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Transcript
HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out Objectives: What was the international response to fascism? What were the early events of World War II? Why did tension between the United States and Germany increase? Why did Japan bomb Pearl Harbor? 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out International response to fascism U.S. Congress passed neutrality laws. Fear of being drawn in another World War America’s participation in World War I was questioned as a war to protect bankers European leaders adopted a policy of appeasement but also speeded up rearmament. What is appeasement? Examples Hope that the fascists were addressing legitimate complaints and could be bought off. The United States recognized the Soviet Union (1933) They were very anti-fascist by nature (left wing) Communism not popular among mainstream America 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Hitler and Mussolini challenge Democracies with Expansion: To 1939 Germany Militarizes Rhineland (Spring 1936) Annexes Austria (Mar 1938) Demands and receives Sudetenland (western Czechoslovakia) September 1938 Takes the rest of the Czech Republic and makes Slovakia a puppet state Summer 1939- Demands the Polish corridor 3 Italy Conquers Ethiopia (1935) Attacks Albania ( Supports Spanish fascists in Civil War (1936-1939) With German help While the western democracies feared and dreaded war, the fascist states welcomed it as a way to create their new order. The Rome-Berlin Axis HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT 4 The American Nation HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Activity: The fascist states and 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out Early events of World War II: The Beginning March 1939: Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia and signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin. Door open to Poland. 1939: Germany wants access to the port of Danzig which is separated from Germany by Polish territory. September 1, 1939, Hitler’s armies cross into Poland Claim that they were provoked into attack. Blitzkrieg- Lightning war. Mechanized and overwhelming Split Poland with Soviet Union France and Britain declare war on Germany. 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT 7 The American Nation HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out Early events of World War II: War in Western Europe From September 1939 to May 1940, nations prepared for war, but little fighting (“sitzkrieg”-sitting war) France prepared a wholly defensive strategy- Maginot Line 1940: British citizens rescued the British army from Dunkirk YouTube - WW II : RARE COLOR FILM : DUNKIRK PART 1 OF 3 1939 1940 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation May 1940: Germany attacked France through Belgium. France fell in 6 weeks. Blitzkrieg- No trench warfare.. Vichy France- Nazi puppet regime German occupied France Some French collaborated with Nazis, others resisted Denmark, Norway and Holland quickly fall. Britain stands alone 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Dunkirk and the Occupation of France: Spring 1940 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out Reasons for climbing tensions between U.S. and Germany increasing U.S. aid to allies Fall 1939- Cash and carry Britain can purchase war materials with cash- no credit No delivery of goods by American ships Lend-Lease Britain may borrow or lease war equipment- American delivery Destroyer deal- Britain takes old American destroyers in exchange for use of British islands in Atlantic and Caribbean Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” orders Spring 1941 Act of war against German “Wolfpacks”- The Battle of the Atlantic begins 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT 12 The American Nation HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation The Battle of the Atlantic 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out Reasons for Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor America protests Japanese actions in Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) Japan wanted to be the Britain of the East: A colonial power with a powerful navy. War in China was proving costly and protracted. Japan needed American trade (fuel, metals etc…) to continue war effort embargo on American shipments of gasoline, machine tools, scrap iron, and steel to Japan Japan needs to find other sources of raw materials French and Dutch colonies in South East Asia “orphaned” by German conquests in spring and summer 1940 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out East Asian Co-Prosperity and Pearl Harbor Tojo- Wanted to lead East Asia in a “co-prosperity sphere” End European and American domination of East Asia.. Take control of the resources of East Asia Rubber Fuels Strategic minerals. Main obstacles to this plan: British Navy (also fighting for its life against Germany) American Navy Pearl Harbor: Main concentration of American naval power in the Pacific Japanese planned to cripple American naval power and quickly capture southeast Asia 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT 16 The American Nation HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Section 4: War Breaks Out The Attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941: A day that will live in Infamy…” Short Term success for Japan America was not prepared for attack from the air 20 warships and 200 aircraft destroyed Over 2400 Americans killed Japanese well prepared for the attack Pearl Harbor Slide Show - 20 photos.url Practice Intelligence British experience Taranto, Italy in 1940 Minimal casualties for Japan 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Japanese aircraft preparing for takeoff- Early morning 7 December 1941 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation A Japanese attackers view of Ford Island 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation The sunken Battleship USS West Virginia in the foreground with the heavily damaged USS Tennessee seen behind. 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT 21 The American Nation HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation The terrific explosion of the Destroyer USS Shaw when its magazine exploded after being bombed by Japanese aircraft. 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Sailors stand amid wrecked planes at the Ford Island seaplane base, watching as the USS Shaw explodes in the background. 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Battleship Row is now a mass of smoke and flames, with the capsized USS Oklahoma seen in the foreground. The ship was hit by aerial torpedoes, ripping open its port side causing it to roll over and sink, with the loss of over 400 of her crew. 24 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Dousing the flames on the USS West Virginia which survived and was rebuilt 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Pearl Harbor and the Infamy Speech: Activity How did the Japanese attack on 7 December? Watch scene from Tora Tora Tora How did Roosevelt react to the attack? How did he choose words to focus anger and indignation? Listen to speech and read transcript 26 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation The Conspiracy: Did the American Government WANT a Pearl Harbor? Military prepared for an attack at Pearl President Roosevelt believed Harbor and the Philippines in the that America needed to engage previous week. Military hesitated to in the war in Europe: “cry wolf” and cancel two weekends Isolationists in congress were in row. Hawaii was not considered to powerful and strongly against be a primary target. participation. Most historians blame poor American intelligence knew coordination of information between that the Japanese were planning army and navy intelligence. an attack. Was this information Investigation during war blames hidden from the military Admiral Husband Kimmel (Navy) and authorities at Pearl Harbor? General Walter Short (Army) Conspiracy theories not supported by evidence 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation Why Pearl Harbor was a strategic loss for Japan Long term tragedy for Japan Important targets missed- American aircraft carriers were out to sea Attack united an outraged American public. United against Japan Japan hoped for a short war with America willing to make peace. Not so. America had the ambition and the resources to “island hop” to the Japanese mainland. 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The American Nation The Rising Sun in the Pacific French and Dutch colonies in South East Asia “orphaned” by German conquests in spring and summer 1940 Japanese follow up Pearl Harbor with successful attacks on Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and British Malaya (Malaysia) Australia, India and American west coast threatened. 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT 30 The American Nation HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON