismantling the Soviet Empire –Ethnic struggles –Yugoslavia breaks apart World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Post-Soviet Union Russia, Eastern Europe and central Asia World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s • Gorbachev – coup, 1991 – Soviet Union dissolved by late 1991 – resigns • Boris Yeltsin – succeeds Gorbachev – succeeded by Vladimir Putin World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Democracy • Spain, Portugal, Greece – democracies • Latin America – all but Cuba by 2000 • Mexico – non-PRI president • South Korea, Taiwan – democracy expanded World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Democracy • Philippines – new government • South Africa – apartheid ended • Nigeria – democratic government, 1999 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Democracy • Indonesia – end of authoritarian government • Georgia, Ukraine – democratic elections • Uzbekistan – democratization suppressed • Saudi Arabia – local elections World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Democracy • Kuwait – women vote • Palestine – local elections • Egypt – opposition repressed World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Democracy and its Limits • China, North Korea, parts of Middle East, central Asia • Beijing – demonstrations, 1989, suppressed World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Great Powers and New Disputes • The Former Soviet Union – Ethnic conflict Chechnya Armenia, Azerbaijan Czechoslovakia splits – Yugoslavia – Orthodox Serbs – Catholic Croats – Serbs World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Great Powers and New Disputes • The Former Soviet Union – Muslim Bosnians – Slovenia, Croatia independent, 1991 – Serbs attack Croats, Muslims NATO intervenes Bosnia-Herzegovina recognized World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Great Powers and New Disputes • The Former Soviet Union – Kosovo NATO involvement – Serbia, Montenegro replace Yugoslovia World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Implosion of Yugoslavia 1991-1999 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Endemic Conflicts • Iraq and Iran – conflict – Saddam Hussein • Iraq invades Kuwati, 1990 – Persian Gulf War, 1991 • Palestine and Israel • India and Pakistan – Kashmir World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnic and Other Conflicts: A New Surge • Czechoslovakia – peaceful division – Czech Republic – Slovakia • Chechnya – independence, 1990 • Sudan, Sierra Leone, Liberia World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnic and Other Conflicts: A New Surge • Rwanda – Hutu-Tutsi rivalry World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The United States as Sole Superpower • The United States and Other Power Centers – European Union – George W. Bush • Anti-American Terrorism and Response September 11, 2001 – "War on Terror" Afghanistan Iraq World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Main U.S. Overseas Military Installations by 2007 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Global Connections: New Global Standards, New Divisions • End of cold war – Fewer large division – But regional conflicts expand • U.S. as sole superpower – Use of this power questioned – Reactions to the U.S. role World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.