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Anatomy Midterm Review Answers Ms. TePoel’s Anatomy Class Question 1 • 1) define the difference between the terms anatomy vs physiology. Answer 1 • Anatomy – the study of how the body is put together. • Physiology- study of how the body functions. Q2 Study the three planes in Figure 1.13 on pg 15. Be able to recognize these on a diagram and to describe them in words. Know both names for each: • A) Sagittal/Median Plane • B) Transverse/Horizontal Plane • C) Coronal/Frontal Plane A2 • Study page 15 in the text. • A) Sagital- divides body into right &left halves • B)Transverse- Divides the body into superior & inferior portions. It is often called a cross section • C) Coronal/Frontal- divides the body into front (anterior) & back (posterior) sections. Q3 3) Study the levels of organization (section 1.3). arrange them from simplest to most complex. A3 Cells Tissuesorgans Organ systems Organisms Q4 Define homeostasis? . A4 • Maintaining a constant internal environment. Q5 • 6) Describe the difference between the Appendicular verus axial portions of the body. A5 • Appendicular- the upper & lower limbs. • axial – skull & trunk or torso. Q6 • 7) Study the body cavities in Figure 1.7 on page 20. You should be able to label these. A7 • 7) Study the body cavities in Figure 1.7 on page 20. You should be able to label these. STUDY THE HANDOUT/Diagram of body cavities. Q7 • 8) What is the boundary between the thorax & abdominal cavities? A7 • diaphragm Q8 • 9) The mediastinum divides which body cavity into right and left compartments? A8 • Thoracic Cavity into right & left lungs Q9 • 13) describe the “Anatomical Position”. A9 • • • • arms to the side with palms forward feet parallel to each other and flat on the floor erect body posture Facing forward. Q 10 • 16) ) Study the Relative Positions- be able to recognize them if given a description in words or a diagram. (Superior/inferior, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Proximal/Distal, Superficial/Deep) 10 A • Superior- Farther up toward the head. • inferior,- Farther down toward the feet. 10-B • 16A) . ________________means “toward the front” whereas __________ means “toward the back”. • (Anterior/Posterior) 10C • Medial- toward the midline • Lateral- away from the midline 10-D . Proximal refers to a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part Distal- farther down from the point of attachment of a limb. 10 E • Superficial- towards the surface. • Deep- Farther below the surface. Q 11 • 18) *Study Figure 3.17 on pg 89 in the text. Know the function & location of the 4 basic tissue types. A 11 • See pg 89 • Types: there are four main types of tissues: List them. – 1) Epithelial – 2) Muscle – 3) Nerve – 4) Connective • Q 11 B • 19) List 4 functions of epithelial tissue & tell where it is found. A 11 B • This type of tissue functions in protection, secretion, absorption, & excretion. It covers body surfaces , lines internal organs, & composes glands. 12 • __________tissue is the most abundant & widely distributed type. (pg 92): A 12 • CONNECTIVE tissue is the most abundant & widely distributed type. (pg 92): • This type of tissue binds, supports, protects, fills spaces, stores fat, and produces blood cells. • Widely distributed. Q 13 • 22) This type of epithelium lines the inner urinary bladder, ureters, & part of urethra. It is distensible (stretchy) A 13 • Transitional Epithelium Q 14 • 23) This type of epithelium forms the outer layer of skin. A 14 • Stratified Squamous Epithelium Q 15 • What is the function of adipose tissue & tell where found. A 15 • Type of connective tissue that protects, insulates, & stores fats. – Widely distributed. Q 16 • This type of connective tissue found in a fetal skeleton, the larynx, & connecting the ribs to the breastbone in _____________. • A) Bone • B) Hyaline cartilage • C) Elastic cartilage • D) Squamous cells • E) Areolar tissue A 16 • This type of connective tissue found in a fetal skeleton, the larynx, & connecting the ribs to the breastbone in _____________. • A) Bone • B) Hyaline cartilage • C) Elastic cartilage • D) Squamous cells • E) Areolar tissue Q 17 • Type of tissue found in in areas subject to considerable friction & abuse, such as the esophagus. • A) Stratified Columnar epithelium • B) Statified squamous Epithelium • C) Cuboidal • D) Transitional • E) Simple Columnar A 17 • Type of tissue found in in areas subject to considerable friction & abuse, such as the esophagus. • A) Stratified Columnar epithelium • B) Statified squamous Epithelium • C) Cuboidal • D) Transitional • E) Simple Columnar Q 18 • Another name for fat is __________ tissue. A 18 • Another name for fat is adipose tissue. Q 21 • Skeletal Muscle tissue = E Q 22 • Cardiac muscle tissue = C • (branched & Striated with intercalated disks) Q 23 • Simple cuboidal epithelium = B Q 24 • Simple squamous epithelium cells = A Q 25 • Stratified Squamous Epithelium = D Q 26 • 30) Another name for the Skin is the ___________________________membrane. A- 26 • Cutaneous Q 27 • 31) The outer layer of the skin is called the __________________, while the inner layer is called the _______________. A 27 • 31) The outer layer of the skin is called the ____epidermis____, while the inner layer is called the ___dermis__. Q 28 • 32) What is another name for hypodermis? ______________________layer A 28 • Subcutaneous layer Q 29 • 33) What is Keratinization? A 29 • When older skin cells harden. Q 30 • 34) What type of tissue is found in the epidermis? (p 113) A 30 • Stratified Squamous Q 31 • Does the epidermis have blood vessels? • Does the dermis have blood vessels? A 31 • Does the epidermis have blood vessels? –no • Does the dermis have blood vessels? –yes Q 32 • 36) What pigment in the skin protects against UV rays & produces skin color? A 32 • Melanin Q 33 • 33) What type of glands in the dermis help to regulate body temperature? A 33 • sweat glands Q 34 • 34) . Which glands in the dermis moisturize the hair shaft by secreting sebum? A 34 • Sebaceous glands • 39) Study all the bone labeling worksheets that you had, and study the bone labeling test that you got back. • 40) Study Figure 5.8 on pg 1464 in the text and study the bones labeling worksheet that you had. # 35- 43 • • • • • • • • • 35 C - Diaphysis 36 B- Proximal epiphysis 37 I – distal epiphysis 38 E- epiphyseal line 39 H- medulary cavity 40 G- Compact bone 41 F- Periosteum 42 A- Spongy Bone 43 D- Articular Cartilage Q 44 • 41) How many vertebrae are in the human neck and what are these vertebrae called? A 44 • Cervical vertebrae, 7, in the neck. Q 45 • 42) What do you call the vertebrae in the upper back & how many does a human have? A 45 • Thoracic vertebrae, 12 in humans Q 46 • Five ____________vertebrae are in the small of the back (loin) in humans. A 46 • Lumbar Q 47 • The __________ is a triangular structure, composed of 5 fused vertebrae, that forms the base of the vertebral column. A 47 • SACRUM Q 48 • 48) The ___________ is the lowest part of the vertebral column & is also called the tail bone. A 48 • Coccyx Q 49 • 49) The expanded portion found at the end of long bones, forms a joint (articulates) with another bone is called what? • A) Epiphysis B) Diaphysis C) Periosteum A 49 • Epiphysis Q 50 • 48) What is the anatomical name for the human wrist? ________________________ A 50 • CARPUS Q 51 • 49) . What is the anatomical name for the human ankle or the horse’s hock? • A) Tarsus B) Carpus C) Metacarpus A 51 • A) Tarsus Q 52 • 50) What is the lower jaw bone called? • What is the upper jaw bone called? A 52 • Lower- mandible • Upper- Maxilla Q 53 • 51) Bone cells are called ____________________. A 53 • Osteocytes Q 54 • 53) . What type of cells build up new bone tissue? A 54 • Osteoblasts Q 55 • 54) . What type of cells tear down old bone tissue? A 55 • Osteoclasts Q 56 • 56) The upper and lower limbs are part of the __________________skeleton. • A) Axial B) Appendicular C) Central A 56 • Appendicular Q 57 • 57) The ____________ is the only bone in the upper arm and is the longest and strongest bone in the arm. A 57 • Humerus Q 58 • 58) . The ___________bone in the thigh is the longest and strongest bone in the body. A 58 • FEMUR Q 59 • 59) Nerve cells are called _____________ A 59 • Neurons Q 60 • 60) The brain and spinal cord makes up the ___________Nervous System. A 60 • 60) The brain and spinal cord makes up the ___central________Nervous System. Q 61 • 61) The nerves of the body make up the ___________Nervous System. A 61 • Peripheral Q 62 • 62) ____________ neurons conduct impulses from the receptors to the CNS; also called afferent neurons • a. motor b. sensory c. multipolar d. bipolar • A 62 • sensory Q 63 • 63) ___________neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors; also called efferent neurons. A 63 • MOTOR Q 64 • 64) _________ carry impulses toward the cell body of a neuron, while ___________ carry impulses away from the cell body of a neuron. A 64 • 64) _dendrites________ carry impulses toward the cell body of a neuron, while axons carry impulses away from the cell body of a neuron. Q 65 • 65) The junction between 2 neurons is called what? A 65 • Synapse Q 68 • 68) The largest portion of the brain, which is responsible for higher thinking skills is the _____________ A 68 • Cerebrum Q 69 • 69) The portion of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, balance, & posture is the _______________. A 69 • Cerebellum Q 70 • 74) Thick protein filaments in muscles are called ______________ & thin filaments are called ______________. A 70 Thick protein filaments in muscles are called _myosin & thin filaments are called __actin Q 71 • 76) List the 3 types of muscle tissue and tell if each is voluntary or involuntary & if each has striations or not. • A) • • B) • • C) A 71 List the 3 types of muscle tissue and tell if each is voluntary or involuntary & if each has striations or not. • A) Smooth- involuntary, no striations • • B) Skeletal- Voluntary, Striated • • C) Cardiac- Involuntary, striated Q 72 • 79) The immovable end of a muscle is called its _______________, and the movable end is called its _______________. A 72 • The immovable end of a muscle is called its __origin and the movable end is called its _insertion 73 • What is meant by the term “Antagonists” with regard to muscles? Q 74 • 74) When you don’t get enough oxygen during strenous exercise what builds up in your muscles and what does this build up cuase? _____________________________builds up, which causes __________________________. (p 193-195) A74 • 74) When you don’t get enough oxygen during strenous exercise what builds up in your muscles and what does this build up cuase? Lactic Acid builds up, which causes Soreness (p 193-195) Q75 a • A- Pronation – • Forearm rotates medially so the palm faces posteriorly or down. 75 B • b. rotation- The movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis 75 C • c. dorsiflexion • Example is standing on your heels 75 D • d. flexion- Decreases the angle of a joint 75 E • e. adduction- Brings limb toward the body or toward midline 75 F • f. circumduction • Seen in ball & socket joints 75 G • g. abduction • -Brings limb away from midline or away from the body. 75H • h. supination• Forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly. 75 I • i. extension• Increases the angle of a joint. 76 • 76) ______Muscle tissue that forms valves to regulate the passage of substances through internal body openings • A) Skeletal B) Cardiac C) Smooth A76 • C) Smooth Q 77 • 77) ______ Muscle tissue that is multinucleate A 77 • Skeletal Q 78 • 78) ______ Muscle tissue composed of branching cells and intercalated discs A 78 • CARDIAC Q 79 • 79) ______ Muscle tissue that maintains posture, body position, and stabilizes joints 79 • Skeletal # 80-83 • • • • 80) D- Muscle Fiber 81) B- Endomysium (between fibers) 82) A- Epimysium 83) C- Fasicle