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America Moves Towards War The United States Musters Its Forces • Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality – Sept. 1939, FDR persuaded Congress to pass a “Cash & Carry” provision – Providing arms to other countries like France & Britain • Help them defeat Hitler w/o having to actually enter the war – Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 • The Axis Threat – By summer of 1940, France & Britain were under siege – FDR started sending supplies to Britain to help with the war effort – He called his aid: – “All Aid Short of War” – The Tripartite Pact is signed by Germany, Italy & Japan – the countries become known as the Axis Powers – The Axis Powers goal was to keep the United States out of the war – The Axis Powers made a pact saying if the United States attacked any of them, the other countries would come to their defense creating a Two-Front/Ocean war for the United States • Building U.S. Defenses – FDR asked Congress to increase spending for national defense – Congress also passed the Selective Training & Service Act • 1940: 1st peace time Draft in history! • FDR Runs for a Third Term – FDR was the first president to run for a 3rd Term – His Republican opponent was Wendell Willkie – Both men promised to keep American out of the war – FDR was re-elected with nearly 55% of the votes cast “The Great Arsenal of Democracy” • The Lend-Lease Plan – Britain had no money to spend on defending their country – FDR creates the Lend-Lease policy – Isolationists did not support the policy but most of the American people supported the policy and Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March of 1941 • Supporting Stalin – June 1941 Hitler broke his agreement with Stalin not to invade the Soviet Union – FDR started to send lend-lease supplies to the Soviet Union – FDR said the reason he was sending supplies was because “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” • German Wolf Packs – To prevent the lend-lease supplies from reaching Britain & the Soviet Union, Hitler used German submarines, UBoats, to attack ships – The attacks became known as wolf pack attacks – In 1941, FDR granted the navy permission to attack any U-Boats in self-defense FDR Plans for War • The Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill met secretly aboard the battleship USS Augusta to discuss plans – Both countries signed a joint declaration of war aims called the Atlantic Charter – The Atlantic Charter became the basis of a “A Declaration of the United Nations” later – The Allied powers became nations that fought the Axis powers • Shoot on Sight – After a U.S. destroyer was attacked by a German sub FDR told the navy to shoot the submarines on sight – The attacks on American Navel & Merchant ships continued, and the Senate repealed the ban against arming merchant ships Japan Attack the United States • Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific – In July 1937, Hideki Tojo, chief of staff of Japan’s Kwantung Army, launched an invasion of China – By 1941 only the U.S. and the Pacific Islands remained not under Japanese control in the Pacific Ocean – The United States cut off trade with Japan including the goods Japan most needed (fuel) • Peace Talks are Questioned – Tojo became the prime minister of Japan and told Emperor Hirohito he would attempt to preserve peace with the U.S. – November 5, 1941, Tojo told the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the United States – US broke Japan’s codes and knew a strike was coming, but didn’t know where – FDR sent out a ‘war warning’ to military commanders in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines – The peace talks between Japan and the US lasted for a month – December 6, 1941, FDR received a decoded message telling the Japanese to reject all American peace proposals • The Attack on Pearl Harbor – Early on Dec. 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese – Pearl Harbor was the largest US navel base in the Pacific – The attack was over by 9:30 that morning – In less than two hours 2,403 people had died and 1,178 were wounded and the raid had sunk or destroyed 21 ships • Reaction to Pearl Harbor – The next day FDR addressed Congress and they quickly approved the request for a declaration of war against Japan – Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.