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Basic neuroscience
Introduction
J. Lauwereyns, Ph.D.
Professor
Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences
Kyushu University
[email protected]
Neural coding and
decoding
Information
e.g.,
Visual image
Brain Activity
e.g.,
Visual neuron
Information
e.g.,
Machine vision
Neural coding and
decoding
Information
e.g.,
Visual image
Brain Activity
e.g.,
Visual neuron
Information
e.g.,
Machine vision
Neural coding and
decoding
Studying
the relation between
events (stimuli, responses) and brain activity
Information
e.g.,
Visual image
Brain Activity
e.g.,
Visual neuron
Information
e.g.,
Machine vision
Neural decoding and
decoding
Brain Activity
e.g.,
Visual neuron
Information
e.g.,
Machine vision
Neural decoding and
decoding
Trying to reconstruct events
based on the interpretation of brain data
Brain Activity
e.g.,
Visual neuron
Information
e.g.,
Machine vision
Neural coding and
decoding
Information
e.g.,
Visual image
Brain Activity
e.g.,
Visual neuron
Information
e.g.,
Machine vision
Complex data…
Important applications…
Brain
• All tissues and organs consist of
cells
• In the brain: neurons and glia
• 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia
• Neurons:
– Information, communication, control
• Glia: (glial or neuroglia)
– Insulation, support, nourishment
Brain
• All tissues and organs consist of
cells
• In the brain: neurons and glia
• 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia
• Neurons:
– Information, communication, control
• Glia: (glial or neuroglia)
– Insulation, support, nourishment
Glial cells
• The brain contains three major classes of
glial cell –
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- microglia
Glial cells
• The brain contains three major classes of
glial cell –
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- microglia
Glial cells
• The brain contains three major classes of
glial cell –
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- microglia
Brain
• All tissues and organs consist of
cells
• In the brain: neurons and glia
• 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia
• Neurons:
– Information, communication, control
• Glia: (glial or neuroglia)
– Insulation, support, nourishment
Brain
• All tissues and organs consist of
cells
• In the brain: neurons and glia
• 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia
• Neurons:
– Information, communication, control
• Glia: (glial or neuroglia)
– Insulation, support, nourishment
The neuron doctrine
( We say “Neuroscience,” not “Gliascience”)
The neuron doctrine
Golgi stained
neuron:
Soaking brain
tissue in a silver
chromate solution,
nicely shows
cell body (nucleus)
vs. thin tubes
size…
Ramón y Cajal
Using Golgi’s
Method:
Work out the
circuitry of
brain regions
Golgi was wrong, Ramón y Cajal was right:
The brain consists of many separate neurons,
communicating by contact, not continuity
Measuring brain activity
Blood flow
Measuring brain activity
Blood flow
fMRI
Measuring brain activity
Blood flow
fMRI, PET, NIRS
Measuring brain activity
Blood flow
fMRI, PET, NIRS
= Indirect, not neural activity
itself, but supply of blood
to neurons (via glia)
Measuring brain activity
Blood flow
fMRI, PET, NIRS
Electrical activity
EEG
Measuring brain activity
Blood flow
fMRI, PET, NIRS
Electrical activity
EEG, MEG,
Intracranial,
Single cell,
Intracellular
Measuring brain activity
Blood flow
fMRI, PET, NIRS
Electrical activity
= Can be direct, when
you insert the electrode
in the brain, or even in
the neuron, but is
“invasive”
Where does the activity
come from?
What do neurons do?
Need to study the basics…
Where does the activity
come from?
What do neurons do?
Need to study the basics…
Where does the activity
come from?
What do neurons do?
Need to study the basics…
The Prototypical Neuron
• Cell body
(soma, perikaryon)
• Axon
• Dendrites
The neuron
The neuron
Transport
The neuron
Chemical release
Transport
The neuron
Detection
Chemical release
Transport
The neuron
Chemical release
Detection
DNA
Transport
The neuron
Chemical release
Detection
DNA
Transport
Insulation
Glia
In mammals: Axons are myelinated