Download Organization and Regulation of Body Systems Tissues, Organs and Nervous, Endocrine and Reproductive

Organization and Regulation
of Body Systems
Tissues, Organs and Nervous,
Endocrine and Reproductive
Systems
4 Types of Tissues
1. Connective : connects and supports
2. Epithelial : protects
3. Muscular : moves the body
4. Nervous : communicates
Connective Tissue
• Most abundant and diverse tissue in the body
• Cells are loosely packed scattered in an
extracellular matrix
• Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a
polysaccharide ground substance
Connective Tissues
begins as a fibroblast then becomes specialized
Loosely packed cell, defined by the extracellular matrix
1. Loose connective tissue
supports epithelium and
internal organs.
Allows expansion of
arteries, lungs, bladder
2. Adipose stores Fat, it has
no extra cellular matrix
Energy, Insulation,
Protection
3. Fibrous elongated cells (fibers)
Examples are
ligaments join bone to bone
tendons muscle to bone
4. Structural: includes cartilage and bone )
Examples are
cartilage and bone
Bone is ossified cartilage
Fibrous Connective Tissue
• Are elongated and contain different amounts
of collagen, and elastin proteins
• Collagen fibers are strong, and flexible but
little recoil
• Elastin fibers are strong but recoil (spring
back)
cartilage on
knobby end
of a long
bone
Supportive Connective Tissue
includes Cartilage and Bone
4. Cartilage (chondro)
5. Bone (Osteo)
• Cartilage is a solid but pliable
intercellular material contains
collagen and elastin protein
compact
bone tissue
spaces
in spongy
bone tissue
• Bone is a ossified or calcified
connective tissue made of
collagen protein embedded with
minerals. Stores Ca and
Phosphorus in collagen matrix.
Bone has most rigid matrix
Inorganic salts are deposited around
protein fibers
Osteocyte
• Compact bone: makes up shaft
One Osteon is a cylindrical unit with nerve
and blood vessels. Cell connections are
canaliculi .
Osteocyte is a mature bone cell.
• Spongy bone: makes up the
ends of long bones. Red bone
marrow found in S.B. Where
blood cells are made. Where
calcium recycling occurs.
5. Fluid Connective tissue: Blood and Lymph
Blood includes 3 types of cells floating in fluid called plasma
• Classified as a connective tissue because
blood cells arise in bone
• Transports nutrients, waste and O2.
• Formed Elements (blood cells) are
dispersed in a fluid medium called plasma
•
Erythrocytes: RBC, Transport O2, and CO2
don’t have nuclei are biconcave, most
abundant,
•
Leukocytes: WBC, nave nucleus, are
translucent, fight infection. Many types with
specific functions. Most diverse:
•
Thrombocytes: platelets are responsible for
blood clotting
LYMPH
the 2nd fluid connective tissue
• Clear, watery, derived from tissue fluid.
• Carries WBC
• Picks up tissue fluid, cleans it in lymph
vessels returns it to cardiovascular system.
• Lymph travels in Lymph vessels just as blood
travels in blood vessels
Epithelial Tissue
•
Lines the body’s surface, cavities, ducts,
and tubes
•
simple
squamous
epithelium
basement
membrane
connective
tissue
One free surface faces a body fluid or
the environment
Simple Epithelium
•
Consists of a single layer of cells
•
Lines body ducts, cavities, and tubes
•
Cell shapes
Squamous
Good for linings
Cuboidal often
glandular
Columnar also
glandular
Muscle (Myo) Tissue
• Composed of cells called fibers that contract when stimulated
• Fiber cells are filled with 2 protein filaments (actin and myosin)
Three Types of Muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle
Skeletal Muscle
• muscles attached to bones by tendons
• Striations are the sarcomeres; use
actin and myosin proteins
• Voluntary, striated, not branched
• Cell fibers are multinucleated
Cardiac Muscle
• Present only in the wall of heart
Not in blood vessels
• Cells are striated and branching
• Ends of cells are joined by
communication junctions called
intercalated disks (adhesion and gap
junctions)
• Involuntary contractions pump blood
and lead to heart beat
• Each cell has one nucleus
Smooth Muscle
• In walls of many internal
organs, tubes and some
blood vessels , digestive
system, reproductive,
bladder, visceral organs
• Cells have spindle shape
and are not striated and
taper at the ends.
• Have peristaltic contractions
• Involuntary contractions
Nervous Tissue
• Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for
response (communication)
• Consists of 2 types of cells:
1.
excitable neurons
2.
neuroglial cells: support and insulate neuron, speed up rates
of conduction. Swann Cell forms the myelin sheath of the
neuron.
What would happen to rates of conduction should they disintegrate?
Neurons
•
This is the Excitable cells, fundamental to nervous sys
•
3 parts are dendrites, cell body and axon.
Dendrite sense the stimulation. Sends message to the
axon. It contains cell body and nucleus.
Axon conducts/transmits the electrical impulse .
Schwann cells are neuroglia. They insulate and speed up
conduction.
Synapse: accumulates the neurotransmitter
communicates with next neuron, muscle or gland cell.
Uses neurotransmitter to activate and effector. The
accumulation of neurotransmitters involves calcium.
•
Arrival of the impulse at the neuron endings triggers events that
stimulate or inhibit adjacent neurons or other cells
Activation of a Nerve
• Resting (Polarize) -70mV Not
stimulated
• Action (Depolarize) +40 mV
stimulated
voltage
• Returing to Rest (Repolarized)
returning to -70mV
Action
potential
• Note Na and K ions involve
Time (milliseconds)
Dendrite, Cell Body Axon and
Synapse.
• Dendrites are extentions of plasmamembrane surrounding the
cell body. It is the sensing end. Sends message to the axon
• Cell Body contains cell body and nucleus.
•
*Grey matter in the brain is composed of un-myelinated cell bodies.
• Axon conducts impulses towards the synapse. Undergoes
electrical changes.
•
Bundles of Axons in brain and spine form nerves .
•
White matter is myelinated axons
• Synapse, communicates with next neuron, muscle or gland cell.
Uses neurotransmitter to activate and effector. The
accumulation of neurotransmitters involves calcium.
Activities at the synapse
(Space between fibers of adjacent
neurons)
Neurotransmitters are chemicals which
relay, amplify and modulate signals between a
neuron and another cell
 When the impulse
synaptic gap
reaches the synapse,
 the axon releases
neurotransmitters into the
synapse (e.g.
Acetylcholine).
 Neurotransmitter binds to
specific receptor sites on
the dendrite
 The impulse is passed to
the next neuron
Only produced
in the axons
Receptors
only in
dendrites
Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Some Neurotransmitters and Drugs that affect them
5 main neurotransmitter systems…
1. Adrenaline (epinephrine) system, the dopamine system, the serotonin
system and the Acetylcholine system largely stimulatory
2. GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter
3. Dopamine:
 Critical role in the reward system , makes you feel good. (also implicated in
Parkinson's and schizophrenia)
Why are Nicotine, Cocaine, and Heroin Addictive
 Nicotine causes neurons to release dopamine
 Cocaine blocks the reentering of dopamine back into the presynaptic neuron,
leaving these neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap longer
 Heroin works by increasing the release of GABA neurotransmitters, which in
time increase the release of dopamine
4. Serotonin:
 Regulation of mood, sleep/wake cycles, and body temperature. Low levels
in the synapse correlate with depression
 Prozac is used as an antidepressant: serotonin reuptake inhibitor, helps to
retain high levels of serotonin in the synapse
5. Acetylcholine (Ach) stimulates muscles.
Glands
• Secretory organs that are derived from
epithelium
• Exocrine glands secrete products onto free
epithelial surface via ducts or tubes
• Endocrine glands are ductless and release
hormones into the fluid that surrounds the
gland . They transport substances like hormones
from source to target cell via blood.
Organs
• An organ is a group of tissues organized to
perform a task or tasks
• Heart is an organ that pumps blood through
body
• Heart is an organ because it consists of
muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective
tissue, and epithelial tissue
Tissue and Organ Forerunners
Found in the Gastrula
During human development the human embryo
develops 3 germ layers that have a specific
destiny
• Ectoderm:
Gives rise to the skin’s outer
layer and to the nervous
system’s tissues
• Mesoderm:
Source of muscles, bones, and
most of the circulatory,
reproductive, and urinary
systems
• Endoderm:
Gives rise to linings of the
digestive tract and organs
derived from it
Organ Systems
The organs within the system interact physically,
chemically, or both to perform a common task
What Do Organ Systems Do?
• Maintain stable internal conditions
• Acquire nutrients and raw materials; dispose of
wastes
• Protect the body against injury and attack
• Allow reproduction and nourishment of young
Major Organ Systems
You must know the function of each organ system the
main organs in each system, and what each does.
• Integumentary
• Circulatory
• Muscular
• Lymphatic
• Skeletal
• Respiratory
• Nervous
• Urinary
• Endocrine
• Reproductive
• Digestive
4.8 Organ systems
What are the organ systems of the
human body?
4.8 Organ systems
What are the organ systems of the
human body?
Integumentary System:
Human Skin
1st line of defense
• Body’s largest
organ
• Two layers
– Upper epidermis
– Lower dermis
• Lies atop a layer of
hypodermis
Nervous System
includes nerve in the peripheral PNS) and central (CNS) nervous system.
Sensory and motor(responding) neurons are in the PNS and interneuronsare in
the CNS. CNS is the brain and spine. Communication between neurons is by
neurotransmitters
1-Sensory Neurons(PNS)
Nerve:
BUNDLE OF
NEURONS
ENCLOSED IN
A MEMBRANE
 Takes impulses from sensory
receptor to CNS: afferent branch
2-Interneurons
 Transmit impulses between the
sensory and motor neurons (found only
in CNS) only in brain and spine
3- Motor Neurons (PNS)
Take impulses from the CNS to an
effector (i.e. gland or muscle fiber) :
efferent branch
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS) has
nerves
brain
central
nervous
system
brain
all sensory and motor
neurons of somatic and
autonomic nerves
spinal cord
spinal
cord
axons of
motor
nerves
sensory
nerves
Two Divisions:
Somatic division
 Serves the skin, skeletal
cranial nerves
somatic
division
lumbar nerves
(five pairs)
sacral nerves
(five pairs)
muscles and tendons
Autonomic division
 Regulates the activity of
involuntary muscles (cardiac and
smooth) and glands
 Sympathetic is Fight or
Fight: Increases cardiac
and respiratory output,
decreases digestive and
reproductive output.
 Parasympathetic is Rest
and Repose. Opposite
of Sympathetic
cervical
nerves
(eight
pairs)
thoracic
nerves
(twelve
pairs)
ulnar nerve
autonomic
division
coccygeal
nerves
(one pair)
sciatic nerve
parasympathetic
nerves
sympathetic
nerves
The Brain (CNS)
(1) Cerebellum : involved in coordination, balance
(2) Pons and Medulla in Brain stem regulates heart rate and breathing rates
(3) Cerebrum (you have 2): Thinking and reasoning
(4) Thalamus: bridges the cerebrum with lower parts of the brain
(3)  Thinking part of the brain
 Largest portion of the brain in humans
4. Bridge
between
cerebrum and
lower parts of the
brain
 Sensory and motor
activities of face and
head (2)
 Breathing
(1)
Coordinates
balance, eyes,
Endocrine Glands Regulate Sexual
and Non-Sexual Functions
Hormones secreted by gland
travel through blood to target
site:
Hypothalamus : (Master
gland). Gets commands from
Nervous system
Regulates the Pituitary
Pituitary gland regulates
other glands:
ACTH: adrenal
HGH: bone length
TSH: thyroid
PRL: milk production
FSH & LH: sexual function
Oxytocin: uterine contractions
ADH: kidney, slows water loss
The hypothalamus and pituitary connections
KIDNEY FUNCTION DEPENDS
ON NEPHRONS
ADH secreted by the pituitary gland
binds to the kidney collecting duct
Upper Figure: No ADH, water is lost
from the body ( large volume of urine.
Lower figure: ADH IS ANTIDIURETIC
WILL DECREASE URINE VOLUME
ADH binds to the collecting ducts
when the body needs to conserve
water . Water returns to the body.
Helps body conserve water.
Examples of Diuretics (make you
urinate frequently)
CAFFEINE
ALCOHOL
Regulation of Blood Calcium by
Calcitonin and Parathyroxin
Study this Figure to
understand Ca homeostasis
High Ca in blood: Thyroid
releases Calcitonin
a)Ca is deposited in bones,
b)decrease Ca uptake in intestine
c) decrease Ca reabsorption from
kidney
Low Ca in blood: Parathyroid
releases PTH
a) increase Ca release from bone
b) increase Ca uptake in intestine
c) Increase Ca reabsorption from
urine
Calcium
metabolism
Regulated by three hormones
Calcitonin increases bone density
by removing Ca from Blood
Parathyroid decreases bone
density by reabsorbing bone
Calcitrol is the hormone precursor
to Vitamin D.
increases the absorption of
calcium and phosphates from the
intestinal tract and inhibits the
release of calcitonin.
Osteoporosis:decrease in bone
density. Can be caused by diet
of by hormone levels
Fig. 31-8, p.528
Thyroid abnormalities
•
Simple goiter – thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in the diet
•
Hypothyroidism – low blood levels of thyroid hormones
A.
B.
•
Congenital hypothyroidism: thyroid does not develop properly and is characterized in a short, stocky
person that may be mentally retarded
Hypothyroidism in adults characterized by lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, cold intolerant and thick,
puffy skin
Hyperthyroidism – excess thyroid hormones in the blood in adults characterized by
irritable, hyperactive, insomnia, weight loss. Can be caused by thyroid tumor
A.
Exophthalimic goiter: such as seen in Graves' disease and is characterized by enlargement of the
thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyes,
Regulation of blood sugar
by Insulin and Glucagon. They are antagonistic.
Both are made by the pancreas.
Insulin: decreases sugar in
blood
a)stores it as glycogen in the liver,
b)sends it to muscles to make ATP
c) stores it as fat in adipose tissue
Glucagon: increases sugar
in blood
a) breaks down glycogen
b) breaks down fats
15.5 Pancreas
Health focus: What is diabetes?
Inability to control blood glucose levels (normal is 100 mg/dL). Insulin
deficiency is a component in the problem and in the treatment. Person eats
but sugar can not get in.
18 million people in the US have diabetes
There are two types:
Type 1 genetic predisposition
Type 2 diet related “Adult onset”
General symptoms:
Frequent urination
Unusual hunger and/or thirst
Unexplained change in weight
Blurred vision
Sores that heal slowly or not at all
Excessive fatigue
Long-term effects are blindness, loss of limbs, nerve deterioration, kidney and
cardiovascular disease
Animal lifecycle
Meiosis produces
gametes (1N):
sperm, eggs) are formed
Fertilization unites sperm
and egg- zygote (2n)
Mitosis: Zygote divides
produces multicellular
organism
Major Organs of Female Reproductive System:
Ovaries: contain follicles that become eggs
Oviduct (fallopian tube): site of fertilization
Uterus: site of embryo implantation
Cervix and Vagina
Hormones : Estrogen and Progesterone (ovary) FSH & LH (pituitary)
Estrogen and Progesterone
(ovary) prepare the
uterus for pregnancy
FSH & LH (pituitary)
FSH stimulates egg
maturation
LH: stimulates ovulation
Male Reproductive System
Produces sperm and delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
Testes: make sperm
Epididymis: sperm will mature
Vas Deferens: conduit that transports sperm.
Three accessory gland: makes ejaculatory fluid (fructose, alkaline solution
(to neutralize) semen (prevents friction)
Hormones: Testosterone (testes), FSH, LH (pituitary)
Testosterone (testes),
stimulates sperm production
FSH, LH (pituitary): stimulates
the production of testosterone
Post Fertilization
Cleavage:
rapid mitotic division without
growth
Polarity: formation of 2 poles
Animal (rapidly dividing) and
vegetal (slowly dividing)
Blastulation:
ball of cells hollows out
Gastrulation:
forms 3 germ layers
Implantation:
of blastula into uterus
Pre-embryonic
and embryonic development
17.2 Pre-embryonic and embryonic development
3 germ layers for in the Gastrula