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WORLD WAR LOOMS
CHAPTER 16
Dictators Threaten World
Peace
Section 1
At the end of World War I, the Treaty of
Versailles caused anger & resentment…
New democratic governments, hurt by
economic & social problems,
floundered & turned to dictatorships.
In the Soviet Union, Joseph
Stalin came to power in 1924.
He was a ruthless leader who let
nothing stand in his way.
Stalin focused on creating a model
communist state.
Stalin did away w/private farms. The
state took over industry.
He did away with private enterprise.
The Soviet Union became a “police state”.
Anyone who criticized him or his policies was
arrested by the secret police.
Many were executed.
Millions died in famines caused
by Stalin’s restructuring of Soviet
society.
It’s believed that Stalin was responsible for 813 million deaths in the USSR.
HAULING THE BODIES OF THE DEAD
Stalin created a TOTALITARIAN
government.
(a government w/complete control over
its citizens)
Individuals had no rights, & the
government put down all
opposition.
At the same time, Benito Mussolini
was creating a totalitarian state in
Italy
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler
Mussolini was a passionate public speaker
His political movement was called Fascism
(Strong, centralized government headed by a
dictator which grow out of extreme
nationalism.)
Another Fascist party came to
power in Germany under the
leadership of Adolf Hitler.
His political philosophy was called Nazism.
He hoped to unite all German-speaking
people into a new German empire, or Reich.
In 1932, the Nazi Party gained power.
Hitler became chancellor in January 1933.
He did away w/the Weimar Republic & set up
the Third Reich, or 3rd German empire.
Hitler gestures during a speech in May 1937
Hitler believed that Germans- especially
blond, blue-eyed “Aryans”- were the
master race.
According to Hitler, Aryans were meant to
have power over all “inferior races”, such as
Jews & nonwhites. Hitler believed Germany
needed to expand-gain territory- so that the
German people could thrive.

“If I can send the flower of the German nation into the
hell of war without the smallest pity for the spilling of
precious German blood, then surely I have the right to
remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like
vermin ..." Adolf Hitler
“The Poison Mushroom” children’s
book.
Meanwhile, in Asia, military leaders
had taken over Japan:



They believed Japan needed more land & resources.
Japan attacked Manchuria, a province of China, in
1931.
The League of Nations protested, but Japan left the
League & kept Manchuria.
Chinese defenders captured in Manchuria
Chinese in Manchuria with Japanese flag displayed.
This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled:
'The Doormat'. It shows a Japanese soldier trampling all over the
League, whilst League officials bow down before him and the British
Foreign Secretary John Simon powders the League's nose using a
'Face-saving kit'.
This cartoon of 1933 shows the Japanese actions destroying
international agreements such as the Kellogg Pact and the League of
Nations Covenant.
The League’s failure to stop
Japan made Hitler & Mussolini
bolder….
Hitler sent troops into the
Rhineland & rebuilt the German
army.
These acts broke the Versailles
Treaty.
Mussolini captured the African
nation of Ethiopia.
The leader of Ethiopia asked the
League for help. When the League did
nothing, he said, “It is us today, It will
be you tomorrow.”
In Spain, General Francisco Franco led
a rebellion to overthrow the elected
government.
Hitler & Mussolini supported Franco
w/troops & weapons.
When Franco won in ’39, Europe had
another totalitarian government.
Jubilant demonstration in Madrid after the Popular
Front victory in the Spanish general elections of
February 1936
Q:
What 5 major countries were
ruled by dictatorships in the
1930’s?
The U.S. responded cautiously to the
rise of dictators…
Protest march to prevent American involvement in WWII
“Isolationism” became more popular.
Most Americans wanted the U.S. to
stay out of foreign conflicts.
U.S. passed the
“Neutrality Acts”
These laws banned loans or arms
sale to nations at war.
WAR IN EUROPE
Section 2
Austria & Czechoslovakia
Fall
How did Britain & France react to
Hitler’s aggression?
Hitler decided that the new living space
the German people needed would come
from nearby Austria & Czechoslovakia.
And he was willing to use force to
do it!
In March 1938, German
troops marched into Austria.
They met no opposition. Germany
announced an Anschluss, or “union”
w/Austria.
Austrians salute Hitler as he passes the Benedictine Abbey at Melk
Jews in Vienna forced to scrub
Schuschnigg's slogans off the sidewalk
Then Hitler claimed that the Czechs were
mistreating German –speaking people in
an area called the Sudetenland.
He massed troops on the border.
France & Britain promised to defend
Czechoslovakia.
Their leaders met w/Hitler in Munich , Germany.
Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain after the Munich Agreement which gave Czechoslovakia to Hitler
Hitler promised that the Sudetenland
would be his “last territorial demand.”
Neville Chamberlain was the British prime
minister who signed the Munich Pact in
September 1938.
It gave the Sudetenland to
Germany.
MAP OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
SHOWING THE SUDETENLAND
Germans troops entering the Sudetenland were greeted as liberators and heroes
Another British leader, Winston
Churchill, disagreed. He called the
Pact dishonorable appeasement.
Churchill predicted that
appeasement would eventually
lead to war.
Hitler did not keep the promise he
made at Munich.
In March of ’39, he conquered the
rest of Czechoslovakia.
Then Hitler began to claim that Germans
living in Poland were being persecuted.
Many thought Hitler would never attack Poland.
They thought he would be afraid that the Soviet
Union, on Poland’s eastern border, would then
fight Germany.
But Germany & Soviet Union signed a
“nonaggression pact”, an agreement not
to fight each other.
In a secret part of this treaty,
Hitler & Stalin also agreed to
divide Poland b/w them.
Soviet Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov signs the German-Soviet
nonaggression pact; Joachim von Ribbentrop and Josef Stalin stand
behind him. Moscow, August 23, 1939, from Patch-NA
Recap of notes so far….
On September 1, 1939, Hitler
launched World War II by
attacking Poland.
Soviet and German soldiers meeting after the invasion of Poland
German troops parade through Warsaw,
Poland. PK Hugo Jaeger, September, 1939 from Patch-NA
The Germans used a new strategy called
a “blitzkrieg”, or lightning war.
German troops dismantle a Polish border checkpoint,
September 1, 1939, as World War II begins.
They used tanks & planes to take the enemy by
surprise & crush them quickly.
Here a Nazi unit is en route to Poland at the end of September, 1939.
Handwritten on the side of the train car is, "We are going to Poland to
thrash the Jews."
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 26.
Poland fell to the
Germans in a month…
Britain & France declared war
on Germany!
Meanwhile, the Soviets attacked Poland
from the east, & grabbed some of its
territory.
For the next few months, not
much happened.
This was called the “phony
war.”
French & British troops gathered
on the French border.
German troops also waited.
Meanwhile, Stalin seized regions
that the Soviet Union had lost in
WWI.
He took the Baltic states in September &
October ‘39
Finland resisted, & was conquered only after
fierce fighting in March 1940.
Finnish ski troops in Northern
Finland January 12 1940
Finnish soldiers outside a house
In April, Hitler launched surprise
invasions of Denmark & Norway.
Then in May, he quickly took the
Netherlands, Belgium &
Luxembourg.
Dutch soldiers during the battle of the
Netherlands
Germany attacked France in
May 1940.
Meanwhile, Italy joined the war on
Germany’s side. The Italians attacked
France from the south.
France surrendered quickly.
French soldier weeping after the
Battle of France, May 1940
The Germans occupied the northern part of
France while a Nazi-controlled puppet
government, called the Vichy government, ruled
the southern part of France.
Presidential flag of Vichy France
The French general Charles de Gaulle set
up a French government in exile in England.
He promised to free France from the Nazis.
General de Gaulle speaking on the BBC during the war.
General de Gaulle reviewing troops
Hitler now made plans to
invade Britain.
Nazi German Luftwaffe
He began with air raids over
British Royal Air Force and allies
England.
The King and Queen inspect bomb
damage to Buckingham Palace
The Germans bombed London
night after night in August 1940.
The British air force (RAF) defended
Britain against these attacks. They
used a new technology called radar, &
shot down hundreds of German planes.
Children sit among the rubble
of their home September 1940
This air war was called the
Battle of Britain.
Dec. 29, 1940 - St. Paul's Cathedral
emerges from the flames during
one of the most devastating raids
The new prime minister, Winston Churchill,
rallied the spirits of the British people &
declared that Britain would never surrender.
Hitler gave up the idea of invading Britain.
A Royal Air Force Spitfire, one of
the fighters many credit for winning
the Battle of Britain
THE HOLOCAUST
Section 3
Part of Hitler’s plan for Germany
was to make the country racially
pure. In 1933, Hitler ordered all
non-Aryans out of government
jobs.
Then Hitler began an organized
persecution of non-Aryans,
particularly of Jews.
A dog lies on a park bench which is marked
"Nur fuer Arier!" [Only for Aryans]
Date: Mar 1938
Locale: Vienna, Austria
Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Unknown Provenance
Copyright: USHMM
Civilians ride a streetcar in Belgrade
that is marked "Fuer Juden Verboten"
(Forbidden to Jews).
Date: 1941 - 1942
Locale: Belgrade, [Serbia] Yugoslavia; Serbia; Belehrad; Bilehrad; Nandorfehervar
Credit:
Copyright: Agency Agreement (No Fees)
This resulted in the
HOLOCAUST….
Studio portrait of a prewar Belgian-Jewish family.
The systematic murder of over 11
million people across Europe.
Over half of the murdered people were
Jews.
Anti-Semitism had a long
history in Germany & in other
parts of Europe…
For a long time, Germans had used Jews as a
scapegoat.
Therefore, when Hitler blamed Jews for Germany’s
defeat in WWI, many agreed.
When Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic
problems, many Germans supported him.
Persecution of Jews increased
under Hitler….
In 1935, new laws took away Jews’
civil rights & their property.
Jew were forced to wear yellow stars
of David on their clothing.
German soldiers cutting the beard of an elderly Jew
in Poland.
Photo credit: The Pictorial History of the Holocaust, Yitzak Arad, Ed., Macmillan
Publishing Company, N.Y., 1990, p. 78, Courtesy of Shamesh: The Jewish Internet
Humiliation was a part of the psychological warfare that Nazis
used against their enemies. In Poland, a soldier tutors two
Jewish men on how to give the Nazi salute correctly.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 37.
Harassment of a Jewish man.
Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945
On November 9, 1938,
organized, violent persecution
began with Kristallnacht.
This is a German word meaning
“crystal night”, or night of broken
glass.
Local residents watch as flames consume the synagogue in Opava, set on fire during Kristallnacht.
Locale: Opava, [Silesia; Ostrava] Czechoslovakia; [Sudetenland]
Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Leo Goldberger
Copyright: USHMM
Jewish-owned shop destroyed during
Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass").
Berlin, Germany, November 1938.
Gangs of Nazi storm troopers
attacked Jewish homes, businesses,
& synagogues across Germany.
The streets were littered w/broken
glass. Then the Nazis blamed Jews for
the destruction. Many Jews were
arrested; others were fined.
A private Jewish home vandalized during
Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"
pogrom). Vienna, Austria, November 10, 1938.
Many Jews started to flee Germany.
Nazis were in favor of this, but other
nations didn’t want to accept the Jewish
refugees.
Some refugees, like Albert
Einstein, were allowed into the
U.S.
Passengers aboard the “St. Louis”. These Jewish
refugees from Nazi Germany were forced to return
to Europe after both Cuba & the U.S. denied them
refuge.
(May or June, 1939)
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
HITLER’S “FINAL
SOLUTION”
In 1939, there were only about ¼ of a million
Jews left in Germany.
But other countries that Hitler occupied had
millions more Jews.
Hitler’s ultimate goal was to get rid of all of
Europe’s Jews.
This plan amounted to GENOCIDE…
USHMM
The deliberate & systematic killing of
an entire population.
The “FINAL SOLUTION” was based on the
Nazi belief that Aryans were a superior people
& that their strength & racial purity must be
preserved.
To accomplish this, the Nazis arrested people
they identified as “enemies of the state”,
condemning these people to slavery & death.
In addition to Jews, the Nazis rounded up political
opponents- Communists, Socialists, liberals- and
other groups including Gypsies, Freemasons,
Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, the disabled
& the terminally ill.
A group of Gypsy children sitting outside in
the Rivesaltes internment camp.
Helene Gotthold, a Jehovah's Witness, was beheaded for her
religious beliefs on December 8, 1944, in Berlin. She is
pictured with her children. Germany, June 25, 1936.
__________
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Identification pictures of a bartender from
Duisburg who was arrested for
homosexuality.
Duisburg, Germany, August 27, 1936.
__________
Nordrhein-Westfaelisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Duesseldorf
Propaganda slide featuring two images of physically
disabled children. The caption reads, "deformed."
Date: Circa 1934
Locale: Germany
Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Marion Davy
Copyright: USHMM
Some Jews were forced into
GHETTOS….
One of the ghetto entrances. The sign reads "Living area for Jews--entrance forbidden." Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1941.
Segregated Jewish areas where they were
made to work in factories or left to starve.
Ghetto residents, wearing mandatory yellow stars,
at forced labor in a clothing factory. Lodz ghetto,
Poland, 1941.
__________
Beit Lohamei Haghettaot
Poverty in the ghetto: residents wait for soup at a
public kitchen. Lodz ghetto, Poland, between 1940
and 1944.
__________
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Living quarters in the Theresienstadt ghetto.
Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, between 1941 and
1945.
__________
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
Children eating in the ghetto streets.
Warsaw, Poland, between 1940 and 1943.
__________
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Despite brutal conditions, Jews hung on,
resisting the Germans & setting up
schools & underground newspapers.
Jews captured during the Warsaw ghetto
uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16,
1943.
__________
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.
A group of Jewish resisters, members
of a fighting organization
(Organisation Juive de Combat).
Mazamet, France, wartime.
__________
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
THE FINAL STAGE…
Most Jews were
sent to concentration camps, where they
suffered hunger, illness, overwork, torture, &
death.
Corpses of murdered victims in Auschwitz
The early concentration camps
didn’t kill Jews fast enough for
the Nazis.
In 1941, 6 death camps were built in
Poland. These camps had gas
chambers that could kill 12,000 people
a day.
View of the entrance to the main camp of
Auschwitz
(Auschwitz I). [Photograph #00001]
Prisoners at forced labor digging a drainage or
sewerage trench in Auschwitz.
[Photograph #85023]
Prisoners were separated upon
arrival at death camps by SS
doctors.
Selection of inmates at Auschwitz. Mengele is in foreground at far right with cigarette in hand
Josef Mengele at Auschwitz in 1943
Those who were too weak to work
were led to the gas chambers &
killed.
Selection of Jews at the Birkenau
Ramp, 1944
At 1st bodies were buried or
burned in huge pits.
Execution of prisoners, most of them Jewish, in the
forest near Buchenwald concentration camp
1942 or 1943.
__________
YIVO Institute for Jewish Researc
.
Germany,
Pictured here are Jewish women from
Liepaja, Latvia, prior to their execution
Yad Vashem Archives 85do3
A naked prisoner is led to an execution site in the Stutthof
concentration camp, where others either have been shot
already or forced to lie face down prior to being shot.
[Photograph #85014]
Then the Nazis built huge ovens called
crematoriums that destroyed the
bodies & all evidence of mass murder .
The crematorium building at the Flossenbuerg concentration camp.
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.
Hungarian Jews on their way to the
gas chambers.
Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland, May 1944.
__________
Yad Vashem Photo Archives
Door to a gas chamber in Auschwitz. The note
reads: Harmful gas! Entering endangers your life.
Date: Feb 1945
Locale: Auschwitz, [Upper Silesia] Poland; Birkenau; Auschwitz III; Monowitz; Auschwitz II
Photographer: Stanislaw Luczko
Interior view of a gas chamber at Majdanek (postliberation).
The blue stain is from the Zyklon B
Date: After 1944
Locale: Majdanek, [Lublin] Poland
.
Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Archiwum Panstwowego Muzeum na Majdanku
Copyright: Public Domain
Human remains found by American
troops in the crematoria ovens of
Buchenwald.
[Photograph #82856]
Other prisoners were shot or hanged
or subjected to horrible medical
experiments by camp doctors.
Victims of Dr. Josef Mengele's medical experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
__________
National Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau
Poland, 1944.
Medical personnel experiment on a prisoner at the
Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald,
Germany, date uncertain.
La Documentation Francaise
Victim of Nazi medical experiment immersed in
freezing water at Dachau concentration camp. SS
doctor Sigmund Rascher oversees the experiment
Germany, 1942.
DIZ Muenchen GMBH, Sueddeutscher Verlag Bilderdienst
Medical experiment performed at the Dachau
concentration camp to determine altitudes at which
German pilots could survive.
Germany, 1942.
__________
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.
6 million Jews died in death
camps & Nazi massacres.
Oskar Schindler standing (second from right) with some of the people he rescued. Munich, Germany, 1946.
Some Jews, however, were saved.
Ordinary people sometimes risked their
own lives to hide Jews or to help them
escape.
Dr. Joseph Jaksy, who rescued 25 Jews during the
war. He provided them with hiding places, money,
medicine and forged identification papers. Jaksy
was named "Righteous Among the Nations."
Czechoslovakia, prewar.
__________
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Some Jews even survived the
concentration camps.
Survivors of the Dora-Mittelbau
concentration camp, located near
Nordhausen. Germany, April 14, 1945.
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md
Elie Wiesel, who won the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1986, is a survivor
of Auschwitz.
He has written memorably about
his concentration camp
experiences & the need to prevent
such genocide from ever
happening again.
Former prisoners of the "little camp" in Buchenwald stare
out from the wooden bunks in which they slept three to a
"bed."
Elie Wiesel is pictured in the second row of bunks,
seventh from the left, next to the vertical beam. [Photograph #74607]
AMERICA MOVES
TOWARD WAR!!
Section 4
According to the Neutrality Act, the
U.S. couldn’t enter the war in
Europe.
However, President Roosevelt asked
for a change in the Acts. He suggested
a “cash & carry” provision which would
allow Britain & France to buy &
transport American arms. Congress
passed this new Neutrality Act in
November 1939.
In 1940, Germany, Italy, &
Japan signed a mutual defense
treaty.
They became the AXIS POWERS.
Roosevelt assured the nation that
the U.S. would stay out of
war…but he prepared for war.
Congress increased spending for natl’
defense. It passed the nation’s 1st
peacetime draft in September 1940.
After the election, FDR told
Americans that the U.S. couldn’t
stand by & let Hitler conquer the
world.
He said that America would
become “the great arsenal of
democracy.”
Britain could no longer pay for arms & supplies.
Roosevelt suggested lending or leasing
arms to any nation “whose defense was
vital to the U.S.”
Congress passed the LEND-LEASE
ACT in March 1941.
Then, FDR won an
unprecedented 3rd term in the
1940 election.
Meanwhile, Germany invaded its
former ally, the Soviet Union.
The U.S. gave lend-lease support
to the Soviets as well as to
Britain.
German troops during the Soviet
invasion. (USHMM)
Invasion of the Soviet Union
(USHMM)
Hitler Tearing the Nonagression Pact, a
1941 poster by Kukryniksy artists.
A 1941 poster Mother Russia Is
Calling You to the Front.
Nazi submarines called U-boats attacked
& sank ships carrying arms across the
Atlantic to Germany’s enemies.
In June 1941, FDR ordered the U.S. Navy to
protect lend-lease ships.
He also gave American warships permission
to attack German U-boats in self-defense.
On Aug. 1941, FDR met secretly
w/British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill. FDR didn’t actually commit
the U.S. to war, but he & Churchill
did sign the ….
ATLANTIC CHARTER
That was a statement of the goals for
fighting WWII.
These goals included protecting
peoples’ rights to choose their own form
of government & building a secure
peace.
In 1941 United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt,
seated left, and British prime minister Sir Winston Churchill,
seated right, create the Atlantic Charter, a joint statement
that expressed the shared political principles of the United
States and Britain.
Later, 26 nations signed a similar
agreement.
These nations, called the ALLIES,
were united in fighting Germany,
Italy, & Japan.
On September 4, 1941, a German U-boat
fired on an American merchant ship. FDR
ordered the U.S. Navy to fire on German
ships on sight.
U-boats responded by sinking several
American ships, & American seamen were
killed. The Senate finally allowed the arming
of merchant ships. Full scale war seemed
inevitable.
What brought the U.S. into
conflict with Japan?
In Japan, expansionists had long
dreamed of creating a huge empire.
Japan was now acting on this dream.
It began seizing Asian territory held as
colonies by European nations. The
U.S. also owned islands in the Pacific.
When Japan invaded Indochina, the
U.S. cut off trade w/Japan. Japan
needed American oil to run its war
machine.
The new prime minister of Japan
was a militant general named
Hideki Tojo.
He started peace talks w/the U.S.,
but he also prepared for war.
On December 7, 1941, during
the peace talks, Japan attacked
the main U.S. naval base at
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
Aboard a Japanese carrier before the
attack on Pearl Harbor, crew members
cheer departing pilots.
A photo taken from a Japanese plane during the attack shows
vulnerable American battleships, and in the distance, smoke
rising from Hickam Airfield where 35 men having breakfast in
the mess hall were killed after a direct bomb hit
.
The USS Shaw explodes during the
Japanese air raid.
(Photo credits: U.S. National Archives)
Dousing the flames on the battleship USS
West Virginia, which survived and was
rebuilt.
(Photo credits: U.S. National Archives)
The battleship USS Arizona after a bomb
penetrated into the forward magazine
causing massive explosions and killing 1,104
On December 8, 1941, Roosevelt
addressed Congress asking for a
declaration of WAR against Japan.
CONGRESS QUICKLY AGREED
TO DECLARE WAR….
Seventy-seventh U.S. Congress
Germany & Italy then
declared war on the U.S.
COMING NEXT!!!!
THE U.S. IN WORLD WAR II
THE END