Download Review Session #4

AP European
History
Review Session
#4
World War I and the Russian
Revolution, the Great
Depression, World War II, the
Cold War, Modern Europe
Overview
• Europe’s peak (1914) and decline (1915 –
today)
• World War I: causes, conduct of the war, effects
• Russian Revolution: causes, Communist
consolidation
• Inter-War period: Western Europe, the Great
Depression, the rise of Fascism
• World War II: causes, Axis victories, Allied triumph
• Cold War: Western rebuilding, Soviet control of the
east, the Cold War
• Modern Europe: Russia, expansion of the West,
Yugoslavia, current challenges
World War I
the Key Questions
• what were the causes of World War I?
• why did the Allies win?
• what were the effects of World War I?
World War I - Causes
MAIN causes
• Militarism: arms race/buildup (esp. Germany)
• Alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente
• Imperialism: esp. competition in Africa
• Nationalism: crises in the Balkans
Specific Causes
• assassination of the Archduke
• the blank check
World War I - Events
• Allies vs. Central Powers
• Western Front: the Schlieffen Plan, trench
warfare
• Eastern Front: Russian weakness and
withdrawal
• Total War
• US entry: unrestricted submarine warfare,
Zimmerman Telegram
World War I - Results
• Germany gives up
• Wilson’s 14 Points: self-determination, end of
secret treaties, free trade, arms reduction, League of
Nations
• the Treaty of Versailles: the Big Four, “war guilt”
clause, reparations
• Results: # dead, end of empires, Communism in
Russia, angry Germans, Italians, Japanese, French, etc.
 World War II
• don’t forget the Spanish Flu
the Russian Revolution
the Key Questions
• why did it start?
• why did it evolve into a Communist
revolution?
• how did the Bolsheviks consolidate their
gains?
the Russian Revolution – Origins
• long-term causes: Alexander III and Nicholas II,
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Russo-Japanese War,
Revolution of 1905 and Bloody Sunday, Zemstvos,
Duma
• the Revolution: World War I, Rasputin, February
(March) Revolution, “peace, land, and bread,” Lenin
and Leninism, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Civil War!
the Russian Revolution –
Creating the USSR
• Lenin: Leninism, NEP
• Trotsky vs. Stalin
• Stalin: Five-Year Plans, collectivization, genocide?,
purges
Inter-War Period
the Key Questions
• how did World War I effect politics,
society, art, and economics?
• what caused the Great Depression?
• what were the effects of the Great
Depression?
• how did the Western democracies cope
with the Great Depression?
• how did Fascism take hold in Italy and
Germany?
the Inter-War Period –
the Western Democracies
• Britain: the rise of the Labour Party, the Irish
Question, Statute of Westminster
• France: the war causes economic problems,
Socialism (Leon Blum) and the conservative reaction
(Edouard Daladier)
the Inter-War Period –
the Great Depression
• causes: the strains of WWI, overspeculation, abuse of
credit, Stock Market crash, little regulation
• effects: massive unemployment, Keynesian
economics, rise of Fascism
the Rise of Fascism
• Italy:
– causes: anger about WWI and fear of communism
– features: Mussolini, Blackshirts, March on Rome,
corporatism, election rigging, peace with the Pope
• Germany:
– causes: anger about WWI, inflation and the
destruction of the German economy
– features: Weimar Republic, Hitler, Mein Kampf,
Reichstag fire, Gestapo, SS, autarchy, persecution of
the Jews: Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht
World War II
the Key Questions
• what were the causes of World War II?
• what were the key features of the conflict?
how was it different than previous wars?
• what were the phases of the war and how
did the Allies eventually win?
World War II - Causes
• long-term causes: WWI, economic troubles, ethnic
tensions esp. anti-Semitism
• the road to war: Japan and Manchuria, re-arming
Germany, the Rhineland, appeasement, the Spanish
Civil War, Japan and China, Anti-Comintern Pact
• precipitating events: Anschluß, the Sudetenland,
Munich Conference and Chamberlain’s “peace for our
time,” all of Czechoslovakia, Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact
World War II – the fighting
• Axis Ascendant: invasion of Poland, Blitzkrieg,
Phony War, France defeated  the Vichy Regime,
Battle of Britain, Hitler invades the USSR, Pearl
Harbor, the Final Solution, Rommel in Africa
• Turning Points: Battle of Midway, Battle of
Stalingrad, Rommel defeated in North Africa
• Allies Triumphant: Casablanca and unconditional
surrender, D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, firebombing
Dresden, Germany surrenders, island hopping,
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders
• Diplomacy: Yalta Conference, the UN, Potsdam
Conference
the Cold War
the Key Questions
• how was Europe (and the world)
organized after World War II?
• how did Europe recover from World War
II? in the west? in the east?
• how did the Cold War impact the
dismantling of European empires?
• when was the Cold War the coldest? when
was it the hottest?
• who won the Cold War? how?
Europe after World War II
• the West:
– economic “miracle” through the Marshall Plan,
occupation of Germany
– decolonization: British India, French Indochina,
Africa, the Middle East esp. Israel and Palestine
– European unity: European Coal and Steel
Community  European Economic Community 
Common Market  European Union
• the East: Soviet satellites, East Berlin, crushing
dissent in Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia
(Brezhnev Doctrine), Khrushchev condemned Stalin,
massive industrialization and technological
advancements
the Cold War
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Truman Doctrine
Berlin (blockade, airlift, wall)
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
atomic and nuclear weapons – acquisition, MADness, deterrence,
non-proliferation, missile gap, test ban treaty
the Chinese Civil War and “losing China”
the Korean War
Cuba (revolution, Bay of Pigs, Missile Crisis)
Vietnam War
Nixon goes to China  détente
Afghanistan and the end of détente
Reagan and Gorbachev
perestroika and glasnost
end of the Cold War: Solidarity, slow, peaceful change, quick
collapse of Communism, violence in Romania
Modern Europe
• Russia after the Cold War: collapse of the USSR,
independence for the republics, Yeltsin, Putin, the mob,
oil money
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German unification
growth of NATO and the EU
dissolution of Yugoslavia
economic issues