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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. World War II TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People • blitzkrieg – “lightning war” using improved tanks and airpower • Luftwaffe – German air force • Vichy – location in France of Germany’s “puppet state” • General Erwin Rommel – German general known as the “Desert Fox” • D-Day – June 6, 1944, the day of the Allies’ invasion of France TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People • Stalingrad – site of one of the costliest battles of the war between Germany and the Soviet Union TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People • V-E Day – the day the Allies achieved victory in Europe, May 8, 1945 • Bataan Death March – 65-mile march suffered by American and Filipino prisoners of the Japanese Manhattan Project – code name for a collaboration of Allied scientists who raced to test the first atomic bomb Hiroshima – city in Japan where the first atomic bomb was dropped in August 1945 Nagasaki – city in Japan where the second atomic bomb was dropped in August 1945 TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Which regions were attacked and occupied by the Axis powers, and what was life like under their occupation? Diplomacy and compromise did not bring peace with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, or imperial Japan. The Axis powers advanced, attacking countries in Eastern and Western Europe. In the Pacific, Japan captured countries and colonies on the islands and the mainland of Asia. The Axis powers brought misery to the peoples they conquered. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Hitler used the tactic of blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” to overrun much of Europe, starting with Poland on September 1, 1939. The German air force, the Luftwaffe, bombed airfields, factories, and cities in Poland. Then, fastmoving tanks and troops pushed their way in from the west. Meanwhile, Stalin’s forces invaded Poland from the east. Within a month, Poland ceased to exist. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Hitler waited out the winter. Then, in the spring of 1940, German forces overran Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Next, German troops poured into France, trapping the retreating British forces at Dunkirk. British vessels crossed the English Channel and ferried more than 300,000 British troops to safety. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Germany continued to attack Western Europe. • German forces headed to Paris. With Italy attacking from the south, France was forced to surrender in June 1940. • Germany occupied northern France and set up a puppet government at Vichy in southern France. • Next Hitler set his sights on Britain, calling this planned invasion “Operation Sea Lion.” • In September of 1940, the Luftwaffe began 57 straight nights of showering high explosives and firebombs on London. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. London did not break under the Nazi blitz. • Citizens carried on with their daily lives, seeking protection in shelters and subways. • The Luftwaffe could not gain superiority over Britain. Operation Sea Lion was a failure. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Despite his failure to conquer Britain, Hitler seemed unstoppable. • German armies under the command of General Erwin Rommel pushed into North Africa. • In addition, Axis armies invaded Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Hungary. • By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Europe. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In June 1941, Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact when he attacked the Soviet Union. The attack stalled during the winter when thousands of unprepared Germans froze to death. d. June, 1941: Hitler double crossed Stalin and invaded Russia through Poland i. Big Mistake! Stalin used Scorched Earth military tactic- destroy everything in retreat ii. Harsh winter and lack of useable supplies resulted in over 1 million Nazi loses TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The European Theater 5.December 7th, 1941: Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor a.U.S. Pacific Fleet was based at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii b.Attack was meant to cripple U.S. fleet so couldn’t interfere with Japan c.Six aircraft carriers and 353 Japanese planes attacked in two waves d.2,403 died (1,177 killed on the U.S.S. Arizona) e.U.S. declared war on Japan the next day “…Date that will live in Infamy…” f.Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S. on Dec 8, 1941 (Tripartite Pact) The attack opened two fighting theatres The Pacific Theatre and the European theatre of fighting. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. U.S.S. Arizona TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. U.S.S. Arizona Today TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The European Theater 6.Key Nations at War 1.Allies: Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States 2.Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The European Theater f.Eastern Front: Stalingrad i.The Nazis were fighting the Russians in Stalingrad (Aug 1942-Feb 1943) ii.One of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare iii.Nazis are defeated; turning point of the war for the Allies TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After Stalingrad, the Red Army drove Hitler’s forces out of the Soviet Union. By early 1944, Soviet troops were advancing into Eastern Europe toward Germany. German prisoners marched to Stalingrad after their defeat by the Soviet army. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By 1944, the Allies were ready to invade France. On June 6, 1944, ships ferried 156,000 Allied troops across the English Channel to the beaches of Normandy. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The European Theater g.Western Front: D-Day i.General Eisenhower planned D-Day for June 6, 1944 ii.Allied invasion across English Channel into Normandy, France iii.Largest military invasion in history iv.Allies success allowed them to push further into France TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. D-Day TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Despite heavy German defenses on the beach and heavy losses, the D-Day landing was a success. • Allied troops broke through the German lines and advanced toward Paris. • Within a month, all of France was liberated. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Under the pressure of war, democratic governments limited the rights of citizens. • Allied governments censored the press and used propaganda to win support for the war. • Many Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians lost their jobs and property and were interned in camps. • The British took similar action against German refugees. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did the Allies finally defeat the Axis powers? By 1945, the war in Europe was nearing its end. Germany was being attacked from east and west, and Axis armies were surrendering. In the Pacific, a series of bloody battles continued on the islands as Allied military leaders planned a land invasion of Japan. World War II finally ended when the United States dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. There were several reasons why the mighty Axis powers fell to the Allies. • Germany’s geographic location left it open to invasion from all sides. • Hitler made some poor military decisions. • The Soviet army proved far stronger than expected. • The United States had an enormous capacity for industrial production. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By this time, Germany was reeling under round-the-clock bombing. After freeing France, Allied forces battled by land into Germany. By early 1945 Germany’s defeat seemed inevitable. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the spring of 1945, the Nazis were surrounded and defeated. • From the west the Allies surged into Germany, and from the east Soviet troops closed in on Berlin. • In Italy, guerrillas captured and executed Mussolini. Hitler committed suicide. The Allies proclaimed May 8, 1945, V-E Day (victory in Europe). TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Allies could now focus on defeating Japan. Until mid-1942, Japan had been undefeated in the Pacific. They gained control of the Philippines in May 1942 and forced U.S. and Filipino soldiers on the Bataan Death March. However, after the battles of Midway and the Coral Sea, the United States took the offensive in the Pacific. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Meanwhile, Allied scientists offered another way to end the war. • They worked on splitting the atom to create a new kind of bomb. • In July 1945, the Manhattan Project successfully tested the first atomic bomb in New Mexico. • Harry Truman, who had become president after the death of Franklin Roosevelt, realized that it was a terrible new force for destruction. Nevertheless, he decided to use the new weapon against Japan. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Allied leaders warned Japan to surrender or face destruction. Japan ignored the warning. On August 6, 1945, U.S. planes dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, instantly killing more than 70,000 people. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. August 8: The Soviet Union invaded Manchuria. The Japanese did not respond. August 9: The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This time, more than 40,000 people were killed. August 10: Emperor Hirohito intervened and forced the government to surrender. September 2, 1945: A formal peace treaty was signed.