Download World War II

World War II
“Unresolved Business”
Rise of Totalitarian Regimes
 Definition
 Examples
Japan
 Emperor Hirohito
 Support of Hitler and Mussolini
 Extreme Nationalists
 General Hideki Tojo
 Wartime Prime Minister
Spain
 Francisco Franco
 Fascist leader during Spanish Civil War
 Supported by Hitler and Mussolini
 Overthrew monarchy, Franco becomes
leader
Italy
 Fascism- new militant, political
movement that emphasized loyalty to
the state and obedience to its leader
 Benito Mussolini (Il Duce)
 Black Shirts attack Communists and
Socialists
 Abolished democracy and outlawed other
political parties
 Government censors
The Black Shirts were a paramilitary squad
organized in Italy by dictator Benito Mussolini in
1919.
Russia
 Joseph Stalin
 “Man of steel”
 Perfect Communist State
 Agriculture- no private farms
 Industry- build massive gov’t owned factories,
steel mills, power plants
 5 Year Plans- attempt to build up economy
 Propaganda
 Russian Rights- they had NONE!!
 Police State
 Great Purge- “enemies of the people”
Collective Farm
Compare Differences:
Lenin
vs.
Stalin
 Goal: create a
classless society
 Allow some
private business;
let some peasants
hold land
 Standard of living
rises for many
workers and
peasants
 Goal: make USSR into
a modern industrial
power with all
production under gov’t
control
 Creates a command
economy
 Brings all agriculture
under gov’t control w/
peasant group farms
 Standard of living falls
for most workers
Germany
 Adolf Hitler (der Fuhrer)




National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Nazism
Beer Hall Putsch
Chancellor
Germany cont’d

Beliefs





“Master Race” – Aryans = blue-eyed, blond-hair
Germans
“Inferior Races” – Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Catholics,
homosexuals, handicapped, and opponents of
Hitler
Lebensraum – “living space,” Germany wanted to
gain land for German speaking people
Third Reich – Third Empire to “last thousand
years.”
Military – Hitler started to raise an army, navy,
and air force. This was against the Treaty of
Versailles.
The Schutzstaffel, or SS, was the most feared organization. The SS was
responsible for running the Nazi concentration camps and extermination
centers. New members of the SS are sworn in at a midnight ceremony.
Swastika
•The swastika is the Aryan
symbol for the Sun!
•It’s ‘even-ness’ balances itsself out, like Yin- Yang.
•It was used by Hitler
Causes of WWII




Hitler’s Aims
The aggression of Hitler’s Allies
Democratic powers were passive
The League of Nations failed
Japan’s Dominance
 Manchuria- 1931
 Withdraws from League of Nations
 China
 Rape of Nanjing- brutal invasion of
Chinese mainland (1937)
Japanese Troops Enter Manchuria
Hirohito Reviews the Troops
Nanjing
Italian Invasion
 Italy takes over Ethiopia-1936
 Stop sale of weapons/materials to
Italy
Hitler’s Defiance of Treaty
 Rebuild army
 Rhineland- 1936
 Took over Austria (1938),
Sudetenland (1938), and
Czechoslovakia (1939)
German Troops in
Cologne in the 1930s
German Chancellor Adolf
Hitler built up
Germany’s armed forces
and sent troops into the
Rhineland and Austria.
Hitler’s forces then
seized Czechoslovakia,
Poland, Denmark,
Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Belgium,
Norway, and France.
War Starts

Munich Conference

European democracies agreed that Germany would
control Sudetenland to prevent war
Nonaggression Pact (Nazi-Soviet Pact)






Agreement 1 – To split Poland
Agreement 2 – To agree not to attack each other.
Eliminates possibility of 2 front war.
Blitzkrieg – “lightning war,” take enemy by surprise and
quickly crush opponent with overwhelming force
Stalin Annexes – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, &
Finland.
Europe – Germany overran Norway, Denmark, the
Netherlands, and Belgium
Key Leaders/Groups
Teams and Leaders

Axis – Germany, Italy, and Japan
 Germany
 Italy
 Japan

Allies – Great Britain, USSR, France, & USA
 Presidents
 European Commander
 Pacific Commander

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Western Democracy Failure to Halt
Aggression
 US
 Cuts Oil Off To Japan
 Neutrality Acts – laws to prevent the US
from selling arms or making loans to
countries at war.
 Appeasement- Britain and France
Hitler’s Lightning War
 Blitzkrieg
 Soviet Move
 Invaded Poland, annexed
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia,
Finland
Result of German Blitzkrieg on Poland- September 1,1939
Turning Points in the war
Britain and France declare war on
Germany for invading Poland
France Falls






Italian and German troops attack France
Paris – Germans entered Paris in 6 weeks
Free French – French gov’t in exile worked
to liberate their homeland
Battle of Britain – Germany bombed
London, but Britain never gave up (Sept
1940)
Winston Churchill and
Charles de Gaulle
Turning Points cont’d
 Germany wins most of Europe in 6 weeks
 USA Enters (1941)




Common Beliefs – USA/ Britain both against Nazi
aggression
Weapons – US sells/ leases weapons to Britain
US bans sale of war materials to Japan
Pearl Harbor
 “A day that will live in infamy”- December
7, 1941
 Crippled US fleet in one blow
 Reason- cutting off oil
Pearl Harbor Attack
Pearl Harbor Attack
Pearl Harbor Attack
Japanese Kamikaze Attack
Kamikaze, which in Japanese means “divine wind,” were
suicide squadrons organized by the Japanese air force in
the last months of World War II. Pilots flew their aircraft,
loaded with explosives, directly into U.S. naval vessels.
Kamikaze pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last-ditch
effort to stop the American advance, sank about 40 U.S.
ships.
FDR talking to Congress
Areas of War




Europe
North Africa
Pacific
Two-Front War
The Allies Strike Back
 Allies Turn the Tide of War
 Allies stop Japanese southward
expansion
 The Battle of Midway
 Allies crippled Japanese fleet
 “revenge for Pearl Harbor;” outnumbered
4 to 1, US beat Japanese
 The Allies go on the Offensive
 “island-hopping”
The Allies Are Victorious
 The Allies Plan for Victory
 Tide Turns on Two Fronts
 North African Campaigns
 Battle of El Alamein (1942)- British/ American
forces trap Rommel’s army and he surrendered
 General Erwin Rommel gained many victories in
N Africa
 Invasion of Italy – victory in N Africa
allowed for Allies to land in Italy (7/ 1943)
Field Marshall Erwin Rommel
French Troops in North
Africa
The engaged in several
successful battles, led
by General Philippe
Leclerc, against Axis
forces led by German
General Erwin Rommel.
In May 1943, after
months of fighting, the
Allies were able to
force the final
surrender of German
and Italian troops in
North Africa.
German U-Boat
B-17 Bomber
Allied Advances
 Allied Troops – ferried across English
Channel and land on beaches of Normandy,
France
 German Defenses – broken and Allies
advance toward Paris to free it from
German control
 After Paris, Allies head to Germany
Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943)
Turning Point for Soviets



Germans – invade Soviet Union in 1941
Stalled – German troops stopped
outside of Moscow and Leningrad (head
to Stalingrad)


German Troops – surrender because of
freezing winter
Red Army – drove Germans out of Soviet
Union and advance toward Germany
German’s
Freeze in
Battle of
Stalingrad
Defense of
Stalingrad
•In the ruins of Stalingrad,
shown here, Soviet soldiers
fought the Germans buildingby-building in a savage battle
for the city that lasted for five
months.
Life on Allied Home Fronts
 Mobilizing for Total War
 Women




Military
Workplace
Rosie the Riveter
After the War
America’s Women go to Work
After America’s entrance into
World War II, military
production in the United
States increased. Many
women took jobs or
volunteered in staffing
weapons factories, earning
the nickname of “Rosie the
Riveter.” Intense rationing
efforts of certain foods and
materials, such as rubber
and metals, were also
enacted to feed America’s
war machine.
Rosie the Riveter
Japanese Americans
•
Relocation
•
Executive Order 9066 – established
military zones for the imprisonment of
Japanese Americans
•
Why – Americans feared Japanese
Americans presented a threat to national
security
•
German/Italian descent – no similar action
taken
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
The Holocaust
 Begins
 Kristallnacht- “Night of Broken Glass
 Flood of Refugees
 Isolating the Jews
 Hitler’s “Final Solution”
 Mass killings begin
 The Final Stage- Mass Extermination
 The Survivors
Map of Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
Burning Synagogue
Jewish Refugees Leave Germany
Nazi soldiers jeer as this Jewish family leaves Memel, Germany, en route to
Lithuania on April 6, 1939.
Concentration Camp Map
Glasses from Auschwitz
Israel
After WWII, the Allies (specifically Great
Britain), created the country of Israel
for Jews to have a ‘safe’ homeland.
The problem was that the land used
to create Israel was known as
Palestine – an area controlled by
Arabs.
Diplomacy



Atlantic Charter
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
Ending the War
Europe




D-Day – US/ British Invasion of Europe
Battle of the Bulge – little movement,
but Germans lost irreplaceable troops,
tanks, guns, and planes
Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
(V-E Day- 1945)
 FDR Dies - Before war is over,
Truman takes over
Invasion of Normandy
A force of about 120,00 Allied soldiers were
supported by more than 20,000 paratroopers. It
was the largest seaborne invasion in history.
Germans were take by surprise, because they
expected an invasion to come from farther north,
near Calais, at the narrowest part of the English
Channel.
D-Day Troops
D-Day
The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive of
World War II. It was launched at the end of 1944 in an
attempt to divide the British and American forces and
retake the seaport of Antwerp, in Belgium. Shown here
are German troops.
Manhattan Project- creation of
Atom Bomb
 J. Robert Oppenheimer
 Created
 Use it or not
 Pro – Save millions of American lives in
war
 Con – Destruction and effects of bomb
Interesting Fact:
 Einstein himself decided to write President
Roosevelt to make him aware of the critical
challenge that nuclear power posed and the
need to develop atomic weaponry before
the Germans did. This led to the idea of
the Manhattan Project, in Los Alamos, NM.
 Einstein did not work on the project, but his
theories were used.
Atomic Bomb Dropped
 Truman makes decision
 Hiroshima
 Dropped By – Enola Gay
 Nagasaki
 Bombs Names – Little Boy and Fat Man
 V-J Day
An Atomic Bomb
B-29 Bomber
Enola Gay
Aftermath of Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima
The blast destroyed 68 percent of the city and damaged
another 24 percent, and an estimated 60,000 to 70,000
people were killed or reported missing, according to
United States estimates.
Hiroshima
After the
Bomb
Post- war Japan
 Occupation – 6 yr, reformed
economy/ gov’t
 MacArthur Constitution – democratic
constitution, still used today
 War Crimes – Tojo and others tried
and 7 sentenced to death/ others
jailed.
Japanese Surrender
Japanese officials formally
surrendered to the Allies
on September 2, 1945,
aboard the United States
battleship Missouri.
Japan's surrender brought
an end to World War II
(1939-1945).
Impact of WWII
 Human Losses
 75 million people
 Stalin killed 15 million
 Economic Losses- parts of Europe and Asia
destroyed by war
 Nuremberg Trials
 22 surviving Nazi leaders tried for “crimes
against humanity”
 Showed leaders could be held accountable for
actions
Impact cont’d
 Occupied Nations
 To prevent another war
 W. Nations- occupied Japan and W. Germany
(democratic governments)
 Soviets occupied Eastern Europe (communist
governments)
 United Nations
 Provided place to discuss world problems and
develop solutions
 General Assembly- includes representatives from
all member nations with one vote each
 Security Council- 15 member nations; 5
permanent (US, Russia, France, Britain, &
China)
Now what is going to happen in
the world????