Download 03-Path to World War II and American entry into the War

Path to World War II
and American entry
into the War
American Foreign Relations in
the 1920s
• Living Without the League
– US would not join League of Nations during
Harding Administration
– US signs separate treaties with Germany and
other Central Powers in 1921
– Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes
wants to establish lasting world peace and
stability WITHOUT burdensome
responsibilities or active duties
Washington Conference of 1921
• sought to address growing naval armaments
race between US, Britain, and Japan
• Five-Power Pact -- limited naval armaments to
ratios between signatories
– Britain and US – 5 tons
and Italy – 1.75 tons
Japan – 3 tons
France
• Nine-Power Act -- continued Chinese Open
Door policy
• Four-Power Act -- respect for Pacific territories
(US, Britain, France, Japan)
Kellogg-Briand Pact -1928
– US approached by
France for alliance
against Germany in 1927
– Sec. of State Kellogg
proposes instead
multilateral treaty to
outlaw war
– Signed by 14 nations on
August 27, 1928
– no enforcement
instrument, instead relied
on the “moral force” of
world opinion
Debts and Diplomacy
• One of main goals was keeping US trade
free from interference
• US prosperity depended on European
economy
– suffering from destruction, Allied debt on US
loans, German reparations
• Dawes Plan created to prevent economic
collapse in 1924
• Dawes Plan created to prevent economic
collapse in 1924
– US loaned Germany money to pay Britain and French
debt
– Britain and France used money to pay US debt
– created circular loan system that failed to address the
system
• Continuation of economic troubles in Europe
– US banks/corporations took advantage of collapsed
industries to assert themselves
– high US tariffs under Republicans prevented
European export of goods to earn money to repay
loans
•Describe the efforts
of the United States
in foreign affairs
during the 1920s:
Efforts at European Intervention
• Hoover proposes moratorium on war debts, but
gains no widespread support
• Hoover refuses to cancel all war debts and
several nations defaulted
• London Conference in 1930 ends with naval
limitations, but too many loopholes
• World Disarmament Conference of 1932
dissolves in failure
– France worried about Germany called for creation of
international army
• Rise of Fascism in Europe
– Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler/Nazis
in Germany
Crisis in Asia
• Japanese military staged
coup against liberal
government in 1931 over
Manchuria policy
• Japan invades and conquers
Chinese territory of
Manchuria in 1932
• Sec. of State Henry Stimson
could only scold and refuse to
recognize territories, as
Hoover refused to issue
sanctions on Japan with the
League of Nations
• Describe the efforts in
foreign affairs by
Herbert Hoover:
Roosevelt and Economic Diplomacy
• Depression Diplomacy
– Early Roosevelt foreign policy concerned
mainly with pressing economic issues
– 1933 World Economic Conference
accomplished little
– FDR forbid continuation of circular loan
system in April 1934
– Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934
America and the Soviet Union
– US agrees to recognize the USSR due to
some combined interests
• US wanted to increase trade between nations
– Soviets must stop propaganda in US and
protect Americans in USSR
• Russians wanted American cooperation to prevent
Japanese expansion
– Neither goal is greatly realized and by end of
1934 they are back to mutual distrust
• Describe the efforts in
foreign affairs by
Franklin Roosevelt in
the early 1930s:
The Rise of Isolationism
• Collapse of international agreements
– Geneva Conference on disarmament
disbanded, Hitler and Mussolini withdrew
– Japan withdrew from London Naval
Conference in 1935
– Increased actions by Italy and Germany
• Sources of isolationism
– League of Nations failed
to restrain Japanese
Asian aggression
– belief US business
interests had led to WW I
involvement
• investigation by North
Dakota Senator Gerald
Nye
Isolationist Responses by US
government
• Failed attempt to join the World Court
– FDR pushes for Senate to reatify treaty –
more symbolic than involvement
– Senate rejects treaty (public pressure against
by Hearst papers and Father Coughlin)
• Neutrality Acts -- meant to prevent issues
of WWI from allowing US entrance into
new war
– Neutrality Act of 1935 – mandatory arms
embargo against combatants (victim and
aggressor) and warnings against traveling on
ships of combatants
– Neutrality Act of 1936 – reaffirm and renew
1935 provisions
– Neutrality Act of 1939 – establishes “Cash
and Carry” policy
• Combatants can only purchase non-military goods
from US, must pay in cash, and must transport
goods on their own ships
Isolationist responses to foreign
invasions and wars
• No reaction by US to
Italian invasion of
Ethiopia
– League of Nations
condemns Italy
– Italy withdraws from
League, conquers
Ethiopia
– Italy and Germany form
an alliance
• No reaction to Spanish
Civil War in mid/late
1930s
– Fascist General
Francisco Franco led
opposition against
republican government
– Hitler and Mussolini offer
aid to Franco’s forces
– US joins with Britain and
France agreeing not to
intervene on either side
– A few thousand
Americans, many
communists travel to
fight for republicans
• Alarm over Japan’s 1937 new assaults
into China (after 1931 Manchuria invasion)
– FDR begins to question isolationism
– delivered “Quarantine speech” saying
aggressors should be prevented from
spreading war; speech very unpopular with
harsh rebukes
• Britain calls conference on Asia crisis, but US
makes no commitments
– US takes no action after attack on gunboat
Panay on the Yangtze by Japan, choosing to
accept its apologies
• Describe the use of
isolationism by the United
States in the 1930s in
response to world events:
VIDEO QUESTION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WG2ZkiRw-jw&feature=related
(5:00 – 10:00)
•Describe the early rise of the
Nazis during the Great
Depression:
• VIDEO QUESTION
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG2
ZkiRw-jw&feature=related (9:50 – 14:15)
• Describe the German acquisition of the
Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia:
•
German Expansion and
The Failure of Munich
• Expansion of Nazi Germany
– Fascist Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party
promised to create a German empire
– Hitler plans to rearm Germany even though it
was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles
– Withdraws from the League of Nations in
1933
• Conquest goals in Europe
– Raw materials for industrialization
– Living space (Lebensraum)
• Unite all German speaking peoples in Europe
through expansion
– Racial and Ideological Superiority
• Holocaust: eleven million murdered (including 6
million Jews); enslavement, torture of millions
more
• Targeted Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Homosexuals,
Jehovah’s Witnesses
• Attempting to provide the death to Communism
Hitler’s Land
Grab
• World War I losses
– Hitler takes
industrialized region
known as the Rhineland
(west of Germany) that
had been controlled by
France since Treaty of
Versailles
• Austria
– Hitler forces unification
with Austria (Hitler’s
native land) in the
Anschluss
Czechoslovakia
• Hitler demands that
Czechoslovakia cede the
Sudetenland (SE of
Germany, ethnically
German)
– Czechoslovakia wants to
resist, but needs aid of
other nations to be
successful
– Other nations want to
avoid war at all costs
• Munich Conference
– Britain, France, Italy and Germany meet at in 1938
to resolve issue
– French and British agree to give Sudetenland to
Hitler in exchange for promises of the end to
expansion
– Appeasement: policy of accepting demands to
avoid military conflict
– Neville Chamberlain (British PM) – achieved "peace
for our time"
• Hitler seizes all of Czechoslovakia in March of
1939
Poland
• France and Great Britain
promised to declare war if
Germany invaded Poland
• Hitler signs non-aggression
treaty with USSR to avoid
two-front war if he invades
Poland (avoid German issue
of World War I)
• Hitler invaded Poland in
September 1939 using
blitzkrieg technique
– France and Great Britain
declared war on Germany
– World War II in Europe starts
– http://www.mhhe.com/socscienc
e/history/usa/brink/solc/ch27/oth
er/mod27_1.htm
• Describe the expansion
by the Nazis in Europe
prior to World War II and
the response by European
powers:
VIDEO QUESTION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBWQUG9Sg4&feature=related (8:45-13:50)
•Describe the beginning of World War II:
– Invasion of Poland and the reactions in
Europe:
– American reactions to start of World War II
in Europe:
– Invasion of Western Europe and France by
Germany:
– Expansion of American role in aiding
Britain and preparing for war:
From Neutrality to Intervention
• Most Americans supported Allies, but wanted
limited intervention
• FDR wanted to grant assistance by allowing arms
sales to Allies using “cash-and-carry” policy
• Americans initially convinced this will be enough
due to lull in fighting
– Between fall 1939 and spring 1940 there was no fighting
with Germany
– Only fighting is USSR seizing Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia,
and Finland
• US imposes “moral embargo” cutting off any shipments of arms
• http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/history/usa/brink/solc/ch27/oth
er/mod27_1.htm
American hopes shattered
due to Germany’s invasion
of Western Europe
• Germany seizes Denmark
and Norway in spring 1940
• Invasion of France
– France creates Maginot Line
as a series of defenses on
the border with Germany
– Germany sweeps through
Netherlands and Belgium,
going around Maginot line
– Allied forces flee to Britain at
Dunkirk
• Germany marches into
Paris and seizes France
in June 1940
– Germany will control
France with help of
French collaborationist
Vichy government
– French Resistance and
Free French Forces
continue underground
fight against Vichy
government and
Germany/Italy
American Reaction
• US prepares for potential Nazi invasion -$1billion for defense (fleet and warplanes)
• British PM Winston Churchill requests US
aid
– FDR decides to “scrape the bottom of the
barrel” to provide aid
– went around Neutrality acts -- trading 50
destroyers to Britain for rights to bases in
Western Hemisphere, returning US planes to
sell them to Britain
Changes in American mindset
• More than 66% of American thought
Germany was a threat
• Congress starts allowing increasing
assistance to Allies
• Burke-Wadsworth Act (September 1940) –
first peacetime draft
Division into camps
• Committee to Defend America – lobbied for
increased aid, but no intervention
• Fight for Freedom Committee – small group in
1940 pushing war declaration
• America First Committee – group opposed to
intervention comprised of prominent
businessmen and senators, backed by Hearst
papers, and had the indirect support of large
amount of Republican Party
• Describe the reaction by
the United States to the
expansion of World War II
into Western Europe:
Election of 1940
• Roosevelt has served two terms – What
will he do?
– FDR never unveils his plan – no rival
Democrat in strong position
– FDR announces he will accept being
“drafted” by his party to serve before
convention
• FDR nominated at convention and switches to
more liberal Henry Wallace as VP
• Republicans faced with difficult choice, as
FDR was not an extreme isolationist or
interventionist
– Nominate dynamic businessman Wendell
Willkie to compete over the middle-ground
– Republican platform regarding the war very
similar to FDR
• Results – FDR wins with 55% of popular
vote (449-82 EC), closer than previous
elections
•Describe the
Election of 1940 and
its results:
Post-election abandonment
of Neutrality – Issues of
1940-1941
• Britain greatly needs aid during
and after Battle of Britain, but very
low on money
– Germany wants to invade Britain
(Operation Sea Lion), but needs to
knock out Royal Air Force (RAF)
– Germany begins attacking air fields,
but turns to direct attacks on London
and civilian targets (aerial Blitz)
– Britain turns back German planes
during Battle of Britain (Oct. 1940-May
1941)
– Germany determines to turn focus to
Eastern Europe and North Africa
Efforts to Supply Britain
• Lend-Lease program – lend arms to any
nation vital to American defense
• “Hemispheric defense” – US would
defend transport ships in West Atlantic
until Iceland
Germany attacks the USSR
– Germany/Italy seize lands in the Balkans,
including Yugoslavia, Greece, and Albania
• Germany needed bases in SE Europe for secret
invasion plans against USSR
• http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/history/usa/brink
/solc/ch27/other/mod27_1.htm
– Although Germany had non-aggression pact with
USSR, Hitler uses blitzkrieg attack to invade in 1941
• Germany gets 500 miles into USSR, but Russians retreat
and burn supplies
• Germany surrounds Leningrad during 1941winter, 1 million
dying but no surrender
• Attacks Moscow in October, but forced to pull back during
Russian winter
• Hitler refused a complete retreat, losing 500,000 men in the
USSR and creating a two-front war for Germany
– US extends Lend-Lease program to the USSR
Expansion of hostilities and nearing
US involvement
• Nazi subs began attacking
US ships
– Congress voted to allow
arming of merchants ships
– US can attack German
submarines “on sight
• Atlantic Charter
– August 1941 - Secret meeting
between FDR and Churchill
– No official military
commitments, but released
the Atlantic Charter
• Roughly tying two nations
together to war aims to
destroy “Nazi tyranny”
• Describe the expansion of American
aid due to attacks by Germany on
Britain and the USSR:
• Describe the increase in hostilities with
Germany and the American response:
• VIDEO QUESTION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=RW9axwQ1z5U (0:40-3:45)
•
• Describe the attack on Pearl
Harbor on December 7, 1941
and the American reaction:
The Road to Pearl Harbor
• Japan had invaded
Manchuria in N China
in 1931 and expands
warfare against China
in 1937
• Tripartite Pact –
Japan enters into
defensive alliance with
Germany & Italy in
September 1940
• Japan seized French
territory in Indochina
in 1941
• Japan plans attack on oil and resource
rich Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
– US discovers plan and puts economic
sanctions on Japan, including oil
– Japanese PM Prince Konoye attempts
negotiations with US, but US rebuffs due to
China
– General Hideki Tojo forces out Konoye and
feigns continued negotiations
• Attack on Peal Harbor
– US decodes message
attack message, but think
will be against British or
Dutch territory
– To neutralize the U.S. power
in the Pacific, the Japanese
attack the United States
Navy at Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941
• US loses 2000 lives and 8
battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 other
ships, 188 airplanes
– Fortunately for US all of
aircraft carriers were not in
harbor
• US declares war on Japan
after FDR’s “Day of
Infamy” speech (Jeanette
Rankin lone dissenter)
– Germany and Italy declare
war on US on December 11,
US reciprocates on same
day
• Describe the expansion of the
Japanese and the American
reaction:
• Describe the attack on Pearl
Harbor and the American reaction: