Download A Diverse Nation and Presidents shortened

A
DIVERSE
NATION
IMMIGRATION
• New York
– Statue of Liberty
• Auguste Bartholdi
• 1886
– Crown & torch on
display since 1876
– Pedestal paid for
mostly by J. Pulitzer
• Symbol of hope and
freedom
– Ellis Island
• Opened in 1892
• Examination
– Medical & Mental
• Changed names to save
time
• San Francisco
– Angel Island
• Ethnic neighborhoods
– Spoke own languages
– Ate own foods
– Social groups
• Irish ‘Emerald Society’
– police officers
Anti-Immigrant Feelings
feared immigrants would: take jobs
never fit in
• East Coast
– Scientific Racism
• West Coast
– Exclusion Act 1882
• Specifically aimed at
Chinese
– No Chinese allowed
for 10 years
– Renewed many times
– Finally repealed in
1943
EVERYDAY
LIFE
• Cities
– Skyscrapers
• 1885 Chicago
• 10 stories high
– Public Transportation
• 1897 Boston, Mass
– Underground subway
• 1904 New York City
– Underground subway
– “El” elevated train
– Shopping
• 1902 New York City
– Macys Dept Store
» 9 stories and 33 elevators
– Parks
• 1850s New York
City
– Central Park
SPORTS
• Football
– Grew out of soccer
– Quarterback ran,
others blocked
– Didn’t wear helmets
• Basketball
– James Naismith
• PE teacher at YMCA
• Wanted sport to played
indoors during winter
• Played with soccer ball &
square boxes
• Baseball
– 1840s New York City
• Taught other troops
during Civil War
– 1880s
• 1885 African-Americans
barred from playing
• Organized Negro League
– Different Rules
• Pitcher threw underhand
• Catcher caught after one
bounce
• Outfielders didn’t have
gloves
• High scores were common
– Championship game
103-8
EDUCATION
• Public High Schools
– By 1900 about 6,000
throughout US
– Taught immigrants English
• Public Libraries
– Money to build donated by
wealthy
• Andrew Carnegie
– Could find books,
newspapers and magazines
– Speakers on many different
topics
NEWSPAPERS
• Linked growing cities with
smaller villages and towns
• Reported on events of the
day
• Newspaper Giants
– Joseph Pulitzer
– William Randolph Hearst
Joseph
Pulitzer
• April 10, 1847
– Born in Budapest, AustroHungary
• 1864
– Came to US; settled in St.
Louis, MO
• 1883
– Bought New York World
• 1863
– Born in San Francisco,
CA
• 1895
– Bought New York Journal
• Inspired by Pulitzer
• 1903-05
– Served in US House of
Representatives
• Human interest stories
• Reported scandals
• Investigative reporting
William
Randolph
Hearst
YELLOW
JOURNALISM
• Reported opinions rather than objective
reporting
• Irresponsible and sensational approach
to news
– Stretch and distort
– Played upon fears and loyalties
• More scandal and less news
• Had great political power
PROGRESSIVES
and
<>
REFORMERS
BOSS RULE
• Powerful politicians that
ruled cities
• Worked behind the scenes
to influence officeholders
• Provided jobs and help
– Loans for needy
– Extra coal in winter
• In exchange for votes for
self or candidate
• Backed by many
immigrants
Boss William Tweed
• Cheated New York City
out of $100 million
• Attacked by Thomas Nast
in Harper’s Weekly
cartoons
– Tried to bribe Nast to go to
Europe and ‘study art’
– $500,000
• Faced with arrest, fled to
Spain
– Arrested by local police
– Died in jail in 1878
MUCKRAKERS
• Journalists who exposed problems
• Described burned-out tenements,
horrible sanitation, etc.
• Helped change public opinion and
demand changes
• Ida Tarbell
– Took on big business
• Standard Oil Company
– Led to government
control on trusts
• Upton Sinclair
– Wrote The Jungle
• Fiction, but based on
reality
– Led to laws to improve meat
inspection
EXPANDING
OVERSEAS
• Having little to do with
other nations
• Involved in trade, but not
politics
ISOLATIONISM
• Japan
– Refused to trade with
Westerners
– July, 1853
• US sent Commodore
Matthew Perry
– Feb, 1954
• Signed Treaty of
Kanagawa
• Agreed to help shipwrecked
sailors
• Opened two ports to trade
EXPANSIONISM
• Alaska
– 1867
• Russia offered to sell for
$7.2 million (2 cents an
acre)
• Sec of State William
Seward agreed
– 1896
– Called “Seward’s Folly”
– Barren, icy wasteland
• Gold is discovered
– 1959
• Accepted as 49th state
– 1968
• Oil is discovered
IMPERIALISM
• Policy of powerful countries that seek to control
the economic and political affairs of a weaker
country or region
• 1870-1914: Age of Imperialism
• Causes
– Wanted raw materials from and new markets
in Africa and Asia
– Duty to spread religion and culture to
‘backward’ people
– Competition and money
Hawaii
• Mid 1800s
– Many large American sugar
plantations
– Found a lot of cheap labour
• 1893
– Planters rebel against Queen Lil
– US Marines land to help in
protecting American lives
• 1887
– Powerful planters forced King
Kalakaua to accept a new
constitution
– Reduced King’s power and
increased planter’s power
• 1891
– King dies; sister Liliuokalani
takes over
• Rejects new constitution
• 1898
– US annexes Hawaii
• 1900
– Becomes a territory
• 1895
– Revolt in Cuba against Spain
• 1898
– US sends battleship Maine
to Havana
• to protect American citizens
and property
– February 15
• Explosion rips through ship
• Kills 260 of 350 sailors
• “Remember the Maine!”
becomes rallying cry for war
• Don’t really know what
happened; probably an
accident
– April 25
• President McKinley declares
war on Spain
SpanishAmerican War
“A Splendid Little
War”
--John Hay
• August 12
– Agreed to stop fighting
– 379 American killed in
fighting
– 5,000 dead from
disease
• Yellow fever and malaria
• December
– Only 4 months long
– Treaty approved in
December 1899
• Spain gives up Cuba
• US gains Puerto Rico
and Guam
• US pays $20 million for
Philippines
• Panama was part of Columbia
– Wouldn’t sell to US
• US would support rebels
wanting freedom
• November 2, 1903
– US warship Nashville sails into
Colon, Panama
• November 3, 1903
– People of Panama rebel and
declare independence
– US recognizes new country
• Gets permission to build canal
Panama Canal
• Tropical heat, lots of
rain, plenty of swamps
• Biggest problem was
mosquito
– Carried yellow fever
and malaria
– Killed 40,000 workers
– Drained swamps and
killed eggs
1914—first steamship sailed through canal
PRESIDENTS
William McKinley
• Elected in 1896
• Re-elected in 1900
– VP Teddy Roosevelt
• Assassinated in Sept
1901
– Shot by Leon Czolgosz
– At Pan-American
Exposition in Buffalo, NY
• Alaska and Hawaii
• Spanish-American War
Theodore
Roosevelt
“Speak softly,
And carry a big stick”
• Succeeded McKinley after
assassination in 1901
• Trust-Busting
– 1902
• Northern Securities
Company—J.P. Morgan
• Used unfair business
practices
• Re-elected in 1904
– Promised people a “Square
Deal”
• Equal opportunity to
succeed
• Regulation of railroads
• Conservation of natural
resources
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Panama Canal
William Howard Taft
• Elected in 1908
– Supported by Roosevelt
– Signed bill allowing higher tariffs
• People felt betrayed
• 1909
– 16th Amendment
• Income tax
– NAACP
• National Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People
• Worked to gain equal right for
African-Americans
• 1912
– 17th Amendment
• Allowed direct election of
senators
Wanted to be Chief
Justice of Supreme
Court
Woodrow Wilson
• 1912 election
– Ran against Taft and Roosevelt
– “New Freedom”
• Break trusts and restore
freedom
• 1917
– 18th Amendment – Prohibition
• Illegal to sell, make alcohol
• 1919
– 19th Amendment
• Women given right to
vote
World War I
• Nationalism
– The deep feeling of attachment to
one’s own nation (i.e. Olympics)
• United countries and led to competition
• Imperialism
– Competition for empire and
colonies
– Led to mistrust between
countries
• Militarism
– Each country built a large army
and developed new weapons
– Plans to mobilize if attacked
• ‘swinging hammer’ plan
• Alliance System
– Network of agreements that bound nations together
• Two groups
– Triple Alliance
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy *
– Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
New Weapons
• Trench Warfare
– Mazes of ditches protected
by mines and barbed wire
• Submarine Warfare
– Attacked any ship that
entered or left British
ports
– Seen as cowardly
• Propaganda
– Spreading of ideas or beliefs that help
a particular cause and hurt an
opposing cause
– Picturing the other side as horrible
– Appeal to patriotism
Alliance Chart
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Cousins/monarchs
GERMANY
Slavic
SERBIA
Blank check
AUSTRIAHUNGARY
Killed archduke
Ultimatum
ITALY
BRITAIN
RUSSIA
FRANCE
Dissolve nationalist groups
Dismiss military leaders
Arrest political leaders
A-H would enforce
Belgium
Netherlands
Japan
Treaty of Versailles
• Germany was to pay for war
– Disarm military
• Wermacht (Army) limited to
100,000 volunteers
• Kriegdmarine (Navy) limited to
• War Reparations
small ships—no U-boats
– Would last until 1950
• Luftwaffe (Air Force)
completely forbidden
– Paid part in gold, part in raw
materials, part in
– Lost Rhineland
manufactured goods
• Section along borders with
– US refused payment
France
• Demilitarized to provide buffer • Lost of colonies
against surprise attack
– Put under control of other
nations
• New countries
created
– Yugoslavia
– Czechoslovakia
• Sudeten
Germans
– Poland
“a peace built on
quicksand”
• Germany not invited to peace talks
– Forced to sign treaty
Warren G.
Harding
“The Presidency is hell,
There is no other word
to describe it”
• Elected in 1921
– Return to “Normalcy”
• Won in a landslide
• First election with women
voting
• Ohio Gang
– Friends from Ohio
– Corrupt and unqualified
• Teapot Dome and other
scandals
– Sec of Interior Albert B.
Fall
– Took bribes and made deal
to allow drilling on gov’t land
in WY
• 1923 Cross-country tour,
– Had stroke--died
“The business of
America,
is business”
Calvin Coolidge
Silent Cal
• Became president when
Harding died
– Only President born on 4th
of July
– Given oath of office in
Vermont by father
– Laissez faire
• ‘hands-off’ economy
– Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
• 15 nations pledged not
to make war unless
attacked
Roaring 20s
– Fun and freedom in fashion,
attitude and behaviour
• “Flappers”
– Cut hair short, shorter
dresses, danced
Charleston and Lindy Hop
– New jobs for women
• Jazz Age
– Music with lively, loose beat
– Very carefree
Louis Armstrong
F. Scott and Zelda
Fitzgerald
Prohibition
• A ‘noble experiment’
– From 1919 to 1933, the sale,
manufacture, and transportation
of alcohol for consumption were
banned nationally
– Began officially Jan 16, 1920
• first state to go entirely “dry” was
Kansas in 1881
– Approved by 36 states
• Utah was the 36th state
• Temperance Movements
– Began in the 1840s
– Believed alcohol led to many
abuses and medical problems
• Became
increasingly
unpopular by
1930’s
• Very hard to
enforce
• Moonshine and Bootlegging
– profitable, often violent, black
market for alcohol
– led to the rise of organized crime
Problems
• Chicago's Al Capone and Bugs
Moran
• Speak easies
– an establishment which illegally sold
alcoholic beverages
– operated with connections to
organized crime and liquor smuggling
– Police were bribed by speakeasy
operators to either leave them alone or
at least give them advance notice of
any planned raid
21st amendment
• 18th amendment finally
repealed and Prohibition
ends
– fully ratified on December 5,
1933
– Utah was the 36th state to
ratify it
Herbert Hoover
• Son of Iowa blacksmith
and Quaker mother
• Orphaned at 9 years old
• Worked in public service
– Humanitarian relief
• Belgium 1919
– “Food Tsar”
– Known world wide
• Secretary of Commerce
– For both Harding and
Coolidge
• Election of 1928
– Won in a landslide over
Al Smith
Black Tuesday
Oct 1929
• Stock prices fell sharply
– More sellers than buyers
• Banks demanded payment of loans
• People lost jobs, homes, etc.
• Government reaction
– Cut government spending and
raised taxes
– “Rugged Individualism”
• Work harder to survive
• Encouraged private
charities
Bonus Army
• May and June, 1932
• 12,000-15,000 WW I
veterans and families came to
Washington D.C.
• To get bonus promised to
them (in 1945)
• Government refused to
pay—couldn’t pay
• July, 1932
• Driven out by General MacArthur
• Cousin of Teddy Roosevelt
• Governor of New York
• Elected in 1933
– “The only thing we have to
fear is fear itself”
– Very positive
Franklin Delano
Roosevelt
• New Deal
– “promise a new deal for the
American people”
• Bank Holiday
– Closed all banks
– Only safe banks reopened
• Fireside Chats
– Reassured people
– “happy days are here again”
• 100 Days
– Relief, Recovery and Reform
• Relief for those with nothing
• Recovery for those without jobs
• Reform to keep it from happening again
Alphabet Soup
Administration
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
FERA
PWA
AAA
CCC
NRA
TVA
FDIC
– Insurance for
bank
deposits
• 2nd New Deal (1935)
–
–
–
–
–
WPA
REA
NYA
Wagner Act
Social Security Act
• Insurance for old and/or
disabled
Rise of Dictators
• absolute rulers who gain control
• Italy
– Benito Mussolini (1922)
– Wanted more land
– Fascism
• Extreme form of nationalism often
linked to racism
• Japan
– Hideki Tojo
– Felt ignored by European
leaders
– Wanted to gain more land and
territories
Germany
• Adolf Hitler
• Had been stripped of 10% of territory
• Had to disarm military almost
completely
• Had to pay for war everyone started
• National Socialist German
Workers Party (NAZI Party)
– Preached racial superiority
• Including Jews, Gypsy,
anyone who was different
– Promised to avenge defeat
in World War I
German Aggression
• Rhineland
• Sudentenland
– March 1936
– Invades demilitarized zone and
stations troops there
– “If the French had then marched into
Rhineland, we would have had to
withdraw with our tails between our
legs.”
• Austria
– March 1938
– ‘anchluss’ happens with no
resistance
– Sept, 1938
– Invades to ‘rescue’ Sudenten
Germans
– Munich Appeasement
• France and Britain allow
Germany to take
Sudentenland if they agree
not to take any more land
• Czechoslovakia
– Take over the rest of the
country despite the agreeing
not to
Map of German Aggression
–Britain and
France
promise to
help Poland
if attacked
• Non-aggression Pact
– Germany and USSR agreed not to
attack the other
– They agree to split Poland
– USSR can take Baltic states and
Finland
Poland
• Blitzkreig
– ‘lightening war’
– New kind of warfare
– Depends on speed
and air strikes
Sept, 1939
– Britain and France
declare war on
Germany
• Germany takes over
– Denmark
– Norway
– Netherlands
– Belgium
– Luxembourg
– France
• Sets up puppet gov’t
• Vichy French
• USSR
– June 22, 1941
– Invasion gets within 15 miles of
Moscow before stopped by
harsh Russian winter
• Battle of Britain
– Summer, 1941-October
– British could read coded messages and
move RAF to meet or avoid Luftwaffe
• Challenge is to keep the US
out of the war but still prepare
for it
• Neutrality Act, Nov 1939
FDR’s Responses
– Repeal embargo on
munitions
– Institution of “Cash and
Carry” policy
• “Lend/Lease” Act, May
1941
– Allows for $50 billion in aid
to the allies
4 Freedoms Speech
• given on Jan 6, 1941
• to make the case for eventual
involvement in war
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Worship
Freedom from Want
Freedom from Fear
• December 7, 1941
• 7:55 a.m., Sunday
Pearl Harbour
• 191 Japanese warplanes attack
• Within an hour, 170 more planes
attack
• Third wave is called off
• Killed 70 civilians and 2,300 servicemen
• 150 airplanes destroyed while still on ground
• Of 94 ships, attack sunk
– 8 battleships
– 3 cruisers
– 3 destroyers
US Response
• ‘A day that
will live in
infamy”
Japanese
Aggression
• 1931
– Japan invades Manchuria
• 1937
– Japan invades China
• 1941
– Japan attacks Pearl Harbour
• Japan has 6 months before US
really fights back
• Japan takes
over
– Wake Island
– Hong Kong
– Philippines
• Bataan Death March
– 75,000 American and
Filipino troops surrender
– Marched over 100 miles with
little food or water
– Thousands die
– MacArthur vows “I will
return!”
Island Hopping
• Allied offensive to gain land and move
closer to Japan
• US take
–
–
–
–
Midway
Guadalcanal
Guam
Leyte Gulf
• Kamikazes attacks
– Philippines
– Iwo Jima
– Okinawa
D-Day
aka Operation
Overlord
• June 6, 1944
– 4 days of fighting
• Allied invasion of Europe
near Normandy, France
– Led by Dwight Eisenhower
– Largest invasion force in
history
• 3 million troops total
• Germans knew it was
coming
– Built “Atlantic Wall”
• Mined beaches, barbed
wire
Operation Overlord
• Attack on 5 beaches
– Utah
– Omaha
– Gold
– Sword
– Juno
• German troops
retreat back toward
Germany
Battle of the Bulge
• Dec 16, 1944
– Last majour German
offensive
– In Belgium’s Ardennes
Forest
– Goes on for 2 brutal weeks
• As Allied lines fall back, a
‘bulge’ is created
• Feb 1945
• Big Three
Yalta Conference
• Churchill, FDR, Stalin
– FDR’s goals
• Persuade USSR to declare war
on Japan
• Decide fate of Eastern
European nations
• Establish meaningful international
peacekeeping organization
• Agreed to meet in San
Francisco on Apr 25th
• FDR dies at beginning of
April
Iwo Jima
• Mar 16, 1945
– Month long struggle
ends
– A rocky, 8 square-mile
volcanic island
• Island was last line of radar
defense to warn Japan
• Mt Surbachi
Uncommon Valour
was a
Common Virtue
• Apr 30
V-E Day
– As Russian shells fall on Berlin, Hitler
marries Eva Braun, in bunker
• Poisons her and kills himself
• His remains are never recovered
• V-E Day
– May 8, 1945
– Victory in Europe is announced
in US
– Allies agree to split Germany,
and Berlin, into zones
Potsdam Conference
• July 16-Aug 2, 1945
• Held in Potsdam, Germany
• Big Three
– Stalin, Truman, Churchill
• Churchill replaced by
Attlee
• Goals:
– Post-war plans
– Peace treaty issues
Josef Stalin
• Wanted economic help for
USSR
• Wanted to be assured of massive
reparations from Germany
Allies
• Wanted to persuade
Stalin to declare war on
Japan
– Decided it may give
Stalin too much
influence
• Told Stalin about new
powerful weapon
– Didn’t mention it was
the Atom bomb
– He seemed excited
about it
• Potsdam Declaration
– Ultimatum issued to Japan
– Offered a choice between
unconditional surrender and
total destruction
The Bomb
• Hiroshima
• V-J Day
– Sept 2, 1945
– Victory in Japan Day is
announced in US
– August 6, 1945
– B-29 bomber drops uranium
bomb
– Kills 80,000 people, injures
100,000
– Levels 98% of city’s buildings
• Nagasaki
– August 9, 1945
– Plutonium bomb dropped
THE
WAR IS
OVER!
Did the US have to drop the bomb
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
• Two choices:
– Big Invasion
• may kill thousands of
US soldiers
– The Bomb
• Japanese were close to
surrender
• USSR was to declare war
soon, making invasion
unnecessary
• Japanese military code wouldn’t
allow surrender
• Japanese hardliners were
preparing to topple gov’t
• Kamakize strikes planned during
surrender
Another reason?
• To send a message to the
Soviet Union:
– “We have the bomb and we
will use it!”
United Nations
• Each country has 1 vote
• Headquarters is in NYC but
considered international territory
• 6 official languages
– Arabic
– Chinese
– English
– French
– Russian
– Spanish
• October 24, 1945
• 51 original member states
• Purpose is to bring all
nations together to work
for peace and development
• Based on principles of
justice, human dignity and
the well-being of all
• General Assembly
– Representatives of all
member nations
– Holds regular meetings
from September to
•
December
– Where member states
can discuss
international issues
Security Council
– To maintain international peace
– Meets whenever needed
– 15 members
• 10 elected nations, 2 year
terms
• 5 permanent nations, with veto
power
– China
– France
– Russia
– United Kingdom
– United States
The End
Harry S. Truman
“The Buck
Stops Here”
• Made decision to drop atomic
bombs
• “Give ‘em hell, Harry!”
• Truman Doctrine
– A guide to foreign policy
– Marshall Plan: to protect
Europe from communism
• Berlin Airlift
– June, 1948 til May 1949
• NATO
– 15 nations joined to ‘fight’
against communist threat
• McCarthyism (Joseph McCarthy)
– 1950 speech charged that
State Dept was filled with
communists
– Never confirmed
– 1954—exposed and defeated
• Red Scare
– Spread fear and suspicion
across nation
• US vs USSR
Cold War
– Never confronted directly
on battle field
– Always a threat of conflict
• “An iron curtain has
descended across
the continent”
• Allies divided Germany, and Berlin
into four zones of occupation
– United States
– Great Britain
– France
– USSR
Berlin Airlift
June, 1948 to May 1949
• Soviets trying to push
West out of Berlin
– Demanded to search all
Western trucks
– Soviets cut all traffic into
Berlin
– West begins to supply
Berlin by air
• Over 2 million tons of
supplies
• 270,000 flights
Uncle Wiggly Wings
• Candy Bomber
– Dropped candy,
etc. to children of
Berlin
– Delivered over 23
tons of treats
• Korea divided after WW II at
38th parallel
– June 25
• Civil war begins
• Russia sets up puppet
regime in North
• Northern forces cross
into South
– Sept 15
• South/UN forces
regain Inchon and
Seoul
• South pushes North
back to 38th parallel
Korean War
*Should US/UN forces go past
38th parallel?
– Thanksgiving
• China crosses Yula River
– July 27, 1953
• War ends with ‘armistice’
• War lasted for 3 years
– 54,000 Americans killed
– 2 million Korean/Chinese
killed
-Nothing changed
-Dividing line stays the same
(38th parallel)
-Proved US would fight against
communism
Island Hopping
map