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America and the World Chapter 24 Section 1 Totalitarian State • The govt. controls the political, economical, social, and cultural lives of its citizens – Led by a single leader and a single political party – Conquer the minds and hearts of the people through mass propaganda Fascism • Glorifies the state above the individual – Emphasizes the need for a strong central govt. led by a dictatorial ruler • Strongly anticommunist – Europeans feared Communism – Mussolini exploited this fear • Fascism b/g to stand for the protection of private property and of the middle class Fascist Italy • Benito Mussolini b/c the Fascist leader of Italy – He promised Italy would return to the glories of the Roman Empire • The Italian Parliament persuaded the king to appoint Mussolini as the premier – Once in office Mussolini set up a dictatorship • Benito Mussolini – Ruled 1922-1943 The USSR • 1917 – the Russian Revolution gets rid of Czar Nicholas II • The Bolshevik Party est. a Communist govt. in Russia – Vladimir Lenin is the leader of the Bolsheviks – 1922 – they rename Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • Lenin dies in 1924 • Joseph Stalin takes over in 1926 • Joseph Stalin – Ruled 1928-1953 Hitler and the Nazis • Adolf Hitler – Strong anticommunist and admirer of Mussolini – Fought for Germany in WWI – Had a true hatred for the Allies and the German govt. that accepted the treaty that ended WWI • The chaos in Germany after WWI led to the rise of a new political party – National Socialist German Workers’ Party (the Nazi Party) – Hitler was one of their first recruits In Prison • 1923 – the Nazis tried to seize power by marching on city hall in Munich, Germany – The plan was to seize power locally then march on to Berlin • The plan failed and Hitler was arrested • In prison Hitler wrote his autobiography – Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) Mein Kampf • Unification of all Germans under one govt. • Claimed that Germans belonged to a master race called Aryans – Especially blond, blue-eyed Germans • Argued that Germans needed more living space – Germany to expand East into Poland and Russia • B/l that Jews were responsible for many of the world’s problems – Especially for Germany’s defeat in WWI Hitler b/c Chancellor • After released from prison Hitler decided the best way to seize power was to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag – Reichstag – German Parliament – By 1932 the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag • 1933 – German President Hindenburg appoints Hitler as chancellor Hitler = Fuhrer • With the help of intimidation by Storm Troopers, voters gave Hitler dictatorial powers • 1934 – Hitler b/c president (Hindenburg had died) – Hitler gave himself the title of fuhrer (leader) • He b/g to rebuild Germany’s military – In violation of the Treaty of Versailles • Adolf Hitler – Ruled 1933-1945 Hitler speaks in the Reichstag Japan • Japan was having major economic problems after WWI – Military officers blamed corrupt politicians • Most officers b/l… – Japan was destine to dominate East Asia – Democracy was “un-Japanese” and bad for the country Military Japan • 1931 – Japanese army invaded Manchuria – Japanese prime minister b/g negotiations, but the officers assassinated him • The Japanese military now had control of Japan • Military officers were appointed to serve as prime minister • Hirohito – Emperor 1926-1989 • Hideki Tojo – Prime Minister 1941-1944 • Admiral Yamamoto – Commander in Chief of the Japanese Navy 1939-1943 New Alliances • Rome-Berlin Axis – Hitler and Mussolini become allies – Pledged to cooperate on several international issues • Anti-Comintern Pact – Germany and Japan – Promising a common front against communism – Required the two countries to exchange info about communist groups America Turns to Neutrality • Isolationism – The US should avoid international commitments that might drag the nation into another war • Neutrality Act of 1935 – made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war – Based on the idea that arms sales helped bring the US into WWI Roosevelt and Internationalism • Roosevelt – Not an isolationist – His first priority was ending the Depression • Roosevelt supported internationalism – Internationalism – idea that trade b/w nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war – Internationalists also b/l that the US should try to preserve peace in the world