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The Holocaust
Hitler’s Rise to Power
• 1913- Joined Military
• 1919- Germany was
having political
problems
• 1919-Hitler joined
German’s Worker’s
Party
• 1919- German’s Workers Party changed
their name to National Sczialistische
Deutsche Arbeiterspartei (National Socialist
German Workers Party)
• They used the acronym, NAZI
• 1923-Germany was in an economic
depression
• Hitler staged a NAZI take over
• He was arrested for treason and sent to jail
• There he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
• Mein Kampf outlined Hitler’s plan for
Germany
• This book became known as the NAZI bible
• It outlined a plan for killing Jews
• Outlined a plan for taking over Europe
• No one believed it
• It was considered just a madman’s diary
• 1924- Hitler was released from prison
• He began strengthening his party
• January 1933- Hitler was named Chancellor of
Germany
• People believed Hitler could lead the nation out of
its grave political and economic crisis
• Hitler moved quickly to end German democracy
• He suspended individual freedoms of press,
speech, and assembly.
• He established the Gestapo (secret police), Storm
Troopers, and the Security police.
• These groups arrested and murdered leaders of
opposition political parties
• March 23, 1933- Hitler is
declared Dictator of
Germany
• 1933- Racial Ideology is
put into practice
• Pure Germans were seen
as “racially superior”
• Jews are seen as an
“inferior race”
• Jews, Gypsies, and the
handicapped were seen as
a threat to the “master
race”
Hate Propaganda
• Jews were the principal
target of Nazi hatred
• They blamed Jews for the
country’s economic
depression
• They blamed Jews for
Germany’s defeat in
World War I.
• They blamed Jews for loss
of jobs.
• They blamed Jews for
weakening the Aryan race.
Nazi Propaganda: Mental
Patients are “Idiots”
Nazi Propaganda: Racial Chart
Nazi Propaganda Slogans
• “Germany Awake, Jews Perish”
• “Don’t buy from Jews. Shop in German
Stores!”
• “The Jews are our misfortune.”
• “Women and Girls, the Jews are your ruin.”
• “Jews enter this place at their own risk.”
Banning the Jews
• 1933
• April 1- Boycott of Jewish
shops and businesses
• April 7-Jews barred from
holding Civil Service,
university, and state
positions
• May 10-Burned books
written by Jews
Nuremberg Laws
• 1935
• Jews banned from serving
in armed forces
• Anti-Jewish racial laws
enacted
• Jews no longer considered
German citizens
• Jews could not marry
Aryans
• Jews could not fly the
German flag
Nuremberg Laws
• Germany officially defines
a “Jew” as anyone with
three Jewish grandparents;
someone with two Jewsih
grandparents who
identifies as a Jew
• Jews must wear a yellow
star of David on all
clothing
• 1936
• Jewish doctors barred
from practicing medicine
• July: First concentration
camp opens
• October: Forms Axis
• 1937
• Buchenwald concentration
camp opens
• Austria joins the Nazi
regime
• 1938• Austria and Italy
incorporate all Nuremberg
laws
• Mandatory registration of
all Jewish property
• Jewish passports are
marked with a “J” to
restrict Jews from leaving
• November-Kristallnact
(Night of Broken Glass)
• Synagogues and Jewish
shops are destroyed
• Many Jewish males are
sent to concentration
camps
• Jews must hand over all
stores to Arayans
• Jewish children are
expelled from school
• Jews are fined for
Kristallnact
1939
• Hitler promises if war
erupts, it will mean the
extermination of all
European Jews
• Germans occupy
Czechoslovakia
• Germany invades Poland
• Great Britain and France
declare war on Germany
• Ghettos are established in
Poland
• Germany begins
deportation of German
and Austrian Jews
1940
• April 9-Germany invades and
occupies Denmark and Norway
• May 10-Germany invades the
Netherlands, Belgium,
Luxembourgn and France
• May 20- Auschwitz
concentration and death camp
opens in Poland
• June 22- France surrenders
• Sept. 27- Germany, Italy, and
Japan form Axis Powers
• Oct. 7- Romania is occupied
• November 16-Warsaw Ghetto is
sealed
• Hungary joins Axis Powers
1941
• April- Germany attacks
Yugoslavia and Greece (1889-1945)
• June 22- Germany invades
the Soviet Union
• July 31- Germany
implements the “Final
Solution”
• Birkenau death camp
established
• December 7- Japanese
attack Pearl Harbor
• United States declares war
on Japan and Germany
Final Solution
• Jews receive deportation
notice
• Notice tells Jews to report
to train station on a certain
date and time
• Jews are allowed to bring
one suitcase of belongings
• At the train station, their
suitcases are dumped in a
pile
• 75 and over are forced
into a boxcar with
standing room only
• For days, prisoners travel with no water, food, or
bathroom facilities
• The old and babies perish
• When they arrive at the camp, they are divided
into two lines- men and women
• They are forced to march a long distance to the
barracks
• Those who chose to ride in trucks are never seen
again
• This is the last time many people see their family
members
Prisoners were forced to undress
and hand over all valuables
Clothes confiscated from victims
Gold Teeth of Prisoners
Glasses of Prisoners
Prisoners were taken to the
showers/gas chambers
If prisoners survived the showers,
hair was shaved and numbers
tatooed on arm.
Prisoners were sent to barracks.
Prisoners worked or were sent to
the gas chambers and
crematoriums.
Women and children wait for
their turn in the gas chamber
Roll Call
Medical Experiments performed
by Dr. Josef Mengele
• Infected victims with diseases to study effects
• Fluids from diseased animals were injected into
humans to observe the effect
• Some victims were given only sea water to drink
• Surgery was performed without anethestic
• Sterilized over 1,000 women a day
• Amputated parts of bodies
• Submerged bodies in calcium chloride
Medical Experiments performed
by Joseph Mengele
Many prisoners were forced to
dig their own graves.
Heroes who helped
Oscar Schindler with Rescued
Jews
1942
• Extermination begins with gas
• By the end of 1942, 600,000 Jews murdered
• Jews deported from Belgium, Croatia,
France, the Netherlands, Greece, Norway,
and Poland
1943
• April 19: Warsaw
Ghetto revolt begins
as Germans attempt to
liquidate 70,000
inhabitants
• All other ghettos are
liquidated
• Danes rescue their
own Jews
1944
• Germany occupies Hungary
• June 6- D-Day; Allied invasion at
Normandy
• July 20- Group of German officers attempt
to assassinate Hitler
• Death marches begin as allies close in on
camps
1945
•
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•
•
•
•
Camps begin being liberated
April 30- Hitler commits suicide
May 8- Germany surrenders; V-E Day
August 6- Bombing of Hiroshima
August 9- Bombing of Nagasaki
September 2- Japan surrenders
Jewish Survivors
Survivors of Camp
Liberation
Liberation
General Eisenhower of US
touring Camps
Commandant Eichelsdoerfer
Death Train
American soldiers of the U.S. 7th Army force boys, believed to be Hitler youth, to examine boxcars containing bodies of prisoners
starved to death by the SS.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
German Civilians View Corpses
German civilians under U.S. military escort are forced to see a wagon loaded with corpses in Buchenwald.
Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives
German Civilians Tour Buchenwald
Civilians from nearby Weimar are forced by American soldiers to see the remains of prisoners in the crematorium ovens of
Buchenwald during their tour of the concentration camp.
German Civilians Bury Corpses
German civilians from the town of Nordhausen bury the corpses of prisoners found in the Nordhausen concentration camp in mass
graves.
Photo credit: USHMM
War Criminals
War Trials
Never Forget !!!
German Death Factories
Death Camp
Number of Victims
Auschwitz
2,000,000
Belzec
850,000
Sobibor
250,000
Treblinka
700,000
Chelmno
300,000