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World War II 20th Century Global Studies I. Hitler and Nazism A. Nazi Party Domestic Policy 1) Nazis (National Social German Workers Party) come to power in 1933 lead by Hitler- fascism 2) Replaced Weimar Republic 3) Workers and businesses forced to join unions 4) All political parties illegal except Nazis Hitler and Nazism Cont.. 5) Controlled Newspapers, SA storm troopers 6) Hitler Youth (indoctrinate youth) 7) Blamed Jews for defeat in WWI Hitler and Nazism Cont.. 8) Nazis four year plan to rapidly industrialize country was put in place 9) Nazi propaganda is put in place 10) 70% of households are given “People’s Radios” 11)Women were awarded medals for many births II. Nazi Foreign Policy A. Wanted to unite all ethnic Germans (Aryans) B. 1934 – invades Austria stopped by Mussolini C. 1936 – Annexes Rhineland (demilitarized zone) D. Annexes Austria in 1938 w/ Mussolni’s support E. Sept 1938 – Hitler demands Sundetenland 1. (Appeased by Europe at the Munich Conference – agree to give Hitler Sundeteland if he stops coquering) WWII Questions 1. Why did the allies appease Hitler by allowing him to take the Sudenteland? 2. Did they make the wrong decision? (Explain) 3. What do you know about WWII? Nazi Foreign Policy Cont.. • F. Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact 1. Germany and USSR agree not to attack each other 2. Secretly agree to split eastern Europe into spheres of influence 3. Both were interested in annexing Poland III. The Fighting of WWII A. Germany invades Poland 09/01/1939 B. Blitkrieg “Lightning War” in Poland C. Luftwaffe heavily bombs, tanks roll in, 1.5 mill.motorized infantry troops behind D. Germany takes Poland in a few weeks E. England & France declare war on Germany Sept. 3, 1939. F. U.S.S.R. takes Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Eastern Poland Blitzkrieg Fighting of WWII cont… G. England mines the waters to keep Germany out of Scandinavia H. Germany invades Norway, Denmark, wins easily I. France 1) Maginot Line – defense system of bunkers 2) Germany invades Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium 3) Invade France through Ardennes Maginot Line Fighting of WWII cont… 4)France surrenders June 21, 1940 J. England 1) Germany bombs British airfields and and switches tactics to bomb London 2) Allows airforce to gain superiority IV. Miracle of Dunkirk A. German forces advanced in France B. Allied forces were trapped b/t the Nazis and the English Channel C. British sent every available naval vessel to take troops of the beaches of Dunkirk and Ostend (rescued 300,000 troops) V. Fall of France A. German forces advanced towards Paris B. Italy declared war on France and attacked from the South. France surrendered C. On June 22, 1940, Hitler avenged the German defeat of 1918. Forced French to sign surrender documents in the railcar where Germany had surrendered in WWI. D. Germany occupied Northern France. South was set up as a “puppet state” Vichy E. French escaped to England – led by Charles de Gualle, worked to liberate homeland • Hitler in Paris 6/30/1940 German Occupation Back to School! VI. Battle of Britain A. With the fall of France, Britain stood alone. B. Hitler ordered operation Sea Lion – the invasion of Britain, first sent luftwaffe C. August 2, 1940, Battle of Britain began D. For a month the British Royal Air Force battled the German Luftwaffe VII. The London Blitz A. German changed tactics and began bombing civilian targets, rather than military targets B. Sept. 7, 1940, Germans bombed London all night long C. For the next 57 nights bombing occurred: docks, railways, buildings, and homes. (15,000 people lost their lives) – Total War D. People went to bomb shelters and subways each night when sirens flared E. In defiance, Parliament continued to meet F. Continued to bomb London and other cities until 1941 VIII. A German Defeat A. Showed that terror bombing could not defeat a determined people. B. By 1941, operation sea lion was abandoned. C. Germany turned their military towards the Soviet Union IX. Charging Ahead A. While Luftwaffe bombed Britain, axis armies pushed into N. Africa and the Balkans B. September 1940, Mussolini sent Italian troops to Egypt C. Hitler sent General Rommel to assist. British worried they would seize the Suez Canal D. In 1940, Italians invaded Greece. Germany helped and conquered Greece and Yugoslavia E. By 1941, Hungary and Bulgaria joined the Axis Alliance X. Operation Barbarossa A. German Advance on the Soviet Union – started in June 1941. Negated Nazi-Soviet Pact. Hitler wanted to gain resources and living space. B. Germany unleashed a blitzkrieg, 3 million Germans poured into Russia C. Hitler instructed German military to shoot all Russian officers and Jewish people on sight C. Russia lost 2.5 million soldiers D. Battle of Leningrad – 2.5 year siege, late 1941 -1944 12 degree Fahrenheit winter - 1.25 million residents died, 10,000 buildings destroyed - St. Petersburg > Petrograd > Leningrad > St. Petersburg - Boiled and chewed wall paper b/c they were starving, more than one million Leningraders died during the siege Battle of Leningrad Notes Part 2 I. Growing American Involvement A. When war began in 1939, U.S. declared its neutrality B. Many Americans sympathized with the Axis Powers when the war began C. Lend Lease Act- FDR and congress passed to allow the lending or sale of materials to warring countries to defend the U.S. D. Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill met secretly on a ship to set goals to stop the “Nazi tyranny”, August 1941. II. War in the Pacific A. Japan wanted to create the Greater Asia 1) Asian territories devoid of Europeans 2) Attacks Tonkin Province of Indochina a) US place embargo on scrap iron b) Japan signs treaty w/ Italy & Germany Sept 27, 1941. c) FDR starts oil embargo freezes Japan’s assets July, 27, 1941 War in the Pacific cont… d) U.S. negotiations with Japan fail 3. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor a) Sink or disable 19 ships b) Kill 2,400 and wound 1,000 U.S. Soldiers c) U.S. Enters War III. Turning Points A. Allies control air and sea, begin to bomb Germany, able to stop U boats B. Soviet Offensive 1) Surround Germans at Stalingrad a) Captured the best soldiers of the German Army b) kill 100,000 and capture 80,000 soldiers A Van Down by The River! Turning Points Cont… C. North Africa 1) German General Rommel was very effective 2) Allied plan was to attack from both sides a) made a deal w/ Vichy France b) close in from both sides and win c) Hitler relieves Rommel of command Turning Points Cont… D. Italy 1) Allies take Sicily 2) Mussolini is fired and arrested, rescued by Nazi troops. 3) Sept. 3 1943, Italy secretly surrenders 4) June 4, 1944 – Germany is pushed North, the allies take Rome Turning Points Cont… E. The Pacific 1) Allies are winning on the sea 2) Battle of Midway – Japanese Navy is destroyed 3) Battle of Guadalcanal – first in a series of Island victories Battle of Midway IV. Operation Overlord A. D-Day 1) June 6, 1944 – one day later than planned. 2) Equipment and Personnel: 150,000 soldiers, 5,000 boats, and 11,000 planes 3) Germans expected invasion -location? 4) Fighting lasted for 2 months, ended with the liberation of Paris B. Battle of Normandy June 6, 1944 – August 25, 1944 1) Largest sea-born invasion in history – involved 3 million soldiers 2) Allied Casualties: 53,700 dead, 18,000 missing, and 155,000 wounded 3) German Casualties: About 200,000 dead, wounded and missing, and 200,000 captured Battle of Normandy Battle of Normandy Battle of Normandy German Coastal Artillery Mined Stakes Allied troops on Omaha Beach V. The War Ends A. The Allies push east from France & the Soviets push west. B. Battle of the Bulge (Battle of Ardennes 1) Last German offensive, does not break through the allied lines C. Germany surrenders May 7, 1945 1) Hitler and his wife commit suicide War Ends Continued… D. Japan Falls 1. Allies take Japanese Islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa 2. Allies can now use planes to attack the Japanese mainland 3. Ultimatum issued to Japan 6/26/1945 a. Surrender or we will use a weapon never used before b. Japan refuses War Ends Continued… 4. Atomic Bombs a. August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima i. Japan refuses to surrender b. August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki a) 200,000 killed c. August 14, 1945 – Japan surrenders Aftermath at Hiroshima Journal Activity A. Imagine you are British or French individual living during WWII. 1) Describe what you life is like during this time in a one page journal entry. 2) Include a description of: a) The social, political, and social circumstances of the war b) The effects on you family and country c) The technology used in the war d) One or two specific battles/events