Download Harappan India

Harappan India
The Forgotten Civilization
BROUGHT TO YOU BUY:
Soojin Min
Michelle Lie
David Shannon
Geography:
☞ Covered most of Pakistan, in addition
to the western states of India.
☞ A majority of the sites found were
on or near river embankments.
☞ Located in the northeastern Pakistan
Punjab province, on the left bank of the
Indus River.
(Possehl)
(www.go.hrw.com)
Map of Harappan India
Trade:
☞ Imported perishable products such as
oils, clothes, lumber, livestock, other
major commodities, and more notably,
cotton.
☞ They exported various exotic woods,
fruits, and metals.
☞ Harappans traded along the Silk Routes
with Mesopotamia’s civilizations.
(Possehl)
(www.orexca.com)
Map of Trade Routes
War:
☞ There is no evidence of a military or
the use of warfare.
☞ If required they could protect their
civilization.
☞ The city walls were guarded by armed
watchmen.
(Mohiuddin)
Weaponry:
☞ The migration of Aryans assisted in
the generation of more functional tools.
☞ They produced bronze weaponry.
☞ Consisted of arrow heads, spears, and
daggers.
(www.geocities.com)
Agriculture:
☞ Harvested crops such as cotton,
sesame, peas, wheat, barley, etc
(www.geocities.com).
☞ There were two growing seasons
(Kenoyer).
☞ Domesticated animals such as cattle,
buffalo, sheep, etc (www.thenagain.com).
Population:
☞ Three main phases:
Early Harappan 3300 BCE-2800 BCE
Mature Harappan 2800 BCE-1800 BCE
Late Harappan
1800 BCE-1000 BCE
☞ Multiplicity of reasons for decline:
Climate change, political pressure, trade
difficulties, invasion and/or migration.
(Gale)
Disease:
☞ Few signs of Disease.
☞ Malnourishment was the major cause
of death.
☞ Not enough evidence or remains to
actually come to a conclusion.
(www.geocities.com)
Migration:
☞ Early Harappans migrated around
3300 BCE.
☞ The Aryan’s pastoral cattle–herders
migrated in the Late Harappan phase.
☞ Had effect on Harappan culture.
(Gale)
Social Structure:
☞ Farming and herding were common
(Possehl).
☞ Cattle was a principal form of wealth
(Possehl).
☞ Caste system between farmers and
pastoralists often varied (Kenoyer).
☞ Had forms of social hierarchy (Possehl).
Gender Structure:
☞ Most families were patriarchal.
☞ Women had occasional rights.
☞ True men-domination didn’t develop
until later civilizations.
(www.workmall.com)
The Arts:
☞ Artwork was personal.
☞ Stone Seals were inscribed with
Harappan writing.
☞ Carved stone sculptures of religious
and symbolic meanings have been
found.
(www.thenagain.info.com)
Writing System:
☞ Writing system has not yet been
deciphered
☞ Three forms of writing:
Graphemes (distinct script signs)
Logo-Syllabic system (groupings of shapes)
Pictographs (stories drawn to portray stories)
(Kenoyer)
Literature/Sacred Writings:
☞ Harappa created the world’s first
language.
☞ Ancient texts included the “Vedas”
and the “Rosetta Stone”.
☞ Inscriptions were made on jars,
pottery, seals, etc.
(www.geocities.com)
Government Structure:
☞ Not much can be certain because
their language is yet to be deciphered
(Mattingly).
☞ Some believe they were an evolved
bureaucratic political power (Kenoyer).
Family Organization:
☞ Lived in villages and tribal units.
☞ Monogamy, polygamy, and polyandry
were all practiced.
☞ The birth of a son was welcomed but
a daughter was not disgraced.
(www.culturalindia.net)
Religious Beliefs:
☞ No evidence in a place to worship.
☞ Believed in early Hinduism and had
extensions of Animism.
☞ Believed in early forms of Shiva and
godly women figures.
☞ They worshiped the Bull, Tiger, and
Buffalo.
(www.concise.britannica.com)
Bibliography:
• -2 Oct 2007
<http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/0596MC01.gif >.
• 2 Oct 2007 <http://www.orexca.com/img/silk_road2.jpg>.
• "Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Sarasvati Sindhu
civilization." Sarasvati. 2003. The Hindu Universe is a
HinduNet Inc.. 2 Oct 2007
<http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/ht
ml/vedictech.htm>.
Bibliography Con’d:
• Frawley, David. "Migration Rather than Invasion." Myth of
Aryan Invasion of India. 2 Oct 2007
<http://www.indiaforum.org/india/hinduism/aryan/pa
ge10.html>.
• "Goddess Durga: the Female Form as the Supreme
Being." Dolls of India. UnlimitiedFX. 2 Oct 2007
<http://www.dollsofindia.com/read/devi_durga.htm>.
• Gokhale, Balkrishana. Ancient India: History and Culture.
India: Popular Prakashan, 1995.
Bibliography Con’d:
• Haywood, John. "Indus Valley Civilization."The Encyclopedia
of Ancient Civilizations. 1st ed. 1997.
• "INDIA and SOUTH EAST ASIA." INDIA and SOUTH EAST
ASIA . 18 Aug 2006. M. Hoover and San Antonio
College. 2 Oct 2007
<http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Indi
a1.htm>.
• "Indus Valley Civilization." Cultural India. CulturalIndia.net.
2 Oct 2007 <http://www.culturalindia.net/indianhistory/ancient-india/indus-valley.html>.
Bibliography Con’d:
• "Indus Valley Civilization, 6000B.C-1000B.C."DISCovering
World History. 2003.
• Kenoyer, Jonathan. "Chalcolithic (Bronze) Age."Encyclopedia
of India. 1st ed. 2006.
• Kenoyer, Jonathan. "Indus Valley Civilization."Encyclopedia
of India. 2nd ed. 2006.
• Mattingly, Gerald. "Harappa."Encyclopedia of Anthropology.
3rd ed. 2006
Bibliography Con’d:
• Mohiuddin, Yasmeen. Pakistan. 1. Santa Barbara:
CLIO, 2007.
ABC-
• Possehl, Gregory. "Harappan State and INdus
Civilization."Berkshire ENcyclopedia of World History.
5th ed. 2005.
• Possehl, Gregory. "Indus Valley."Encyclopedia of Food and
Culture. 3rd ed. 2003.
Bibliography Con’d:
• Possehl, Gregory. The Indus Civilization: A
Contemporary Perspective. Armonk:
Rowman Altamira, 2002.
• Snell, Melissa. "Harappan Culture." About.com. 2
Oct 2007
<http://historymedren.about.com/library/text/b
ltxtindia2.htm>.
Bibliography Con’d:
• Swanson, Emily. "Harappan Civilization." India and
Southern Asia Chronology. 14 Sep 1998. 2 Oct
2007
<http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/india/ha
rappa.html>.
• "The fragments of pottery are about 5,500 years
old." 'Earliest writing' found. 4 May 1999. BBC
News Online. 2 Oct 2007
<http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/writing.
html>.