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The Middle and New Kingdoms Preview • Key Terms: Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, trade routes, Queen Hatshepsut, Ramses the Great • What you will learn: 1. The Middle Kingdom was a period of stabled government between periods of disorder. 2. The New Kingdom was the peak of Egyptian trade and military power, but their greatness did not last. 3. Work and daily life were different among Egypt’s social classes. • The power of the pharaohs expanded during the Old Kingdom. Society was orderly, based on great differences between social classes. But rulers and dynasties changed, and Egypt changed with them. In time, these changes led to new eras in Egyptian history, eras called the Middle and New Kingdoms. • At the end of the Old Kingdom, the wealth and power of the pharaoh's declined. Building and maintaining pyramids cost lots of money. • By about 2200 BC the Old Kingdom had fallen. • For the next 160 years, local nobles ruled much of Egypt. • Finally, around 2050 BC, a powerful pharaoh defeated his rivals and Egypt was again united. • His rule began the Middle Kingdom, a period of order and stability which lasted to about 1750 BC. • Around 1750 BC, a group from Southwest Asia called the Hyksos invaded. The used horses, chariots and advanced weapons to conquer Lower Egypt, The Hyksos ruled the region as pharaohs for 200 years. • In the mid-1500s BC, Ahmos of Thebes declared himself king and drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. • Ahmose’s rise to power marked the beginning of Egypt’s eighteenth dynasty. Also, it was the beginning of the New Kingdom, the period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory. • During the New Kingdom, which lasted from about 1550 to 1050 BC, conquests and trade brought wealth to the pharaohs. • Military conquests made Egypt rich. The kingdoms it conquered regularly sent treasures to their conquerors. • Conquest also brought Egyptian traders into contact with more distant lands. Profitable trade routes, or paths followed by traders, developed. African products presented to the pharaoh Source: http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1926#220 • One ruler who worked to increase Egyptian trade was Queen Hatshepsut. She sent traders south to trade with the kingdom of Punt on the Red Sea and north to trade with people from Asia Minor and Greece. Source: Holt World History Ancient Civilizations • Hatshepsut and later pharaohs used the money they gained from trade to support the arts and architecture. Many impressive temples and monuments were built. Video tour of some Egyptian monuments (more than one video just scroll down) • Despite its great successes, Egypt's military might did not go unchallenged. • In the 1200s BC the pharaoh Ramses II, or Ramses the Great, fought the Hittites, a group from Asia Minor. • The two sides fought for years, but neither could defeat the other. Source: Holt World History Ancient Civilizations • Soon after Ramses the Great died, invaders called the Sea Peoples sailed into Southwest Asia. Little is known about these people. All we know is that they were strong warriors who had crushed the Hittites and destroyed cities in Southwest Asia. Only after 50 years of fighting were the Egyptians able to turn them back. • Egypt survived, but its empire in Asia was gone. Egypt fell into a period of violence and disorder. The New Kingdom came to an end, and Egypt never regained its power. Activity • Contact media center about appropriate sites for studenst to research Egyptian culture and life. At least one primary source or secondary source must be cited. Assign students to a topic and have them research the topic through books and internet sources. Present information to class. Review 1. What was the Middle Kingdom? 2. What did Hatshepsut do as pharaoh of Egypt? 3. What job employed the most people of Egypt? 4. Who was Ramses the Great? Egyptian Achievements Preview • Key Terms: hieroglyphics, papyrus, Rosetta Stone, sphinxes, obelisk, King Tutankhamen • What you will learn: 1. Egyptian writing used hieroglyphics. 2. Egypt’s great temples were lavishly decorated. 3. Egyptian art filled tombs. • Egyptian hieroglyphics were one of the world’s first writing systems. • The earliest know examples of Egyptian writing are from around 3300 BC. These early writings were carved in stone or some other hard material. • Later, Egyptians learned how to make papyrus, a long-lasting, paper-like material made from reeds. • The Egyptians made papyrus by pressing layers of reeds together and pounding them into sheets. These sheets were tough and durable, yet easy to roll into scrolls. Scribes wrote on papyrus using brushes and ink. Papyrus making 101 • The hieroglyphic writing system used more than 600 symbols, mostly pictures of objects. • Hieroglyphics could be written vertically or horizontally. • For a long time, historians did not know how to read Egyptian hieroglyphics. But in 1799 there was a lucky discovery by a French soldier. • This discovery was the key needed to read ancient Egyptian writing. • The key was the Rosetta Stone, a huge, stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics. • The Rosetta Stone also had text in Greek and a later form of Egyptian. Because scholars could read the Greek, they were able to translate the ancient Egyptian writing. More on the Rosetta Stone • Because papyrus did not decay in Egypt's dry climate, many Egyptian texts still survive. • In addition to their writing system, the Egyptians are famous today for their magnificent architecture. • Egyptians believed that temples were homes of the gods. People visited temples to worship, offer the gods gifts, and ask favors. • Many Egyptian temples shared similar features. Rows of stone sphinxes—imaginary creatures with the bodies of lions and the heads of other animals or humans—lined the path leading to the entrance. • The entrance itself was a huge, thick gate. On either side of the gate might stand an obelisk, a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed at the top. The temples were lavishly decorated. • Over the years, treasure hunters emptied many pharaoh’s tombs. In 1922 some archeologists found the tomb of King Tutankhamen, or King Tut. This tomb had not been raided and was filled with treasures, including jewelry, robes and ivory statues. Review 1. What are hieroglyphics? 2. How was hieroglyphic writing different from our writing today? 3. Why was finding the Rosetta Stone so important? 4. Why were tombs filled with art, jewelry, and other treasures?