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WORLD HISTORY
Unit 8
“WORLD WAR II”
WORLD HISTORY
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I. The Treaty of Versailles
A. 1919- WWI ends, Treaty punishes G
1. “sole responsibility for the war”
B. New G Gov’t = Weimar Republic, a struggling
democracy
1. Many political parties emerge including
a) Fascist (National Socialist G Workers
Party “Nazis”)
b) Communist (“Reds”)
c) Social Democrats
“What is life? Life is the nation. The
individual must die anyway. Beyond
the life of the individual is the nation.”
Adolf Hitler, describing Fascist belief
II. Early Nazi Party Propaganda
A. Propaganda--devices used to manipulate attitudes
1. Joseph Goebbels – Nazi minister of prop.
2. Nazi Party Prop. Promoted…
a) Food and Work for People
b) German Nationalism
c) Anger, Frustration
d) Social Darwinism
e) Military Pride
f) The Aryan Race, Anti-Semitism
g) Glorification of Hitler
3. Nazi Party Propaganda Vilified…
a) Democracy and Communism
b) Non-Aryan races (especially Jews)
c) Opponents of the gov’t
d) The Treaty of Versailles
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Two million dead. Did
they die in vain?
Never! Front soldiers!
Adolf Hitler is
showing you the
way!"
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Come to the NSDAP
Meeting."
At the bottom, there are the following
notes:
“War injured and the
unemployed half
price, Jews not
admitted.”
Early Nazi Propaganda
“Work
and
Food"
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Enough!
Vote
Hitler!"
III. The Rise of Adolf Hitler
A. 1919 - WWI
1. earned iron cross for bravery
2. blames G loss on Jews and Communists
3. is humiliated by Treaty of V
B. 1921 - Joins Nazis
1. rises to leadership
2. 1923 - Beerhall Putsch – protests
Weimar Republic
3. imprisoned, martyred
4. writes Mein Kampf
5. Nazi Party grows
6. 1933 – Nazis elected to control
Reichstag
7. Hitler appointed Chancellor of G
“If we review all the causes of the German collapse, the
ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to
recognize the racial problem and especially the
Jewish menace.”
~ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924
"Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front
soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want?
Food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, exploiters,
regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because
he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international
bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists! Demand the lifting of the illegal
ban on his speaking!
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
IV. The New USSR
A. 1921 – Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP)
1. Mixture of socialism and capitalism
B. Stalin/Trotsky Rivalry
1. 1922 – Lenin suffers stroke, dies in 1924
2. Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin
3. Stalin convinced party of:
- Rapid industrialization
- Opposition to Trotsky’s “worldwide
revolution”
- 1929 - Trotsky exiled to Mexico, killed
C. Stalin’s 5-Year Plan
1. Gov’t control over economy, industrialization
2. 1928-1940 - Economy grows 400%
3. Horrid working conditions in factories
4. Collectivization of farms
Administration
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
D. Stalin’s Terror
1. Kulaks – well off peasants who resisted
collectivization
2. “Dekulakization” – removal of kulaks to Siberia
3. The Great Purges
- 1933 – Stalin’s killing or removal of
enemies and opponents
- fueled by Stalin’s power and paranoia
III. Fascism in Italy
A. Fascism – “nation-first dictatorship,” anti-Liberal,
anti-Marxist, usually anti-Semitic
B. Benito Mussolini
1. Angered by Treaty of V
2. Strong Nationalist
3. Took advantage of post-war chaos
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
speeches delivered in settings
surrounded by his Fascist
followers and military
supporters.
AP Wide World Photos
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
Anti-Semitic Beliefs:
• Jews believe in the
“wrong religion.”
– Blamed for killing of Jesus
– “Jews are capable of evil
only the devil could do.”
"Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an
edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to
recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal..."
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
• Jews were portrayed to
practice improper
business tactics
– seen as bankers
– “clannish and secretive”
they give jobs to their own
– want to rule the world
economy
"The God of the Jews is money. To earn
money, he commits the greatest crimes.
He will not rest until he can sit on a huge
money sack, until he has become the king
of money."
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
“No Jews Wanted Here.”
"The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like the
number six...“
The Jew: “The inciter
of war; the
prolonger of war.”
“The Eternal Jew”
V. Germany – A Totalitarian State
A. Hitler gains total control
1. 1933 - Reichstag building is set on fire
“This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We
will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found.
Every Communist deputy must this very day be strung up.”
~ Herman Goering, Commander of Nazi Airforce
a) Hitler blames the Communists
b) Hitler demands he receive emergency powers to “protect
the nation”
c) The Enabling Act: most civil liberties are suspended
“Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including
freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of
the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants
for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are
also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed.”
2. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws
a) German citizens must be of German or
related blood
b) All others were not citizens but “subjects”
including Jews
c) Jews were seen as a threat to German purity
3. 1935 -- Aryanization Begins
Jews in Europe before WWII
German Rhineland
IV. World War II Begins
A. Breaking the Treaty of V
1. Hitler created jobs by re-building military
2. 1935 - G signs Axis alliance w/ Fascist Italy Benito
Mussolini
3. 1936 – G marches troops into the G Rhineland
B. Br and Fr Concerned
1. Hitler meets w/ Neville Chamberlain (PM of Br) to
discuss G’s breaking of Treaty of V
Neville
2. Policy of appeasement is adopted by Br and Fr
Chamberlain
C. G Aggression Continues
1. 1938 - G annexes Au and Sudetenland (in
Czech.)
2. Br & Fr are angry but . . . . continue to appease
3. 1938 - G attacks and annexes Czech.
4. 1939 - Hitler signs non-aggression pact w/USSR
5. 1939 - G attacks w/“blitzkrieg” annexes Poland
a) Poland’s 3 million Jews brutalized, sent to camps
D. 1939 - Allies (Br + Fr) declare war on Axis Powers (G,
Italy, Japan)
German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”
E. Japan
1. Fascist military has taken over the gov’t
2. Has very few natural resources
F.Operation Orient
1. Axis Powers’ plan to conquer the world
2. 1935 – Italy annexes parts of N Africa
3. 1937 -- J annexes Manchuria, China
4. 1940 – G annexes Netherlands, Bel, Fr
5. 1940 - Battle of Br continues
6. 1941 – J annexes Indochina
7. USSR next?
V. U.S. Enters WWII
A.The War in Eu
1. 1941 - Under Axis Control:
a) most of Eu, N. Africa, much of SE Asia
B. U.S. responds to J aggression
1) U.S. ends all trade with J
2) U.S. moves naval fleet to Pearl Harbor
C. J Attacks U.S. – Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941
1. 2,388 U.S. soldiers killed
2. U.S. declares war on J
Stalingrad
VI.The Allies vs. The Axis
A. The Allies’ War Strategy
1. Stop G, win war in Eu first
B. Hitler’s Biggest Blunder
1. Sept. 1942 – Hitler attacks USSR
a) Goal: Take Stalingrad (industrial center on the
Volga River)
b) Guerilla warfare and winter hits G soldiers
c) G soldiers low on supplies, food, ammo,
warmth
d) G soldiers unable to defeat USSR
e) Meanwhile, G army is thinner in W. Eu
Stalingrad
C. Nov 1942 - “Operation Torch”
1. U.S. attacks the “soft under-belly” – N.Africa, Italy
2. 1943 - Italy surrenders,
Mussolini is executed by his people
Operation Overlord: D-Day
Calais
D. June 1944 - “Operation Overlord”
1. D-Day: June 6, 1944
a) Goal: Drive G out of Fr
b) Allied attack on Normandy Fr
c) largest amphibious attack in World
History
http://www.britannica.com/dday/art-40584
d) over 1 million Allied troops landed on
shore safely
e) August 1944 – G retreat out of Paris
Operation Overlord: D-Day
Calais
Operation Overlord: D-Day
Calais
E. Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge
1. G counter-attack on Allies in Bel
2. G fails – Allies advance toward G
VII. The Holocaust
“It was the destruction of
the world in miniature
form.”
~Hugo Gryn
Auschwitz survivor
Slave Labor
Mauthausen
• Concentration Camp that
specialized in working
prisoners to death at the
rock quarry.
• Prisoners carried 100 lb.
stones up 186 steps
A. Life in the Concentration Camp
1.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prisoners endured:
Inadequate nutrition
Over-crowding
Unsanitary facilities
Disease infestation
Endless labor
Sadistic punishments
Life in the Concentration Camp
• 2-3 per wooden bunk.
• Usually less than 400
calories per day.
• “Pillar punishment” –
prisoners hands tied
behind their backs and
suspended from the
ceiling tied to their
wrists.
• “Standing cell” – 4
prisoners in 1-sq yd
B. The Final Solution
1.
1941 – Nazi leaders met in
Wannsee, Germany
2. The Final Solution = the
Nazi answer to the “Jewish
Question.” What to do
with the Jews?
3. “These people must
disappear from the face of
the earth.”
~Heinrich Himmler, 1943 Speech to Nazi
Leaders
Auschwitz
Deadliest Extermination
Camp – 1.6 million
deaths
Gypsies
• A minority ethnic group
living in Germany and
Austria mostly of
Egyptian decent.
• Considered to be
“unclean” and an
“inferior mixed race.”
• Almost 50% of all Gypsies
in Europe were killed –
500,000
Jehovah’s Witnesses
• Do not believe in bearing
arms – asked not to be
placed in Nazi army.
• Considered enemies of
Germany.
• Forced to wear purple
triangle patches
• Up to 5000 killed in
camps.
Homosexuals
• Considered by the Nazis
to be “unwholesome.”
• Forced to wear pink
triangle patches.
• Up to 15,000 were killed
in camps.
C. The Gas Chamber
1. Zyklon B -- Hydrogen
cyanide (a pesticide)
used in the gas
chambers.
• 1942 – Aushwitz used 8.2
tons of Zyklon B.
• 1943 – 13.4 tons.
• 1944 – 19.6 tons.
D. The Crematorium
1. Used to burn dead
bodies.
2. Located at extermination
camps: Buchenwald,
Dachau, Mauthausen,
Gross-Rosen, and
Auschwitz.
• Designed to burn
thousands of bodies a
day.
The Crematorium
• In 1945, Russian liberators
of Auschwitz said, the bricks
of the smoke stacks were
damaged because the
“strain on the furnaces was
colossal.”
• “The conveyor-belt
principle” was used to
quickly dispose of dead
bodies.
E. Nazi Medical Experiments
1. Prisoners were human
“guinea pigs.”
• Studied women’s wombs
following injections of
toxic chemicals.
• Cut off limbs and
reattached limbs from
other prisoners.
• Mustard-gas poisoning
tests.
Nazi Medical Experiments
• Infected prisoners
w/diseases – yellow fever,
smallpox, etc.
• Studied reactions to extreme
heat or cold, oxygen
deprivation at high
altitudes.
• Attempted to change eye
colors with chemical “eye
washes.”
Nazi Medical Experiments
• Skin was boiled off of bones to
be used and studied.
• Forced prisoners to injest
Polygal 10 (a coagulant),
prisoner was then shot at pt
blank range to see if victim
would lose blood at a slower
rate.
• Sterilization of “undesirables.”
F. Liberation
1. Freeing of Concentration Camps
“We have burned our bridges
behind us. We can no longer
turn back, nor do we want to
turn back. We shall go down in
history as the greatest
statesmen of all time, or as the
greatest criminals.”
~Joseph Goebbels, 1943
Liberation
“There is no doubt that this
is the greatest and most
horrible crime ever
committed in the whole
history of the world.”
~British Prime Minister Winston Churchill,
upon witnessing camp atrocities
G. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
1. Nazis put on trial
2. U.N. Vows to “Prevent
Future Genocide”
3. 12 Nazis sentenced to
death
4. many sentenced to prison
• Adolf Eichmann captured
1961, sentenced to death
H. The Statistics
1.
•
•
•
•
Number of Jews Killed:
6 million total
2/3 of European Jews
1/3 of Jews in the world
98.5% of Jews in Poland
were killed – 2,950,000
VIII.Allied Victory
A. V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
1. USSR attacks Berlin, G
2. U.S. attacks Nuremberg, G
3. Hitler commits suicide as USSR approaches
4. G Surrenders May 7, 1945
IX. War in the Pacific
A. J Refuses to Surrender
1. J navy is nearly destroyed
2. J army still had 2 million soldiers
B. Island Hopping
1. Island Battles at Midway,
Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
2. J fought to the death
3. Many Americans died in
fierce fighting
4. Kamikaze suicide missions
C. The Atomic Bomb
1. April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Truman is
Pres
2. July 1945 – atomic bomb test in
New Mexico
3. Allies warn J
a) “surrender or face complete
destruction”
b) J ignores ultimatum
4. Truman considers J invasion but
decides to “save American lives”
5. Aug 6, 1945 - Hiroshima
a) 80,000 instantly dead
b) 4 sq miles flattened and
charred black
6. Aug. 8, 1945 - USSR pushes J out of
Manchuria
7. J refuses to surrender
8. Aug 9, 1945 - Nagasaki
a) 40,000 instantly dead
9. Aug 15, 1945 - J surrenders (V-J day)
X. July 1945 - The End of World War II is Near
A. En route to G, USSR influences E. Eu countries
B. Potsdam Conference
1. E. Eu: Democratic or Communist?
a) Truman demands free elections in E. Eu
b) Stalin refuses – USSR needs security
“A freely elected government in any of these Eastern European countries
would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow.”
~ Joseph Stalin at the
Potsdam Conference
C. What to do with G?
1. G divided into 4 zones
a) US, Fr, Br, and USSR
2. Berlin divided same way
D. The Berlin Airlift
1. 1948 - USSR blocks traffic into W.
Berlin
2. U.S. planes dropped 400,000 tons of
supplies into W. Berlin
3. 1949 – USSR ends blockade
The Berlin Airlift
E. Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech
“A shadow has fallen upon the scenes lighted by the Allied victory.
Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its communists intend
to do in the future or what are the limits, if any to their explosive
tendencies. I believe an “iron curtain” has descended across Europe.”
~ Winston Churchill, 1946
XI. The Truman Doctrine: Containment
A. Goal: Stop the spread of communism
1. Greece, Turkey $180 million
“The United States contributed $341,000,000,000 toward winning World War II.
This is an investment in world freedom and world peace. The assistance that I am
recommending for Greece and Turkey amounts to little more than 1 tenth of 1 per
cent of this investment. It is only common sense that we should safeguard this
investment and make sure that it was not in vain.”
~ President Truman, 1947
2. The Marshall Plan
a) $13.4 billion to Eu to rebuild
3. NATO – anti-Soviet military alliance
4. Warsaw pact – anti-NATO military
alliance
XII. Decolonization (1945-1980)
A. The colonies desired:
1. Self Determination
2. Racial equality
3. Personal dignity
B. Eu desired, after WWII:
1. peace, concentration at home
2. a movement away from
imperialism
XIII. Continued Cold War Conflict
A. USSR After Stalin
1. 1953 – Stalin Dies, Nikita Khrushchev
emerges
2. De-Stalinization begins in USSR
3. USSR concerned - Khru’s “loose grip”
4. Khru hardens his stance against the West
B. 1961 – Khru orders Berlin Wall be built around W.
Berlin
C. 1961 -The Bay of Pigs
1. Pres. Kennedy’s and CIA’s failed plan
to assassinate Cuban communist
Fidel Castro
D. 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis
1. USSR nuclear missiles in Cuba
2. JFK works a deal to avert nuclear war
3. Khru forced by USSR to step down
“Duck and Cover!”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UVH8YRXsqo
XIV. End of the Cold War
A. Détente – 1970’s relaxing of Cold War tensions
B. 1984 – Pres. Reagan is re-elected
1) Largest landslide victory in U.S. history =
mandate
C. Late 1980’s -- U.S. Winning the Cold War
1) USSR economy , U.S. economy
2) Pres. Reagan’s military spending
a) 1980 – $150 billion
b) 1988 – $300 billion
3) USSR couldn’t keep up (military spending,
space race, etc = $$)
4) U.S. fell into debt
a)1980 – $80 billion in debt
b)1990 – $220 billion
D. Reagan and USSR Leader Mikhail Gorbachev
1) First positive relations b/t USSR, U.S. leaders
2) Gorbachev agrees to allow some freedom
a) glasnost – some political freedom
b) perestroika – some economic freedom
E. The Fall of the USSR
1) 1989 – E. Eu nations (Poland, Czech, Romania,
Bulgaria etc) hold elections
2) E. Ger allows E. Berliners
to move to W. Berlin
3) Berlin Wall is torn down
4) 1990 – E and W Ger unify
5) Dec. 1991 – USSR Republics
hold elections, become independent
6) USSR no longer exists –
Cold War Ends, Boris Yeltsin rules
7) 2000 – Vladimir Putin rules
a “managed democracy”