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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
35
Power, Politics, and
Conflict in World
History, 1990-2010
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Power, Politics, and Conflict in
World History, 1990-2010
I. The End of the Cold War
II. The Spread of Democracy
III. The Great Powers and New Disputes
IV. The United States as Sole Superpower
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Power, Politics, and Conflict in
World History, 1990-2010
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The End of the Cold War
• Factors in Soviet Decline
– disintegration
– invasion of Afghanistan, 1979
• The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s
– Forced industrialization
– environmental problems
– infant mortality up
– disease
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Age of Reform
• Mikhail Gorbachev
– reforms, 1985
 nuclear reduction
 missiles limited
 withdraws from Afghanistan
– glasnost
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Age of Reform
• Mikhail Gorbachev
– perestroika
 foreign investment encouraged
 military spending down
– new constitution, 1988
– re-elected, 1990
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The End of the Cold War
• Dismantling the Soviet Empire
–Eastern Europe
 Soviet troops out
 Bulgaria
• free elections, 1989
 Hungary, Poland
• new governments, 1988
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The End of the Cold War
• Dismantling the Soviet Empire
–Eastern Europe
 Czechoslovakia
• new government, 1989
 East Germany
• communist leaders out, 1989
 Berlin Wall falls, 1991
 Bulgaria, Romania
• communists keep some power
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The End of the Cold War
• Dismantling the Soviet Empire
–Ethnic struggles
–Yugoslavia breaks apart
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Post-Soviet Union Russia, Eastern
Europe and central Asia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s
• Gorbachev
– coup, 1991
– Soviet Union dissolved by late 1991
– resigns
• Boris Yeltsin
– succeeds Gorbachev
– succeeded by Vladimir Putin
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Democracy
• Spain, Portugal, Greece
– democracies
• Latin America
– all but Cuba by 2000
• Mexico
– non-PRI president
• South Korea, Taiwan
– democracy expanded
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Democracy
• Philippines
– new government
• South Africa
– apartheid ended
• Nigeria
– democratic government, 1999
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Democracy
• Indonesia
– end of authoritarian government
• Georgia, Ukraine
– democratic elections
• Uzbekistan
– democratization suppressed
• Saudi Arabia
– local elections
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Spread of Democracy
• Kuwait
– women vote
• Palestine
– local elections
• Egypt
– opposition repressed
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Democracy and its Limits
• China, North Korea, parts of Middle East,
central Asia
• Beijing
– demonstrations, 1989, suppressed
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Great Powers and New
Disputes
• The Former Soviet Union
– Ethnic conflict
 Chechnya
 Armenia, Azerbaijan
 Czechoslovakia splits
– Yugoslavia
– Orthodox Serbs
– Catholic Croats
– Serbs
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Great Powers and New
Disputes
• The Former Soviet Union
– Muslim Bosnians
– Slovenia, Croatia
 independent, 1991
– Serbs attack Croats, Muslims
 NATO intervenes
 Bosnia-Herzegovina recognized
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Great Powers and New
Disputes
• The Former Soviet Union
– Kosovo
 NATO involvement
– Serbia, Montenegro
 replace Yugoslovia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Implosion of Yugoslavia
1991-1999
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Endemic Conflicts
• Iraq and Iran
– conflict
– Saddam Hussein
• Iraq invades Kuwati, 1990
– Persian Gulf War, 1991
• Palestine and Israel
• India and Pakistan
– Kashmir
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Ethnic and Other Conflicts: A New
Surge
• Czechoslovakia
– peaceful division
– Czech Republic
– Slovakia
• Chechnya
– independence, 1990
• Sudan, Sierra Leone, Liberia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Ethnic and Other Conflicts:
A New Surge
• Rwanda
– Hutu-Tutsi rivalry
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The United States as Sole
Superpower
• The United States and Other Power
Centers
– European Union
– George W. Bush
• Anti-American Terrorism and Response
September 11, 2001
– "War on Terror"
 Afghanistan
 Iraq
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Main U.S. Overseas Military
Installations by 2007
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Global Connections: New Global
Standards, New Divisions
• End of cold war
– Fewer large division
– But regional conflicts expand
• U.S. as sole superpower
– Use of this power questioned
– Reactions to the U.S. role
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.