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America and Georgia in World War II 1938–1945 World War II erupts, and America is drawn into the conflict. Georgia and the rest of the nation mobilize to fight and win the war. Buying war bonds was one way Americans at home helped to fight World War II. NEXT America and Georgia in World War II 1938–1945 SECTION 1 The War Begins SECTION 2 Fighting the War SECTION 3 Georgia’s Contribution to the War SECTION 4 The Impact of the War at Home NEXT Section 1 The War Begins In 1941, the United States is drawn into another world war. NEXT SECTION 1 The War Begins The Rise of Dictators Italy • Benito Mussolini Italy’s prime minister by 1922, starts fascism • Fascism—political movement in which government controls society - fascism’s extreme nationalism leads to racism - fascism oppresses critics, emphasizes supreme ruler, military might • Italy invades Libya, attacks Ethiopia in 1935 Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued The Rise of Dictators Germany • Adolf Hitler, another fascist leader, rises to power in 1933 • Nazi Party is Hitler’s political organization • Hitler promises to strengthen Germany’s economy and military - heavy war damage payments from World War I weaken Germany • Hitler stops all payments, builds military • Hitler invades Rhineland in 1935; France and allies do nothing Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued The Rise of Dictators Japan • Japan occupies Manchuria in 1931, U.S. condemns action • Japan, Germany, Italy ally in 1940 • U.S. blocks steel to Japan, freezes assets of Japanese companies • Hideki Tojo, Japan’s prime minister, wants U.S. out of Pacific Opposing Forces • Germany, Italy, Japan called Axis Powers • Great Britain, France oppose them; form Allied Powers NEXT SECTION 1 War Begins in Europe Germany Invades Poland • Allies unwilling to use force to stop Hitler from taking more land - try diplomacy instead; ask Hitler to stop taking territory • Hitler breaks promises, invades Poland, September 1939 The Allies Join the War • Britain, France declare war on Germany, hope Soviet Union will help • Soviet leader Josef Stalin, Hitler split Poland in secret deal • Germany invades more countries, conquers France in June, 1940 Map Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued War Begins in Europe The Battle of Britain • After France, Hitler launches Battle of Britain • German air force tries to defeat Great Britain by heavy bombing • Britain withstands bombing, but supplies scarce; needs help Germany Invades the Soviet Union • Hitler launches surprise invasion of Soviet Union, June 1941 • Soviets defend Moscow, Leningrad in long, bloody campaigns • Soviets switch to Allied side, lose 1 million people by 1944 NEXT SECTION 1 The United States Reacts Isolationism • Many believe U.S. involvement in World War I was mistake • Most Americans favor isolationism—staying out of Europe’s affairs • Franklin D. Roosevelt, Congress pass Neutrality Acts from 1935–1937 - designed to prevent involvement, forbids lending to warring nations Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued The United States Reacts Lend-Lease Act • Americans eventually realize Hitler’s threat; cannot remain neutral • Lend-Lease Act of 1941 lets Roosevelt lend allies military supplies • By war’s end, Lend-Lease program supplies $50 billion in material • German U-boats sink American supply ships crossing Atlantic • Roosevelt gives “shoot on sight” order; U.S. unofficially at war Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 1 continued The United States Reacts Attack on Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941, Japan attacks naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • U.S. Pacific Fleet stationed there; 2,300 killed, 19 ships destroyed Image A Declaration of War • Congress declares war on Japan one day after Pearl Harbor • Only one vote against war, by Jeannette Rankin of Montana • Americans eager to respond to attack and to fight Germany NEXT Section 2 Fighting the War The United States mobilizes its military and successfully defeats its enemies on two fronts. NEXT SECTION 2 Fighting the War The United States Prepares for War Deciding Where to Fight • U.S. military small in early 1942; unprepared to fight a world war • Roosevelt asks businesses to produce military equipment • U.S. must decide where to enter war; Navy needs months to rebuild • If Great Britain surrenders, U.S. will have trouble entering Europe • U.S. leaders decide to enter Europe first, wait to fight in Pacific NEXT SECTION 2 The European Theater North Africa and Italy • U.S. doesn’t want to risk early invasion of Europe • American troops land in North Africa, 1942, fight Italians, Germans • Allies drive Axis from Africa; attack Italy, 1943; Italy surrenders • Allies use Italy as base to bomb Germany, prepare major invasion Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued The European Theater D-Day • Largest armada in history approaches France on D-Day, June 6, 1944 • Over 600 ships, 175,000 soldiers land on northwest coast of France - meet great resistance, many killed • Allies move through France, free Paris, in Germany by February 1945 • Allies push toward Berlin; Soviets enter Berlin first Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued The European Theater D-Day • Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945, Harry Truman becomes president - by then Allies are close to Hitler, but he kills himself on April 30 • Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945, V-E Day (Victory in Europe) • Truman turns attention to war in Pacific NEXT SECTION 2 Liberating the Concentration Camps The Holocaust • Hitler wants to “purify” German race, remove Jews from Europe - also wants to eliminate homosexuals, gypsies, many with disabilities • “Final Solution”—imprison them in concentration camps and kill them • Allies liberate concentration camps, over 6 million Jews killed in camps • Estimated 11 million perish in camps over 6 years - atrocity known as the Holocaust NEXT SECTION 2 The Pacific Theater “Island Hopping" • Pacific strategy: take islands gradually, “island hopping” to Japan • U.S. hops toward Philippines, Japan from May 1942 to June 1945 - also bombs cities, factories, facilities in Japan • U.S. invasion of Japan would take hundreds of thousands of men - Allied leaders wonder if invasion would succeed • U.S. considers using new bomb, Truman warns Japan to surrender Map Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 2 continued The Pacific Theater The Atomic Bomb • Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, August 6, 1945 • Truman demands immediate surrender, warns of second bomb attack • Japan refuses, second bomb falls on Nagasaki three days later • Bombs kill over 110,000 immediately, radiation kills 100,000 later • Second bomb ends war almost immediately NEXT SECTION 2 The War Ends The War’s Impact • Japan stops fighting August 14, 1945, V-J Day (victory in Japan) - official surrender on September 2 • More death, destruction in World War II than in any other war • 20 million soldiers killed, millions of civilians also dead • Orphans, refugees, concentration camp survivors must rebuild lives NEXT Section 3 Georgia’s Contribution to the War Georgia plays a critical role in preparing the United States military for war. NEXT SECTION 3 Georgia’s Contribution to the War The Nation and Georgia Mobilize National Mobilization • Selective Training and Service Act passes in 1940 - calls 10 million Americans to serve, 5 million more volunteer • Over 300,000 Georgia men and women serve; nearly 7,000 die • Women play important role in military; serve in support positions Airplanes • Bell Aircraft’s Marietta factory builds B-29 Superfortress bombers - employs 28,000 at peak production; over 6,000 women work there Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued The Nation and Georgia Mobilize Shipbuilding • German U-boats sink many U.S. cargo ships at start of war • Savannah, Brunswick shipyards build 447-footlong Liberty Ships - Liberty Ships carry soldiers, supplies; named for famous Georgians • Many Georgia men and women leave farms to work in shipyards Image Agriculture • U.S. encourages Georgians to grow crops other than cotton • Food crops in demand; peanuts also important, used for oil NEXT SECTION 3 Training Allied Troops in Georgia Camp Stewart • Georgia and Texas have most military training facilities in U.S. • Camp Stewart, near Savannah, trains antiaircraft squads Camp Gordon and Fort Benning • Camp Gordon trains infantry and tank units - holds German, Italian prisoners of war (POWs) • Fort Benning becomes home to several groups during World War II - First Infantry, Airborne Training, Army’s Officer Candidate School Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia Warner Robins Air Force Base • Warner Robins Air Force Base opens in 1942, trains air support • French, British troops also come to Georgia for training • Many bases also serve as POW camps—14 camps in Georgia - prisoners receive good treatment, but required to work College Campuses • College campuses become training facilities • Soldiers learn nursing, handling supplies, planning, flight training Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia Colleges Used as Training Facilities • Military pays colleges to use facilities during war • Georgia Tech houses Marines, offers training • University of Georgia students sign up for cadet training - 1943 football season canceled—not enough civilian students for team • University hosts Navy preflight program, Army Specialized Training • More than 200 University of Georgia students die in war Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 3 continued Training Allied Troops in Georgia Women in the Military • Many female personnel based in Georgia, many as pilots • Many women train at Georgia State College for Women, Milledgeville - now Georgia College & State University - campus trains WAVES in 1943; 15,000 women train there - WAVES—Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service - learn naval procedures, clerical work; frees men for combat NEXT Section 4 The Impact of the War at Home The war has a tremendous impact on Georgians. NEXT SECTION 4 The Impact of the War at Home Social and Economic Impact of the War Life in Georgia • Actual fighting far away; U-boats patrol U.S. coast sinking ships • Georgians support U.S. involvement, find ways to help war effort - collection drives for scrap metal, rubber, paper, cooking oil - plant victory gardens for own food; farmers’ crops can go to troops • War effort demands conservation, item rationing • Families get monthly ration cards—coupon books for scarce items Image Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 4 continued Social and Economic Impact of the War Racial Tensions • Wartime changes cause racial friction as people travel to new areas • Southern segregation puzzles Northern soldiers in South - some refuse to accept segregation laws, racial slurs • Racial clashes across U.S.: New York, L.A., Detroit, other cities - problems on military bases, especially in South • Some white Southern officers lead all-black units, creating tension Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 4 continued Social and Economic Impact of the War Camp Stewart Riot • Rumor spreads through Camp Stewart’s all-black barracks, June 1943 - rumor that a white soldier killed a black woman, riot erupts • Some African-American soldiers arm themselves, head for gates - clash with white military police, open fire; one killed, one wounded NEXT SECTION 4 Georgia’s Wartime Economy Trend Toward Industry • Georgia is still largely agricultural during war • Textiles are largest industry; food processing, lumber grow • Coca-Cola benefits from war; wins military contract to supply drink - Coke bottlers open in Europe, Pacific • South’s population decreases in first years of war, many go north • Some Georgia cities grow; war starts industrial trend in Georgia NEXT SECTION 4 The War Ends Georgians Resume their Lives • Couples separated by war keep in touch by writing letters Hoping for a Brighter Future • Thousands of couples reunited after war, begin building futures • Many women decide to raise families after working during war • Many men go to college as new or returning students NEXT This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. 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