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Download American Foreign Policy in the 1920s & 1930s
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Foreign Policy Tensions Interventionism Disarmament • Collective security • Isolationism • “Wilsonianism” • Nativists • Business interests • Anti-War movement • Conservative Republicans American Isolationism 5 Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. 5 Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. 5 July, 1921 Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over! Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA] Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931) 5 League of Nations condemned the action. 5 Japan leaves the League. 5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy 5 Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions. 5 FDR The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others. 5 Policy of non- intervention and cooperation. FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936) Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations. Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations. Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I]. Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-andcarry” basis pay when goods are picked up. Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. 5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis. 5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces! US Neutrality Fascist Aggression 5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. 5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. 5 1938: Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement APPEASEMENT! 5 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. 5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland blitzkrieg WW II begins!!! 1939 Neutrality Act 5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. 5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way: The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis. FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. 5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions. The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession. 5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.” “Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy! FDR Signs the War Declaration Causes of US entering WWII Military Support of Allies Neutrality Act and LendLease allow US to supply Britain with war goods German Sub Attacks on US naval destroyers while escorting British ships US Enters WWII December 8, 1941 Japanese Imperialism – US economic sanctions against Japan to protest aggression December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Allies v. Axis Powers 5 Allies Great Britain France Soviet Union (after 6/1941) U.S. (after 12/1941) Plus many smaller European nations 5 Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Paying for the War Paying for the War Women War Workers 5 Many women drawn into workforce during WWII Replaced male workers serving military 5 Most employed in service jobs & government bureaucracy concentrated in governmental jobs 5 Compared to before 1939, more likely to be engaged in heavy industrial work making war weapons 5 led to the establishment of day-care centers by the government 5 main reason the majority of women war workers left the labor force at the end of WWII was family obligations “Rosie the Riveter” 5 the icon “Rosie the Riveter” was created to satisfy the shortage of workers in war industries created by WWII 5 the government created the Rosie the Riveter propaganda campaign to overcome the opposition by men and women to the idea of women in the workforce 5 The icon became a tribute to the more than 6 million women who entered the work force during World War II. symbol of importance of female industrial workers 5 The image most iconically associated with Rosie is J. Howard Miller's famous poster for Westinghouse, entitled We Can Do It! (at right), which was modeled on Michigan factory worker Geraldine Doyle in 1942. Minorities in Wartime 5 Blacks , Hispanics, Asians, American Indians joined military and fought WWII Blacks largely segregated in armed forces Segregation = discrimination Minorities in Wartime 5 Need for labor migration of blacks (N) move north and west in large numbers because mechanical cotton pickers came into use By the end of World War II ,AfricanAmerican community had shifted to northern cities migration of Mexicans (W) = Growth of minority neighborhoods = tension , conflict African Americans in WWII 5 significant decrease in the number willing to accept a status of second-class citizen 5 Congress of Racial Equality (C.O.R.E.)formed slogan “Double V” (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home) 5 leaders tried to end discrimination by mobilizing mass popular resistance in the form of sit-ins and demonstrations Executive Order 8802 5Issued by FDR 5To head off a protest march Organized by A. Phillip Randolph “Negro March on Washington” Meant to end racial discrimination in defense industries and government jobs 5 Created the Fair Employment Practices Commission Prevented hiring discrimination practices against blacks seeking employment in war industries The Interment of Japanese Americans 1942: Executive Order 9066 FDR 5 American military leaders unjustly regarded Japanese Americans as a threat to the security of the West Coast 5 Gave war department authority to declare “military areas” Set curfews for Japanese Americans Forced thousands into internment camps 5 limited civil rights of Japanese Americans Japanese Internment 5 government decision to intern more than 120,000 Japanese Americans concentration camps= “relocation camps”= prison camps 5 Many Japanese Americans forced to sell homes, businesses 5 Caused by fears fed by racism angry emotions toward WWII enemy country of Japan result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear 5 Considered one of the worst wartime violations of human right in United States History Korematsu v. United States 5 1944 Supreme Court Case 5 Fred Korematsu refused relocate to internment camp – arrested 5 Court ruled that internment was constitutional Was a national emergency, military necessity 5 1988 U.S. government apologized , paid reparations to those who were interned 5 The Korematsu case ranks with Dred Scott and Plessy v. Ferguson as one of the low point of the Supreme Court. 5 Hindsight shows the racism and expediency behind the military’s thinking. 5 Why did a majority on the Court accept the military’s evaluation w/out question? 5 The politics of war made questioning the military risky business. 5 A case of the Court majority going along w/ the actions because the political energy to stand by the Constitution in wartime was not there AGAIN. Yalta Conference 5 Took place February 1945 before WWII was over 5 Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss post WWII 5 Set up United Nations Yalta – “The Big 3” April 12, 1945 5 At the beginning of his 4th Term, President Franklin D. Roosevelt passes away 5 The U.S. went through a major grieving period 5 Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, takes the role as President V-E Day 5 May 8, 1945 5 General Eisenhower accepted a surrender by the Third Reich 5 V-E day = Victory in Europe day 5 1st part of War was over Potsdam 5 July – August 1945 5 Truman, (Churchill and then Clement Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany 5 Drew up a blueprint to disarm Germany and eliminate the Nazi regime Potsdam Continued 5 Divided Germany into 4 sections (occupied by France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union) 5 Berlin to be divided up in East (or Soviet Germany) 5 Set up the Nuremberg Trials to persecute Nazi leaders 5 Japan must “unconditionally surrender” Nuremberg Trials 5 International tribunal court tried Nazi officials 5 Over 23 nations tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany 5 12 of the 22 defendants were sentenced to death 5 200 other officials were found guilty, but give lesser sentences Manhattan Project 5 200,000 Japanese died due to the Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5 Hiroshima August 6, 1945 “Little Boy” In 43 seconds, the city collapsed to dust 5 Nagasaki August 9, 1945 “Fat Man” Leveled half of the city U.S. Occupation of Japan 5 Similar trials held for Japanese war criminals 5 7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and sentenced to death (including Tojo) 5 U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the direction of General Douglas MacArthur Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and women suffrage) Introduced a free market economy