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Anatomy Midterm Review
Answers
Ms. TePoel’s Anatomy Class
Question 1
• 1) define the difference between the terms
anatomy vs physiology.
Answer 1
• Anatomy – the study of how the body is put
together.
• Physiology- study of how the body functions.
Q2
Study the three planes in Figure 1.13 on pg 15.
Be able to recognize these on a diagram and
to describe them in words. Know both names
for each:
•
A) Sagittal/Median Plane
•
B) Transverse/Horizontal Plane
•
C) Coronal/Frontal Plane
A2
• Study page 15 in the text.
• A) Sagital- divides body into right &left halves
• B)Transverse- Divides the body into superior
& inferior portions. It is often called a cross
section
• C) Coronal/Frontal- divides the body into
front (anterior) & back (posterior) sections.
Q3
3) Study the levels of organization (section 1.3).
arrange them from simplest to most complex.
A3
Cells Tissuesorgans Organ systems
Organisms
Q4
Define homeostasis? .
A4
• Maintaining a constant internal environment.
Q5
• 6) Describe the difference between the
Appendicular verus axial portions of the body.
A5
• Appendicular- the upper & lower limbs.
• axial – skull & trunk or torso.
Q6
• 7) Study the body cavities in Figure 1.7 on
page 20. You should be able to label these.
A7
• 7) Study the body cavities in Figure 1.7 on
page 20. You should be able to label these.
STUDY THE HANDOUT/Diagram of body cavities.
Q7
• 8) What is the boundary between the thorax
& abdominal cavities?
A7
• diaphragm
Q8
• 9) The mediastinum divides which body cavity
into right and left compartments?
A8
• Thoracic Cavity into right & left lungs
Q9
• 13) describe the “Anatomical Position”.
A9
•
•
•
•
arms to the side with palms forward
feet parallel to each other and flat on the floor
erect body posture
Facing forward.
Q 10
• 16) ) Study the Relative Positions- be able to
recognize them if given a description in words
or a diagram. (Superior/inferior,
Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral,
Proximal/Distal, Superficial/Deep)
10 A
• Superior- Farther up toward the head.
• inferior,- Farther down toward the feet.
10-B
• 16A) . ________________means “toward the
front” whereas __________ means “toward
the back”.
• (Anterior/Posterior)
10C
• Medial- toward the midline
• Lateral- away from the midline
10-D
. Proximal refers to a body part that is closer to
a point of attachment to the trunk than
another body part
Distal- farther down from the point of
attachment of a limb.
10 E
• Superficial- towards the surface.
• Deep- Farther below the surface.
Q 11
• 18) *Study Figure 3.17 on pg 89 in the text.
Know the function & location of the 4 basic
tissue types.
A 11
• See pg 89
• Types: there are four main types of tissues:
List them.
– 1) Epithelial
– 2) Muscle
– 3) Nerve
– 4) Connective
•
Q 11 B
• 19) List 4 functions of epithelial tissue & tell
where it is found.
A 11 B
• This type of tissue functions in protection,
secretion, absorption, & excretion. It covers
body surfaces , lines internal organs, &
composes glands.
12
• __________tissue is the most abundant &
widely distributed type. (pg 92):
A 12
• CONNECTIVE tissue is the most abundant &
widely distributed type. (pg 92):
• This type of tissue binds, supports, protects,
fills spaces, stores fat, and produces blood
cells.
• Widely distributed.
Q 13
• 22) This type of epithelium lines the inner
urinary bladder, ureters, & part of urethra. It
is distensible (stretchy)
A 13
• Transitional Epithelium
Q 14
• 23) This type of epithelium forms the outer
layer of skin.
A 14
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Q 15
• What is the function of adipose tissue & tell
where found.
A 15
• Type of connective tissue that protects,
insulates, & stores fats. – Widely distributed.
Q 16
• This type of connective tissue found in a fetal
skeleton, the larynx, & connecting the ribs to
the breastbone in _____________.
• A) Bone
• B) Hyaline cartilage
• C) Elastic cartilage
• D) Squamous cells
• E) Areolar tissue
A 16
• This type of connective tissue found in a fetal
skeleton, the larynx, & connecting the ribs to
the breastbone in _____________.
• A) Bone
• B) Hyaline cartilage
• C) Elastic cartilage
• D) Squamous cells
• E) Areolar tissue
Q 17
• Type of tissue found in in areas subject to
considerable friction & abuse, such as the
esophagus.
• A) Stratified Columnar epithelium
• B) Statified squamous Epithelium
• C) Cuboidal
• D) Transitional
• E) Simple Columnar
A 17
• Type of tissue found in in areas subject to
considerable friction & abuse, such as the
esophagus.
• A) Stratified Columnar epithelium
• B) Statified squamous Epithelium
• C) Cuboidal
• D) Transitional
• E) Simple Columnar
Q 18
• Another name for fat is __________ tissue.
A 18
• Another name for fat is adipose tissue.
Q 21
• Skeletal Muscle tissue = E
Q 22
• Cardiac muscle tissue = C
• (branched & Striated with intercalated disks)
Q 23
• Simple cuboidal epithelium = B
Q 24
• Simple squamous epithelium cells = A
Q 25
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium = D
Q 26
• 30) Another name for the Skin is the
___________________________membrane.
A- 26
• Cutaneous
Q 27
• 31) The outer layer of the skin is called the
__________________, while the inner layer is
called the _______________.
A 27
• 31) The outer layer of the skin is called the
____epidermis____, while the inner layer is
called the ___dermis__.
Q 28
• 32) What is another name for hypodermis?
______________________layer
A 28
• Subcutaneous layer
Q 29
• 33) What is Keratinization?
A 29
• When older skin cells harden.
Q 30
• 34) What type of tissue is found in the
epidermis? (p 113)
A 30
• Stratified Squamous
Q 31
• Does the epidermis have blood vessels?
• Does the dermis have blood vessels?
A 31
• Does the epidermis have blood vessels? –no
• Does the dermis have blood vessels? –yes
Q 32
• 36) What pigment in the skin protects against
UV rays & produces skin color?
A 32
• Melanin
Q 33
• 33) What type of glands in the dermis help to
regulate body temperature?
A 33
• sweat glands
Q 34
• 34) . Which glands in the dermis moisturize
the hair shaft by secreting sebum?
A 34
• Sebaceous glands
• 39) Study all the bone labeling worksheets
that you had, and study the bone labeling
test that you got back.
• 40) Study Figure 5.8 on pg 1464 in the text
and study the bones labeling worksheet that
you had.
# 35- 43
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
35 C - Diaphysis
36 B- Proximal epiphysis
37 I – distal epiphysis
38 E- epiphyseal line
39 H- medulary cavity
40 G- Compact bone
41 F- Periosteum
42 A- Spongy Bone
43 D- Articular Cartilage
Q 44
• 41) How many vertebrae are in the human
neck and what are these vertebrae called?
A 44
• Cervical vertebrae, 7, in the neck.
Q 45
• 42) What do you call the vertebrae in the
upper back & how many does a human have?
A 45
• Thoracic vertebrae, 12 in humans
Q 46
• Five ____________vertebrae are in the small
of the back (loin) in humans.
A 46
• Lumbar
Q 47
• The __________ is a triangular structure,
composed of 5 fused vertebrae, that forms the
base of the vertebral column.
A 47
• SACRUM
Q 48
• 48) The ___________ is the lowest part of the
vertebral column & is also called the tail bone.
A 48
• Coccyx
Q 49
• 49) The expanded portion found at the end of
long bones, forms a joint (articulates) with
another bone is called what?
• A) Epiphysis B) Diaphysis
C) Periosteum
A 49
• Epiphysis
Q 50
• 48) What is the anatomical name for the
human wrist? ________________________
A 50
• CARPUS
Q 51
• 49) . What is the anatomical name for the
human ankle or the horse’s hock?
• A) Tarsus B) Carpus
C) Metacarpus
A 51
• A) Tarsus
Q 52
• 50) What is the lower jaw bone called?
• What is the upper jaw bone called?
A 52
• Lower- mandible
• Upper- Maxilla
Q 53
• 51) Bone cells are called
____________________.
A 53
• Osteocytes
Q 54
• 53) . What type of cells build up new bone
tissue?
A 54
• Osteoblasts
Q 55
• 54) . What type of cells tear down old bone
tissue?
A 55
• Osteoclasts
Q 56
• 56) The upper and lower limbs are part of the
__________________skeleton.
• A) Axial B) Appendicular C) Central
A 56
• Appendicular
Q 57
• 57) The ____________ is the only bone in the
upper arm and is the longest and strongest
bone in the arm.
A 57
• Humerus
Q 58
• 58) . The ___________bone in the thigh is the
longest and strongest bone in the body.
A 58
• FEMUR
Q 59
• 59) Nerve cells are called _____________
A 59
• Neurons
Q 60
• 60) The brain and spinal cord makes up the
___________Nervous System.
A 60
• 60) The brain and spinal cord makes up the
___central________Nervous System.
Q 61
• 61) The nerves of the body make up the
___________Nervous System.
A 61
• Peripheral
Q 62
• 62) ____________ neurons conduct impulses
from the receptors to the CNS; also called
afferent neurons
• a. motor b. sensory c. multipolar d. bipolar
•
A 62
• sensory
Q 63
• 63) ___________neurons conduct impulses
from the CNS to effectors; also called efferent
neurons.
A 63
• MOTOR
Q 64
• 64) _________ carry impulses toward the
cell body of a neuron, while ___________
carry impulses away from the cell body of a
neuron.
A 64
• 64) _dendrites________ carry impulses
toward the cell body of a neuron, while axons
carry impulses away from the cell body of a
neuron.
Q 65
• 65) The junction between 2 neurons is called
what?
A 65
• Synapse
Q 68
• 68) The largest portion of the brain, which is
responsible for higher thinking skills is the
_____________
A 68
• Cerebrum
Q 69
• 69) The portion of the brain responsible for
coordinating muscle movements, balance, &
posture is the _______________.
A 69
• Cerebellum
Q 70
• 74) Thick protein filaments in muscles are
called ______________ & thin filaments are
called ______________.
A 70
Thick protein filaments in muscles are called
_myosin & thin filaments are called __actin
Q 71
• 76) List the 3 types of muscle tissue and tell if
each is voluntary or involuntary & if each has
striations or not.
•
A)
•
•
B)
•
•
C)
A 71
List the 3 types of muscle tissue and tell if each
is voluntary or involuntary & if each has
striations or not.
•
A) Smooth- involuntary, no striations
•
•
B) Skeletal- Voluntary, Striated
•
•
C) Cardiac- Involuntary, striated
Q 72
• 79) The immovable end of a muscle is called
its _______________, and the movable end is
called its _______________.
A 72
• The immovable end of a muscle is called its
__origin and the movable end is called its
_insertion
73
• What is meant by the term “Antagonists”
with regard to muscles?
Q 74
• 74) When you don’t get enough oxygen during
strenous exercise what builds up in your
muscles and what does this build up cuase?
_____________________________builds up,
which causes __________________________.
(p 193-195)
A74
• 74) When you don’t get enough oxygen during
strenous exercise what builds up in your
muscles and what does this build up cuase?
Lactic Acid builds up, which causes Soreness
(p 193-195)
Q75 a
• A- Pronation –
• Forearm rotates medially so the palm faces
posteriorly or down.
75 B
• b. rotation- The movement of a bone around
its longitudinal axis
75 C
• c. dorsiflexion • Example is standing on your heels
75 D
• d. flexion- Decreases the angle of a joint
75 E
• e. adduction- Brings limb toward the body or
toward midline
75 F
• f. circumduction • Seen in ball & socket joints
75 G
• g. abduction
• -Brings limb away from midline or away from
the body.
75H
• h. supination• Forearm rotates laterally so that the palm
faces anteriorly.
75 I
• i. extension• Increases the angle of a joint.
76
• 76) ______Muscle tissue that forms valves to
regulate the passage of substances through
internal body openings
• A) Skeletal B) Cardiac
C) Smooth
A76
• C) Smooth
Q 77
• 77) ______ Muscle tissue that is multinucleate
A 77
• Skeletal
Q 78
• 78) ______ Muscle tissue composed of
branching cells and intercalated discs
A 78
• CARDIAC
Q 79
• 79) ______ Muscle tissue that maintains
posture, body position, and stabilizes joints
79
• Skeletal
# 80-83
•
•
•
•
80) D- Muscle Fiber
81) B- Endomysium (between fibers)
82) A- Epimysium
83) C- Fasicle