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Chapter 27
AMERICA AND THE WORLD,
1921–1945
Failure of Treaty of
Versailles
 1923 – German presses produced
400,000,000,000,000,000 marks/day
 Loaf of bread cost 4 million marks
 1933- Hitler came to power
 1922- Mussolini came to power
 1930s- militarists in power
Isolationism
 U.S. refused to be bound by any
agreement to preserve international
peace
 U.S. never joined the League of Nations
 Depression shifted focus to domestic
affairs
FDR’s "Good Neighbor"
Policy
 Cooperation in trade
 Renounced past imperialism
Nye Committee
 1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage
of neutrality legislation
–
U.S. trade/loans with nations at war
prohibited
 1937--Japan invaded China
 FDR permitted sale of arms to China
War in Europe
 FDR approved appeasement of Hitler
 July, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality acts
The Road to War
 U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941
 Roosevelt openly expressed favor for
Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry
from isolationists
 1939–1941: FDR sought help for
England without actually entering the
war
From Neutrality to
Undeclared War
 U.S. greatly increased military spending
and began a first-ever peacetime draft
 U.S. ships transported war supplies
 Lend Lease aid to England
 U.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on
sight
The Election of 1940
Showdown in the Pacific
 Japanese invasion of Indochina
prompted U.S. to end all trade with
Japan
– Cut off steel, iron, oil
December 7, 1941: Pearl
Harbor attacked
 Dec. 8, 1941 – FDR addressed Congress
– By that afternoon, Congress voted 388-1 to
declare war on Japan
– Germany and Italy declared war on US
 2,403 American deaths
– 68 civilians
– 1,178 wounded
– 1,177 dead from USS Arizona alone
Wartime Partnerships
 U.S.-English alliance cemented by
personal friendship between FDR and
Churchill
 Stalin + Soviet Union unsatisfied with
alliance
– Perceived itself as alone in conflict
War in the Pacific
 Two-pronged drive against Japan
– Led by MacArthur + Nimitz
 A turning point:
– June, 1942: Victory at Midway launched
advance into Japanese-held territories
– Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser,
250 planes
– Allies began island hopping- winning back
territory island by island
War in the Pacific
World War II in the Pacific
The Election of 1944
War Aims and Wartime
Diplomacy
 Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany
– Over 10 million military deaths
– Decided to control Eastern Europe to prevent
another German attack
 United Nations created
The Big 3 at Yalta
Important Conferences of
the Big 3
 Tehran Conference (1943) – planned final
strategy for war against Germany
– Stalin wanted a second front opened in
Western Europe
 Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) – agreement let
Soviets control elections in Eastern Europe in
exchange for agreeing to declare war on Japan
 Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – discussed
establishment of post-war order, peace treaties,
and effects of war, after V-E Day (May 8)
– Truman attended instead of FDR
Victory
 June 6, 1944: Normandy Invasion (D-
Day)
 May 8, 1945: Unconditional German
surrender (V-E Day)
 Manhattan Project
– August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima
– August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki
 August 14: Japan surrendered (V-J Day)
Invasion on the Beaches of
Normandy
World War II in Europe and
North Africa
Japanese Internment
The Home Front
 War ended depression
 Economy geared for military output
 Automobile factories converted to tank
and airplane production
 Women moved into the workplace
 Scarce goods rationed
 Rosie the Riveter – image used to
attract women to wartime work force
Rationing
 = fixed allotments of goods deemed
essential for military
 Meant to distribute scarce items fairly
 Households received ration books w/
coupons to buy meat, shoes, sugar,
gas, etc.